Ibiciro byiza Gutera Hormone Indole-3-Acide Acide Iaa

Nature

Acide Indoleacetike ni ibintu kama.Ibicuruzwa byera nibibabi bitagira ibara cyangwa ifu ya kirisiti.Ihinduka roza iyo ihuye numucyo.Gushonga ingingo 165-166 ℃ (168-170 ℃).Gushonga muri anhydrous ethanol, Ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, gushonga muri ether na acetone.Kudashonga muri benzene, toluene, lisansi na chloroform.Kudashonga mumazi, igisubizo cyamazi cyayo gishobora kubora numucyo ultraviolet, ariko uhagaze kumucyo ugaragara.Umunyu wa sodium n'umunyu wa potasiyumu birahagaze neza kuruta aside ubwayo kandi byoroshye gushonga mumazi.Byoroshye decarboxylated kuri 3-methylindole (skatine).Ifite ibintu bibiri kugirango ikure ikure, kandi ibice bitandukanye byigihingwa bifite ibyiyumvo bitandukanye kuri yo, mubisanzwe umuzi ni munini kuruta igiti kinini kuruta uruti.Ibimera bitandukanye bifite ibyiyumvo bitandukanye kuri yo.

Uburyo bwo kwitegura

3-indole acetonitrile ikorwa nigisubizo cya indole, formaldehyde na potasiyumu cyanide kuri 150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, hanyuma ikabikwa na hydroxide ya potasiyumu.Cyangwa nigisubizo cya indole hamwe na acide glycolike.Muri autoclave ya 3L idafite umuyonga, 270g (4.1mol) 85% hydroxide ya potasiyumu, indole 351g (3mol), hanyuma 360g (3.3mol) 70% ya hydroxy acetike acide yamazi yongeweho buhoro buhoro.Gushyushya bifunze kugeza 250 ℃, bikurura 18h.Gira ubukonje kugeza munsi ya 50 ℃, ongeramo 500ml amazi, hanyuma ushyire kuri 100 ℃ kuri 30min kugirango ushongeshe potasiyumu indole-3-acetate.Gira ubukonje kugeza kuri 25 ℃, suka ibikoresho bya autoclave mumazi, hanyuma wongeremo amazi kugeza ubwinshi bwa 3L.Igice cyamazi cyakuweho na 500ml etyl ether, acide acide hydrochloric kuri 20-30 and, hanyuma igwa hamwe na acide indole-3-acetike.Shungura, oza mumazi akonje, wumishe kure yumucyo, ibicuruzwa 455-490g.

Ubusobanuro bwibinyabuzima

Umutungo

Byoroshye kubora mumucyo no mwuka, ntabwo bibikwa igihe kirekire.Umutekano ku bantu no ku nyamaswa.Gushonga mumazi ashyushye, Ethanol, acetone, ether na Ethyl acetate, gushonga gake mumazi, benzene, chloroform;Irahagaze neza mumuti wa alkaline kandi ibanza gushonga muke gake ya 95% alcool hanyuma igashonga mumazi kuburyo bukwiye mugihe iteguwe hamwe na kristu yibicuruzwa.

Koresha

Ikoreshwa nkikura ryikimera itera kandi isesengura reagent.Acide 3-indole acide nibindi bintu bya auxin nka 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile na acide acorbike ibaho mubisanzwe muri kamere.Ibibanziriza 3-indole acetike acide biosynthesis mu bimera ni tripitofani.Uruhare rwibanze rwa auxin ni uguhuza imikurire y’ibihingwa, atari uguteza imbere gusa, ahubwo no kubuza gukura no kubaka urugingo.Auxin ntabwo ibaho gusa mubwisanzure mu ngirabuzimafatizo, ahubwo ibaho no muri auxin ihambiriwe cyane na aside biopolymeric, nibindi. Auxin nayo ikora conjugations hamwe nibintu byihariye, nka indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, nibindi. Ubu bushobora kuba uburyo bwo kubika auxin muri selire, kandi nuburyo bwo kwangiza kugirango ukureho uburozi bwa auxin irenze.

Ingaruka

Gutera auxin.Imisemburo ikura cyane mubimera ni acide indoleacetic.Acide Indoleacetike irashobora guteza imbere imishitsi yo hejuru yumuti wibiti, imishitsi, ingemwe, nibindi. Ibibanjirije ni tripitofani.Acide Indoleacetike ni aimisemburo ikura.Somatin ifite ingaruka nyinshi zifatika, zijyanye no kwibanda kwayo.Kwibanda cyane birashobora gutera imbere gukura, kwibanda cyane bizabuza gukura ndetse binatuma igihingwa gipfa, uku kubuzwa bifitanye isano nimba bishobora gutera ishingwa rya Ethylene.Ingaruka za physiologique ya auxin zigaragarira mubyiciro bibiri.Kurwego rwa selire, auxin irashobora gukangura cambium selile;Gukangura ingirabuzimafatizo z'ishami no kubuza imikurire y'uturemangingo;Teza imbere xylem na floem selile itandukanye, utezimbere imizi yo guca umusatsi no kugenzura Callus morphogenez.Ku rugingo no kurwego rwose rwibimera, auxin ikora kuva ingemwe kugeza zikuze.Auxin yagenzuye ingemwe ya mesocotyl kuramba hamwe no guhagarika itara ritukura;Iyo aside indoleacetike yimuriwe kuruhande rwo hepfo yishami, ishami rizabyara geotropism.Phototropism ibaho iyo aside indoleacetike yimuriwe kuruhande rwinyuma rwamashami.Acide Indoleacetic yateje apex yiganje.Gutinda amababi ya senescence;Auxin yakoreshejwe kumababi yabujije gusiba, mugihe auxin yakoresheje kumpera yanyuma yo gusiba byateje imbere gusiba.Auxin iteza imbere indabyo, itera iterambere rya parthenocarpy, kandi itinda kwera imbuto.

Koresha

Acide Indoleacetike ifite ibintu byinshi kandi ikoreshwa cyane, ariko ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane kuko byoroshye kwangirika no hanze yibihingwa.Mubyiciro byambere, byakoreshwaga mu gutera parthenocarpous nimbuto-imbuto zinyanya.Mugihe cyo kumera, indabyo zashizwemo 3000 mg / l zamazi kugirango zibe imbuto zinyanya zitagira imbuto kandi zizamure igipimo cyimbuto.Bumwe mu buryo bwa mbere bwakoreshwaga kwari uguteza imbere imizi y'ibiti.Kunyunyuza ibishishwa hamwe na mg / l 100 kugeza 1000 mg yumuti wumuti birashobora guteza imbere imizi yibiti byicyayi, igiti cyumuti, igiti cyitwa oak, metasequoia, pepper nibindi bihingwa, kandi byihutisha umuvuduko wimyororokere.1 ~ 10 mg / l acide indoleacetike na 10 mg / L oxamyline yakoreshejwe mu guteza imbere imizi y’ingemwe z'umuceri.25 kugeza 400 mg / l ya spray ya chrysanthemum inshuro imwe (mumasaha 9 ya Photoperiod), irashobora kubuza kumera kwindabyo, gutinda kurabyo.Gukura ku zuba rirerire kugeza kuri 10 -5 mol / l yibanze rimwe, birashobora kongera indabyo zumugore.Kuvura imbuto ya beterave itera kumera kandi byongera umusaruro wibijumba nibisukari.

Intangiriro kuri auxin
Intangiriro

Auxin (auxin) ni urwego rwimisemburo ya endogenous irimo impeta ya aromatic idahagije hamwe nuruhererekane rwa acide acide, icyongereza cyiswe IAA, mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga, ni acide acetike ya indole (IAA).Mu 1934, Guo Ge n'abandi.yamenyekanye nka acide indole acetike, biramenyerewe rero gukoresha acide acide indole nkibisobanuro bya auxin.Auxin ikomatanyirizwa mumababi yagutse akiri mato na meristem apical, kandi ikusanyirizwa hejuru kugeza hasi hamwe no gutwara intera ndende ya floem.Imizi nayo itanga auxin, itwarwa kuva hasi hejuru.Auxin mu bimera ikozwe muri tryptophan ikoresheje urukurikirane rw'abunzi.Inzira nyamukuru ni kunyura muri indoleacetaldehyde.Indole acetaldehyde irashobora gukorwa na okiside hamwe na deamination ya tryptophan kugirango indole pyruvate hanyuma decarboxylated, cyangwa irashobora guterwa na okiside hamwe no kwanduza tryptophan kuri tryptamine.Indole acetaldehyde ihita isubirwamo aside irike.Iyindi nzira ishoboka ya syntetique ni uguhindura tryptophan kuva indole acetonitrile kugeza acide acide.Acide Indoleacetike irashobora kudakorwa muguhuza aside ya aspartique na acide indoleacetylaspartic, inositol na acide indoleacetike kuri inositol, glucose kuri glucoside, na proteyine kuri acide-proteine ​​ya indoleacetike.Acide indoleacetike ifitanye isano na 50-90% ya acide indoleacetike mu bimera, ishobora kuba uburyo bwo kubika auxin mu ngingo z’ibimera.Acide Indoleacetike irashobora kubora bitewe na okiside ya acide indoleacetike, ikunze kugaragara mubice byibihingwa.Auxins ifite ingaruka nyinshi zifatika, zijyanye no kwibanda kwabo.Kwibanda cyane birashobora gutera imbere gukura, kwibanda cyane bizabuza gukura ndetse binatuma igihingwa gipfa, uku kubuzwa bifitanye isano nimba bishobora gutera ishingwa rya Ethylene.Ingaruka za physiologique ya auxin zigaragarira mubyiciro bibiri.Kurwego rwa selire, auxin irashobora gukangura cambium selile;Gukangura ingirabuzimafatizo z'ishami no kubuza imikurire y'uturemangingo;Teza imbere xylem na floem selile itandukanye, utezimbere imizi yo guca umusatsi no kugenzura Callus morphogenez.Ku rugingo no kurwego rwose rwibimera, auxin ikora kuva ingemwe kugeza zikuze.Auxin yagenzuye ingemwe ya mesocotyl kuramba hamwe no guhagarika itara ritukura;Iyo aside indoleacetike yimuriwe kuruhande rwo hepfo yishami, ishami rizabyara geotropism.Phototropism ibaho iyo aside indoleacetike yimuriwe kuruhande rwinyuma rwamashami.Acide Indoleacetic yateje apex yiganje.Gutinda amababi ya senescence;Auxin yakoreshejwe kumababi yabujije gusiba, mugihe auxin yakoresheje kumpera yanyuma yo gusiba byateje imbere gusiba.Auxin iteza imbere indabyo, itera iterambere rya parthenocarpy, kandi itinda kwera imbuto.Umuntu yazanye igitekerezo cyo kwakira imisemburo.Imisemburo ya hormone nigice kinini cyimikorere ya selile ihuza cyane na hormone ihuye hanyuma igatangira urukurikirane rwibisubizo.Urusobekerane rwa acide indoleacetike na reseptor bifite ingaruka ebyiri: icya mbere, ikora kuri proteine ​​za membrane, zigira ingaruka kuri acide yo hagati, gutwara pompe ion no guhindura impagarara, ibyo bikaba byihuta (

Igisekuru, ubwikorezi no gukwirakwiza

Ibice byingenzi bigize synthesis ya auxin ni tissue meristant, cyane cyane amababi akiri mato, amababi, nimbuto zikura.Auxin ikwirakwizwa mu ngingo zose z'umubiri w'igiterwa, ariko usanga yibanda cyane mu bice byo gukura gukomeye, nka coleopedia, amababi, umuzi apex meristem, cambium, gukura imbuto n'imbuto.Hariho uburyo butatu bwo gutwara auxin mubihingwa: ubwikorezi bwuruhande, ubwikorezi bwa polar hamwe nubwikorezi butari polar.Ubwikorezi bwuruhande (ubwikorezi bwinyuma bwa auxin mumutwe wa coleoptile iterwa numucyo umwe, gutwara hafi yubutaka bwa auxin mumizi nigiti cyibiti iyo bihindutse).Ubwikorezi bwa polar (kuva kumpera yo hejuru ya morphologie kugeza kumpera yo hepfo ya morfologiya).Ubwikorezi butari inkingi (mumyanya ikuze, auxin irashobora kuba itari polar itwarwa na floem).

Ibiri mubikorwa bya physiologique

Kwibanda hasi bitera iterambere, kwibanda cyane kubuza gukura.Ibice bitandukanye byibimera bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugirango bibe byiza bya auxin.Icyerekezo cyiza cyari hafi 10E-10mol / L kumizi, 10E-8mol / L kumera na 10E-5mol / L kubiti.Ibigereranyo bya Auxin (nka acide acide ya naphthalene, 2, 4-D, nibindi) bikoreshwa mugukora kugirango bigabanye imikurire.Kurugero, iyo hasohotse ibishyimbo byibishyimbo, kwibumbira hamwe bikwiranye no gukura kwuruti bikoreshwa mukuvura ibishyimbo.Nkigisubizo, imizi nuduti birabujijwe, kandi ibiti bikura muri hypocotyl byateye imbere cyane.Ibyiza byo gukura kw'ibiti by'ibihingwa bigenwa n'ibiranga ubwikorezi bw'ibimera kuri auxin hamwe no guhuza ingaruka za physiologique ya auxin.Urubuto rwa apex rwikimera nigice kinini cyibikorwa byumusaruro wa auxin, ariko kwibumbira hamwe kwa auxin bikorerwa kumurima wa apex bihora bitwarwa kuruti binyuze mumodoka itwara abantu, bityo rero kwibumbira hamwe kwa auxin mumababi ya apex ubwabyo ntabwo ari hejuru, mugihe kwibanda kumurongo ukiri muto.Birakwiriye cyane gukura kumuti, ariko bifite ingaruka zo kubuza kumera.Iyo ubunini bwa auxin buri hejuru yumwanya wegereye hejuru, niko imbaraga zikomeye zo kubuza kuruhande, niyo mpamvu ibimera byinshi birebire bigize pagoda.Nyamara, ibimera byose ntabwo biganje cyane kuri apex, kandi ibihuru bimwe na bimwe bitangira kwangirika cyangwa no kugabanuka nyuma yo gukura kumera kumera mugihe runaka, bigatakaza ubwiganze bwambere, bityo imiterere yibiti byikibabi ntabwo ari pagoda. .Kubera ko kwibumbira hamwe kwa auxin bifite ingaruka zo kubuza imikurire y’ibihingwa, umusaruro mwinshi w’ibigereranyo bya auxin urashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibyatsi, cyane cyane kuri nyakatsi ya dicotyledonous.

Ibigereranyo bya Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D.Kuberako auxin ibaho muke mubihingwa, kandi ntibyoroshye kubika.Mu rwego rwo kugenzura imikurire y’ibihingwa, binyuze muri synthesis ya chimique, abantu babonye ibigereranyo bya auxin, bifite ingaruka zisa kandi bishobora kubyara umusaruro mwinshi, kandi byakoreshejwe cyane mubuhinzi.Ingaruka yububasha bwisi mukwirakwiza auxin: gukura kwinyuma yibiti no gukura kwubutaka bwimizi biterwa nuburemere bwisi, impamvu nuko uburemere bwisi butera ikwirakwizwa rya auxin, ikwirakwizwa cyane kuruhande rwa hafi uruti kandi rugabanijwe gake kuruhande rwinyuma.Kuberako intumbero nziza ya auxin muruti yari ndende, auxin nyinshi kuruhande rwuruti rwayitezimbere, nuko uruhande rwegereye uruti rwakuze vuba kurenza uruhande rwinyuma, kandi rugakomeza gukura hejuru kuruti.Ku mizi, kubera ko kwibumbira hamwe kwa auxin mu mizi ari hasi cyane, auxin nyinshi hafi yuruhande rwubutaka igira ingaruka zibuza gukura kwingirangingo zumuzi, bityo imikurire yimpande zubutaka itinda kurenza iy'inyuma, kandi imikurire ya geotropique imizi irakomeza.Hatari imbaraga rukuruzi, imizi ntabwo byanze bikunze ikura.Ingaruka yo kutagira uburemere ku mikurire y’ibimera: gukura kw'imizi kugera ku butaka no gukura kw'igiti kure y'ubutaka biterwa n'uburemere bw'isi, ibyo bikaba biterwa no gukwirakwiza auxin mu buryo butaringaniye bitewe n'uburemere bw'isi.Muburyo butagira uburemere bwumwanya, kubera gutakaza imbaraga, gukura kwuruti bizatakaza gusubira inyuma, kandi imizi nayo izatakaza ibiranga imikurire yubutaka.Nyamara, inyungu nziza yo gukura kwuruti iracyahari, kandi transport ya polar ya auxin ntabwo ihindurwa nuburemere.