Ibiciro byiza bya hormone y'ibimera Indole-3-Acetic Acide Iaa

Nature

Aside ya Indoleacetic ni ikintu cy’umwimerere. Ibicuruzwa byuzuye ni kristu z’amababi zidafite ibara cyangwa ifu ya kristu. Ihinduka umutuku iyo ihuye n’urumuri. Aho ishonga ni 165-166℃ (168-170℃). Ishonga muri ethanoli ya anhydrous, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, ishonga muri ether na acetone. Ishonga muri benzene, toluene, lisansi na chloroform. Ishonga mu mazi, amazi yayo ashobora kubora bitewe n’urumuri rwa ultraviolet, ariko ihagarara ku rumuri rugaragara. Umunyu wa sodium n’umunyu wa potasiyumu birakomeye kurusha aside ubwayo kandi biroroshye gushonga mu mazi. Ihinduka byoroshye kuva kuri karubokside muri 3-methylindole (skatine). Ifite imiterere ibiri mu mikurire y’ibimera, kandi ibice bitandukanye by’ikimera bifite imiterere itandukanye kuri byo, muri rusange umuzi ni munini kuruta uko igiti kinini kuruta uruti. Ibimera bitandukanye bifite imiterere itandukanye kuri byo.

Uburyo bwo gutegura

Acetonitrile ya 3-indole ikorwa n'uburyo indole, formaldehyde na potassium cyanide ikora kuri 150℃, 0.9~1MPa, hanyuma igakorwa hidrolise na potassium hydroxide. Cyangwa uburyo indole ikora hamwe na aside glycolic. Muri autoclave ya 3L stainless steel, hongewemo 270g (4.1mol) 85% potassium hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole, hanyuma hongerwamo 360g (3.3mol) 70% hydroxy acetic aqueous solution. Hafunze ubushyuhe kugeza kuri 250℃, ubyuke amasaha 18. Bikonje kugeza munsi ya 50℃, ongeramo 500ml y'amazi, hanyuma ubyuke kuri 100℃ mu gihe cy'iminota 30 kugira ngo isogonge potasiyumu indole-3-acetate. Bikonje kugeza kuri 25℃, suka ibikoresho bya autoclave mu mazi, hanyuma wongeremo amazi kugeza ubwo ingano yose ingana na 3L. Urusobe rw'amazi rwakuwemo 500ml ya ethyl ether, aside irimo hydrochloric acid kuri 20-30℃, hanyuma rushyirwamo aside indole-3-acetic. Hindura, oza mu mazi akonje, wumishe kure y'urumuri, umusaruro wa 455-490g.

Akamaro k'ibinyabuzima

Umutungo

Bibora byoroshye mu mucyo no mu mwuka, ntabwo bibikwa neza. Bifite umutekano ku bantu no ku matungo. Bishongera mu mazi ashyushye, etanoli, asetone, eteri na asetate ya etili, bishongera gato mu mazi, benzene, chloroform; Bihora mu buryo bwa alkaline kandi bibanza gushongera mu rugero ruto rwa alkoholi 95% hanyuma bigashongera mu mazi ku rugero rukwiye iyo biteguwe neza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushushanya.

Koresha

Ikoreshwa nk'ingufu zo gukurura no gusesengura ibimera. Aside asetiki ya 3-indole n'ibindi bintu bya auxin nka 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile na aside ascorbic bibaho mu buryo busanzwe. Inkomoko ya 3-indole acetic biosynthesis mu bimera ni tryptophan. Uruhare rw'ibanze rwa auxin ni ukugenzura imikurire y'ibimera, atari ukugira ngo biteze imbere imikurire gusa, ahubwo no kubuza imikurire no kubaka ingingo. Auxin ntabwo ibaho gusa mu turemangingo tw'ibimera, ahubwo ibaho no muri auxin ibound ifatanye cyane na aside biopolymeric, nibindi. Auxin kandi ikora ihuza n'ibintu byihariye, nka indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, nibindi. Ubu buryo bushobora kuba uburyo bwo kubika auxin mu turemangingo, ndetse n'uburyo bwo gukuraho uburozi bwa auxin irenze.

Ingaruka

Auxin y'ibimera. Imisemburo karemano ikunze kugaragara mu bimera ni aside indoleasetike. Aside indoleasetike ishobora gutuma habaho igice cyo hejuru cy'imishibu y'ibimera, imishibu, n'ibindi. Icya mbere cyayo ni tryptophan. Aside indoleasetike niimisemburo yo gukura kw'ibimeraSomatin ifite ingaruka nyinshi ku miterere y’umubiri, zijyanye n’ubwinshi bwayo. Ubwinshi buke bushobora gutuma ikura, ukwiyongera cyane kubuza ikura ndetse bigatuma ikimera gipfa, uku kwiyongera gufitanye isano no kumenya niba bishobora gutera ikorwa rya ethylene. Ingaruka ku miterere y’umubiri ya auxin zigaragara ku nzego ebyiri. Ku rwego rw’uturemangingo, auxin ishobora gutuma igabanyuka ry’uturemangingo twa cambium; Ikangura uburebure bw’uturemangingo tw’amashami no kubuza ikura ry’uturemangingo tw’imizi; Itera imbere itandukaniro ry’uturemangingo twa xylem na phloem, itera imbere gukata imizi no kugenzura imiterere ya callus. Ku rwego rw’ingingo n’igihingwa cyose, auxin ikora kuva ku mbuto kugeza ku ikura ry’imbuto. Iterambere rya mesocotyl ry’imbuto rya Auxin rigenzurwa na mesocotyl hamwe no gukumira urumuri rutukura rushobora guhinduka; Iyo aside indoleacetic yimuriwe ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’ishami, ishami rizakora geotropism. Phototropism ibaho iyo aside indoleacetic yimuriwe ku ruhande rw’amashami. Aside indoleacetic yateje kwiganza kw’isonga. Itinda gusaza kw’amababi; Auxin yakoreshejwe ku mababi yabuzaga gucika kw'imbuto, mu gihe auxin yakoreshejwe ku mpera y'inyuma y'ibabi yatumaga gucika kw'imbuto. Auxin ifasha mu kurabya indabyo, igatera ubwiza bwa parthenocarpy, kandi igatinza kwera kw'imbuto.

Shyiraho umukono

Aside Indoleacetic ifite ubwoko bwinshi n'akamaro kenshi, ariko ntabwo ikunze gukoreshwa kuko yoroshye kwangirika no kwinjira mu bimera. Mu ntangiriro, yakoreshejwe mu gutera inyanya parthenocarpus no gutera imbuto. Mu gihe cyo kurabya, indabyo zatoseshwaga amazi angana na 3000 mg/l kugira ngo habeho imbuto z'inyanya zidafite imbuto no kunoza umuvuduko wo gutera imbuto. Imwe mu mikoreshereze ya mbere kwari uguteza imbere imizi y'ibice. Kuroba hasi y'ibice hamwe na 1000 mg/l y'umuti bishobora gutuma habaho imizi y'igiti cy'icyayi, igiti cya gum, igiti cya oak, metasequoia, urusenda n'ibindi bihingwa, kandi byihutisha umuvuduko wo kororoka kw'intungamubiri. Aside indoleacetic 1 ~ 10 mg/l na oxamyline 10 mg/L byakoreshejwe mu gutuma imbuto z'umuceri zimera. 25 kugeza 400 mg/l ya chrysanthemum y'amazi rimwe (mu masaha 9 nyuma yo gufotora), bishobora kubuza indabyo kumera, bigatinda kurabya. Gutera mu gihe cy'izuba rirerire kugeza kuri mol 10-5/l bisutswe rimwe, bishobora kongera indabyo z'ingore. Gutera imbuto za beterave bituma zimera kandi byongera umusaruro w'ibirayi by'imizi n'isukari.

Intangiriro kuri auxin
Intangiriro

Auxin (auxin) ni ubwoko bw'imisemburo y'umwimerere irimo impeta idafite arumo ihagije hamwe n'uruhererekane rw'aside asetiki, mu cyongereza IAA, interuro mpuzamahanga, ni aside asetiki indole (IAA). Mu 1934, Guo Ge n'abandi bavuze ko ari aside asetiki indole, bityo ni ibisanzwe gukoresha aside asetiki indole nk'ijambo rimwe na auxin. Auxin ikorwa mu mababi maremare mato na meristem yo mu bwoko bwa apical, kandi ikusanyirizwa kuva hejuru kugeza hasi binyuze mu gutwara phloem kure. Imizi kandi ikora auxin, itwarwa kuva hasi kugera hejuru. Auxin mu bimera ikorwa na tryptophan binyuze mu ruhererekane rw'ibintu biri hagati. Inzira nyamukuru ni inyura muri indoleacetaldehyde. Indole acetaldehyde ishobora gukorwa no gushonga no gukuraho tryptophan kuri indole pyruvate hanyuma ikavugururwa, cyangwa ishobora gukorwa no gushonga no gukuraho tryptophan kuri tryptamine. Acetaldehyde ya indole yongera guhindurwamo aside acetic indole. Indi nzira ishoboka yo gukora ni uguhindura tryptophan kuva kuri indole acetonitrile ikaba aside acetic indole. Aside indoleacetic ishobora gufungwa iyo ifatanye na aside aspartic na aside indoleacetylaspartic, inositol ikaba aside indoleacetic ikaba inositol, glucose ikaba glucoside, na poroteyine ikaba induleacetic acid-protein complex mu bimera. Aside indoleacetic ihuriweho akenshi igizwe na 50-90% bya aside indoleacetic mu bimera, ishobora kuba uburyo bwo kubika auxin mu bice by'ibimera. Aside indoleacetic ishobora gushonga binyuze mu gushonga kwa aside indoleacetic, ikunze kugaragara mu bice by'ibimera. Auxins igira ingaruka nyinshi ku miterere y'umubiri, zijyanye n'ubwinshi bwazo. Ubwinshi buke bushobora gutuma zikura, ukwiyongera cyane kubuza gukura ndetse bigatuma ibimera bipfa, uku kubuza biterwa no kumenya niba bishobora gutera iremwa rya ethylene. Ingaruka ku miterere y'umubiri ya auxin zigaragara ku nzego ebyiri. Ku rwego rw'uturemangingo, auxin ishobora gushishikariza igabanyuka ry'uturemangingo twa cambium; Ikangura uburebure bw'uturemangingo tw'amashami no kubuza gukura kw'uturemangingo tw'imizi; Iteza imbere itandukaniro rya xylem na phloem, iteza imbere imizi yo gukata umusatsi no kugenzura imiterere ya callus. Ku rwego rw'ingingo n'ibimera byose, auxin ikora kuva ku mbuto kugeza ku ikura ry'imbuto. Auxin igenzura uburebure bwa mesocotyl y'imbuto hamwe no kubuza urumuri rutukura; Iyo aside indoleacetic yimuriwe ku ruhande rwo hasi rw'ishami, ishami ritanga geotropism. Phototropism ibaho iyo aside indoleacetic yimuriwe ku ruhande rw'amashami inyuma. Aside indoleacetic yateje kwiganza kw'isonga. Kudindiza gusaza kw'amababi; Auxin ishyirwa ku mababi yabujije kwimuka, mu gihe auxin ishyirwa ku mpera y'inyuma y'isukari itera kwimuka. Auxin itera indabo, itera iterambere rya parthenocarpy, kandi igatinda kwera kw'imbuto. Hari umuntu wazanye igitekerezo cy'imisemburo. Imisemburo ni igice kinini cy'uturemangingo tw'uturemangingo twifatanya by'umwihariko na hormone ijyanye nayo hanyuma igatangira urukurikirane rw'ibikorwa. Urusobe rw'aside indoleacetic na receptor bifite ingaruka ebyiri: iya mbere, bikora kuri poroteyine zo mu ruhu, bigira ingaruka ku ihinduka ry'aside iri hagati, gutwara ipompo ya iyoni no guhindura umuvuduko w'umwuka, ibyo bikaba ari igisubizo cyihuse (< iminota 10); Icya kabiri ni ukugira uruhare kuri aside nucleic, bigatera impinduka mu rukuta rw'uturemangingo no gukora poroteyine, ibyo bikaba ari ingaruka nke (iminota 10). Aside iringaniye ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukura kw'uturemangingo. Aside Indoleacetic ishobora gukora enzyme ya ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ku ruhu rw'amaraso, igatuma iyoni za hydrogen zisohoka mu turemangingo, ikagabanya agaciro ka pH k'uburyo bw'umubiri, kugira ngo enzyme ikoreshwe, ikoreshwe na hydrolyze polysaccharide yo mu rukuta rw'uturemangingo, kugira ngo urukuta rw'uturemangingo rworohe kandi akagari kaguke. Gutanga aside Indoleacetic byatumye habaho urukurikirane rwa RNA (mRNA) rw'umutumwa, byahinduye imikorere ya poroteyine. Kuvura aside Indoleacetic byanahinduye uburyo urukuta rw'uturemangingo rukomera, bituma urukura rw'uturemangingo rukomeza. Ingaruka zo guteza imbere gukura kwa auxin ahanini ni uguteza imbere gukura kw'uturemangingo, cyane cyane uburebure bw'uturemangingo, kandi nta ngaruka bigira ku kwigabanya kw'uturemangingo. Igice cy'ikimera cyumva urumuri rushyushye kiri ku mpera y'igiti, ariko igice cyo kugonda kiri ku gice cyo hasi cy'umutwe, ari nabyo biterwa nuko uturemangingo turi munsi y'umutwe tuba turimo gukura no kwaguka, kandi ni cyo gihe cyoroshye cyane kuri auxin, bityo auxin igira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikurire yacyo. Imisemburo yo gukura kw'uturemangingo ishaje ntikora. Impamvu auxin ishobora guteza imbere iterambere ry'imbuto no gushora imizi y'ibice ni uko auxin ishobora guhindura ikwirakwizwa ry'intungamubiri mu kimera, kandi intungamubiri nyinshi ziboneka muri icyo gice hamwe n'ikwirakwizwa ryinshi rya auxin, bigatuma habaho ikigo gikwirakwiza. Auxin ishobora gutuma habaho inyanya zidafite imbuto kuko nyuma yo kuvura utubuto tw'inyanya tudafite ifumbire na auxin, intanga ngore y'urubuto rw'inyanya iba ikigo gikwirakwiza intungamubiri, kandi intungamubiri zikorwa na fotosite y'amababi zikomeza kujyanwa mu ntanga ngore, kandi intanga ngore irakura.

Gukora, gutwara no gukwirakwiza

Ibice by'ingenzi bya auxin synthesis ni ingirabuzimafatizo, cyane cyane utubuto duto, amababi, n'imbuto zikura. Auxin ikwirakwira mu ngingo zose z'umubiri w'ibimera, ariko yibanda cyane ku bice bikura cyane, nka coleopedia, utubuto, mizi y'igiti, cambium, imbuto n'imbuto bikura. Hari uburyo butatu bwo gutwara auxin mu bimera: gutwara impande, gutwara impande n'ibitari impande. Gutwara impande (gutwara inyuma y'urumuri rwa auxin mu mpera ya coleoptile biterwa n'urumuri rw'uruhande rumwe, gutwara hafi y'ubutaka kwa auxin mu mizi n'imiti y'ibimera iyo binyuranyije). Gutwara impande n'ibice (kuva ku mpera yo hejuru y'imiterere kugeza ku mpera yo hasi y'imiterere). Gutwara ahantu hatari impande n'ibice (mu ngingo zikuze, auxin ishobora gutwarwa ahantu hatari impande n'ibice binyuze muri phloem).

Ububiri bw'imikorere y'umubiri

Guteranya ibihingwa bike bituma bikura, kandi guteranya ibihingwa byinshi bibuza gukura. Ibice bitandukanye by'ibimera bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugira ngo bigire igipimo cyiza cya auxin. Igipimo cyiza cyari hafi 10E-10mol/L ku mizi, 10E-8mol/L ku mishingo na 10E-5mol/L ku mishingo. Ibimera bingana na Auxin (nka aside naphthalene acetic, 2, 4-D, nibindi) bikunze gukoreshwa mu musaruro kugira ngo bigenzure imikurire y'ibimera. Urugero, iyo mishingo y'ibishyimbo ikozwe, igipimo gikwiriye imikurire y'ibishyimbo gikoreshwa mu kuvura mishingo y'ibishyimbo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imizi n'imikurire birakumirwa, kandi imikurire yavuye muri hypocotyl irakura cyane. Akamaro k'inyuma k'imikurire y'ibimera gaterwa n'imiterere y'ibimera kugira ngo bigire auxin hamwe n'uburyo imikorere ya auxin ikora. Uduce two hejuru tw’igiti cy’ikimera ni cyo gice cy’ingenzi cyane mu gukora auxin, ariko ubwinshi bwa auxin bukorerwa ku ndunduro y’igiti buhora bujyanwa ku ruti binyuze mu gutwara, bityo ubwinshi bwa auxin mu ndunduro y’igiti ubwacyo ntibuba buri hejuru, mu gihe ubwinshi mu ndunduro y’igiti gito buba buri hejuru. Ni byiza cyane mu gukura kw’igiti, ariko bigira ingaruka ku ndunduro. Uko ndunduro y’igiti cy’ikimera irushaho kuba nyinshi mu mwanya wegereye ndunduro yo hejuru, ni ko ingaruka zo kubuza ndunduro yo ku ruhande zirushaho gukomera, niyo mpamvu ibimera byinshi birebire bikora ishusho ya pagoda. Ariko, si ibimera byose bifite ubwinshi bukomeye bw’igiti cy’ikimera, kandi bimwe mu biti bitangira kwangirika cyangwa kugabanuka nyuma y’igihe runaka, bigatakaza ubwinshi bw’igiti cy’ikimera, bityo imiterere y’igiti cy’ikimera ntabwo ari pagoda. Kubera ko ubwinshi bwinshi bwa auxin bugira ingaruka zo kubuza gukura kw’ibimera, gukora ubwinshi bwinshi bw’ibimera bya auxin nabyo bishobora gukoreshwa nk’imiti yica ibyatsi, cyane cyane ku byatsi bibi bivanze.

Imiterere ya Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Kubera ko auxin iboneka mu rugero ruto mu bimera, kandi ntibyoroshye kuyibungabunga. Kugira ngo hagenzurwe imikurire y'ibimera, binyuze mu gukora imiti, abantu babonye imiterere ya auxin, ifite ingaruka zisa kandi ishobora gukorwa ku bwinshi, kandi yakoreshejwe cyane mu buhinzi. Ingaruka z'uburemere bw'ubutaka ku ikwirakwira rya auxin: gukura inyuma kw'ibiti no gukura kw'imizi y'ubutaka biterwa n'uburemere bw'isi, impamvu ni uko uburemere bw'isi butera ikwirakwira ritaringaniye rya auxin, rikwirakwira cyane mu ruhande rwegereye rw'igiti kandi rikagabanuka mu ruhande rw'inyuma. Kubera ko uburemere bwiza bwa auxin mu giti bwari bwinshi, auxin nyinshi mu ruhande rwegereye rw'igiti byayiteje imbere, bityo uruhande rwegereye rw'igiti rwakuraga vuba kurusha uruhande rw'inyuma, kandi rukomeza gukura hejuru kw'igiti. Ku mizi, kubera ko ingano nziza ya auxin mu mizi ari nto cyane, auxin nyinshi hafi y’uruhande rw’ubutaka igira ingaruka ku mikurire y’uturemangingo tw’imizi, bityo gukura kw’uruhande rw’ubutaka bitinda kurusha urw’inyuma, kandi gukura kw’imizi ku buryo burambye. Nta mbaraga ziremereye, imizi ntikura buri gihe. Ingaruka zo kutagira uburemere ku mikurire y’ibimera: gukura kw’imizi kwerekeza ku butaka no gukura kw’imizi kure y’ubutaka biterwa n’imbaraga ziremereye z’isi, biterwa no gukwirakwira gutandukanye kwa auxin munsi y’ubwiyongere bw’isi. Mu gihe cy’uburemere bw’ikirere, bitewe no kubura imbaraga ziremereye, gukura kw’igiti kuzatakaza ubusugire bwacyo, kandi imizi nayo izatakaza imiterere y’imikurire y’ubutaka. Ariko, inyungu yo hejuru y’imikurire y’imizi iracyahari, kandi gutwara auxin mu gice cy’impande ntibigira ingaruka ku mbaraga ziremereye.