Dufashe urugero rwa 2014, ku isi hose hagurishijwe imiti yica udukoko ya aryloxyphenoxypropionate yari miliyari 1.217 z'amadolari y'Amerika, ikaba ingana na 4.6% by'isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko ku isi rya miliyari 26.440 z'amadolari y'Amerika na 1.9% by'isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko ku isi rya miliyari 63.212 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Nubwo atari meza nk'imiti yica udukoko nka aside amine na sulfonylureas, inafite umwanya ku isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko (iri ku mwanya wa gatandatu mu kugurisha ku isi).
Imiti yica udukoko ya Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya ibyatsi bibi. Yavumbuwe mu myaka ya 1960 ubwo Hoechst (Ubudage) yasimbuzaga itsinda rya phenyl mu miterere ya 2,4-D n'indi ya diphenyl ether maze iteza imbere icyiciro cya mbere cy'imiti yica udukoko ya aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. "Grass Ling". Mu 1971, byagaragaye ko imiterere y'impeta y'umubyeyi igizwe na A na B. Imiti yica udukoko yakurikiyeho y'ubu bwoko yahinduwe hashingiwe kuri yo, ihindura impeta ya benzene ku ruhande rumwe ihinduka impeta ya heterocyclic cyangwa ivanze, kandi ishyiramo amatsinda akora nka atome za F mu mpeta, bigatuma habaho urukurikirane rw'ibicuruzwa bifite imikorere myinshi. , imiti yica udukoko itoranya cyane.
Imiterere y'imiti yica udukoko ya APP
Amateka y'iterambere ry'imiti yica utwo dukoko ya aside propionic
Uburyo bw'ibikorwa
Imiti yica udukoko ya aside Aryloxyphenoxypropionic ahanini ni yo ibuza acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), bityo ikabuza ikorwa rya aside irike, bigatuma ikorwa rya aside oleic, aside linoleic, aside linolenic, n'ibice by'ibishishwa bya wax na cuticle processes birafungwa, bigatuma imiterere y'ururabo rw'ikimera yangirika vuba, irushaho kwinjira, ndetse amaherezo n'urupfu rw'ikimera.
Imiterere yayo yo gukora neza cyane, uburozi buke, guhitamo neza, umutekano w'ibihingwa no kwangirika byoroshye byateje imbere cyane imiti yica ibyatsi mu buryo butandukanye.
Ikindi kintu kiranga imiti yica udukoko ya AAP ni uko ikora neza, ikaba irangwa na isomeri zitandukanye munsi y’imiterere imwe y’ibinyabutabire, kandi isomeri zitandukanye zifite ibikorwa bitandukanye byo kwica udukoko. Muri zo, isomeri ya R(-) ishobora kubuza neza imikorere ya enzyme, ikabuza ikorwa rya auxin na gibberellin mu byatsi bibi, kandi ikagaragaza imikorere myiza yo kwica udukoko, mu gihe isomeri ya S(+) nta cyo ikora. Itandukaniro mu mikorere hagati y’ibyo byombi ni inshuro 8-12.
Ubusanzwe imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi itunganywa mu buryo bwa ester, bigatuma inyurwa n’ibyatsi byoroshye; icyakora, ester akenshi ntizishobora gushonga neza kandi ntizishobora gushongeshwa cyane, bityo ntizoroshye kuyikuramo kandi inyurwa mu byatsi byoroshye mu butaka.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Propargyl ni umuti w’ibyatsi witwa phenoxypropionate wakozwe na ciba-Geigy mu 1981. Izina ry’ubucuruzi ryawo ni Topic naho izina ryawo ry’ubutabire ni (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
Propargyl ni umuti w’ibyatsi urimo fluorine, ukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya aryloxyphenoxypropionate. Ukoreshwa mu kuvura ibiti n’amababi nyuma yo kumera kugira ngo urwanye ibyatsi bibi mu ngano, rye, triticale n’indi mirima y’ibinyampeke, cyane cyane ku byatsi by’ingano n’ibinyampeke. Ukora neza mu kuvura ibyatsi bikomeye nk’ibinyampeke byo mu gasozi. Ukoreshwa mu kuvura ibiti n’amababi nyuma yo kumera kugira ngo urwanye ibyatsi bibi by’umwaka, nk’ibinyampeke byo mu gasozi, ibyatsi by’umukara, ibyatsi by’umukara, ibyatsi byo mu gasozi, ibyatsi by’ingano, n’ibyatsi by’ingano. Igipimo ni 30 ~ 60g / hm2. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha ni ubu: kuva ku cyiciro cy’ingano cy’amababi 2 kugeza ku cyiciro cyo guhuza, shyira umuti wica udukoko ku byatsi bibi ku cyiciro cy’amababi 2-8. Mu gihe cy’itumba, koresha garama 20-30 za Maiji (15% by’ifu ya clofenacetate wettable) kuri hegitari. Garama 30-40 z’ifu ya clodinafop-propargyl wettable, ongeramo 15-30kg by’amazi hanyuma utere umuti ku buryo bungana.
Uburyo imikorere n'imiterere ya clodinafop-propargyl ni imiti ibuza acetyl-CoA carboxylase ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara n'imiti yica udukoko. Iyi miti inyuzwa mu mababi n'amababi y'ibimera, inyuzwa mu gice cy'umukungugu, hanyuma ikusanyirizwa mu gice cy'umukungugu cy'ibimera, ikabuza acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara. Coenzyme A carboxylase ihagarika imikorere ya aside irike, ikabuza gukura no kwigabanya kw'uturemangingo, kandi ikangiza imiterere irimo lipide nk'imiyoboro y'amaraso, amaherezo igatera urupfu rw'ibimera. Igihe kuva clodinafop-propargyl kugeza ku gupfa kw'ibyatsi bibi ni gito cyane, muri rusange bifata icyumweru kimwe kugeza kuri bitatu.
Imiterere isanzwe ya clodinafop-propargyl ni 8%, 15%, 20%, na 30% by'amazi ahumeka, 15% na 24% by'ama-microemulsion, 15% na 20% by'ifu itose, na 8% na 14% by'amavuta asukurwa. 24% by'amavuta.
Gukora sintesi
(R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy) aside propionic ibanza gukorwa n'uburyo aside α-chloropropionic na hydroquinone ikora, hanyuma ikongeramo 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine idatandukanijwe. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, ikora na chloropropyne kugira ngo ibone clodinafop-propargyl. Nyuma yo gushushanya, ingano y'ibicuruzwa igera kuri 97% kugeza kuri 98%, kandi umusaruro wose ugera kuri 85%.
Uko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bimeze
Amakuru ya gasutamo agaragaza ko mu 2019, igihugu cyanjye cyohereje mu mahanga miliyoni 35.77 z'amadolari ya Amerika (imibare ituzuye, harimo n'imiti n'imiti ya tekiniki). Muri byo, igihugu cya mbere gitumiza ibicuruzwa ni Kazakisitani, gitumiza ibicuruzwa cyane cyane, gifite amadolari ya Amerika miliyoni 8.6515, gikurikirwa n'Uburusiya, hamwe n'imiti. Harimo gukenerwa imiti n'ibikoresho fatizo, hamwe n'umubare wa miliyoni 3.6481 z'amadolari ya Amerika. Ahantu ha gatatu ni Ubuholandi, bufite amadolari ya Amerika miliyoni 3.582. Byongeye kandi, Kanada, Ubuhinde, Isiraheli, Sudani n'ibindi bihugu ni byo bicuruzwa by'ingenzi byoherezwa mu mahanga bya clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Cyhalofop-ethyl ni umuti wica udukoko ukomoka ku muceri wakozwe kandi ugakorwa na Dow AgroSciences muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1987. Ni na wo muti wonyine w’umuceri wa aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid ufite umutekano mwinshi ku muceri. Mu 1998, Dow AgroSciences yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni yo ya mbere yandikisha cyhalofop tekiniki mu gihugu cyanjye. Patenti yarangiye mu 2006, kandi kwandikisha mu gihugu byatangiye rimwe ku rindi. Mu 2007, ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cyo mu gihugu (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) cyanditswe bwa mbere.
Izina ry'ubucuruzi rya Dow ni Clincher, naho izina ryacyo rya shimi ni (R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, Dow AgroSciences' Qianjin (ikintu gikora: 10% cyhalomefen EC) na Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), byamamaye cyane ku isoko ry'Ubushinwa, bikora neza cyane kandi bifite umutekano. Bifata isoko rikuru ry'imiti yica udukoko mu murima w'umuceri mu gihugu cyanjye.
Cyhalofop-ethyl, kimwe n'indi miti yica udukoko ya aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, ni umuti ubuza aside irike gukora kandi ubuza acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Yinjizwa cyane cyane mu mababi kandi nta kintu na kimwe kiyikora mu butaka. Cyhalofop-ethyl ni nziza kandi yinjizwa vuba mu bice by'ibimera. Nyuma yo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti, ibyatsi bibi bihita bireka gukura, umuhondo uba mu minsi 2 kugeza kuri 7, kandi igiti cyose gihita gipfa mu byumweru 2 kugeza kuri 3.
Cyhalofop ikoreshwa nyuma yo kumera kugira ngo irwanye ibyatsi bibi mu mirima y'umuceri. Igipimo cy'umuceri wo mu turere dushyuha ni 75-100g/hm2, naho igipimo cy'umuceri wo mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe ni 180-310g/hm2. Igira akamaro kanini mu kurwanya Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Small chaff grass, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Heart-leaf millet, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, nibindi.
Fata urugero rw'ikoreshwa rya cyhalofop-ethyl EC 15%. Ku gice cy'amababi ya barnyardgrass 1.5-2.5 mu mirima y'imbuto z'umuceri n'igice cy'amababi 2-3 ya stephanotis mu mirima y'umuceri iterwa imbuto, amashami n'amababi birasukwa hanyuma bigaterwa neza n'umukungugu. Kuramo amazi mbere yo gukoresha umuti wica udukoko kugira ngo ibibabi n'amababi by'ibyatsi birenga 2/3 bihure n'amazi. Shyira amazi mu masaha 24 kugeza ku masaha 72 nyuma yo gukoresha umuti wica udukoko, kandi ukomeze kugira urwego rw'amazi rwa cm 3-5 mu gihe cy'iminsi 5-7. Ntugakoreshe inshuro zirenze imwe mu gihe cy'ihinga ry'umuceri. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko uyu muti uhumanya cyane inyamaswa zo mu mazi, bityo wirinde ko winjira mu mashyamba. Iyo uvanze n'imiti yica udukoko mu mababi manini, ushobora kugaragaza ingaruka mbi, bigatuma imikorere ya cyhalofop igabanuka.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ingano yayo ni: cyhalofop-methyl emulsifierable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), ifu ya cyhalofop-methyl wettable (20%), cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), cyhalofop oil suspension (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible oil suspension (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); ibintu bivangavanze birimo oxafop-propyl na penoxsufen Compound ya amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, nibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-24-2024