Gutera ibisigazwa byo mu nzu (IRS) ninkingi yingenzi yo kugenzura ibibyimba bya visceral leishmaniasis (VL) mubuhinde.Ntabwo bizwi cyane ku ngaruka zo kugenzura imisoro ku bwoko butandukanye.Hano turasuzuma niba IRS ikoresha udukoko twica udukoko igira ingaruka zimwe zisigaye no gutabara ingo zose mumudugudu.Twashyizeho kandi amakarita y’ingaruka ziterwa n’ahantu hamwe n’isesengura ry’imibu ishingiye ku miterere y’urugo, ibyangiza imiti yica udukoko, hamwe n’imiterere ya IRS kugira ngo dusuzume ikwirakwizwa rya spatiotemporal vectors ku rwego rwa microscale.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu midugudu ibiri ya Mahnar block mu karere ka Vaishali muri Bihar.Haragenzuwe igenzura rya VL (P. argentipes) na IRS ukoresheje imiti yica udukoko tubiri [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) na pyrethroide synthique (SP 5%)].Ingaruka zigihe gito ziterwa nudukoko twica udukoko twasuzumwe hifashishijwe uburyo bwa cone bioassay nkuko byasabwe n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi.Ubusembwa bw’amafi ya kavukire yica udukoko twasuzumwe hifashishijwe vitro bioassay.Ubucucike bw’umubu mbere na nyuma ya IRS mu gutura no mu bworozi bw’inyamaswa bwakurikiranwe hakoreshejwe imitego yoroheje yashyizweho n’ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya indwara guhera saa kumi n'ebyiri z'umugoroba kugeza saa kumi n'ebyiri za mu gitondo. isesengura.Ikoreshwa rya GIS rishingiye ku isesengura ry’imyanya ndangagitsina ryakoreshejwe mu gushushanya ikwirakwizwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza ubwoko, kandi imiterere ya IRS yo mu rugo yakoreshejwe mu gusobanura ikwirakwizwa rya spatiotemporal ikwirakwizwa rya shitingi.
Umubu wa feza urumva cyane SP (100%), ariko ugaragaza ko urwanya DDT cyane, abapfa bangana na 49.1%.SP-IRS yavuzwe ko yakiriwe neza kurusha DDT-IRS mu ngo zose.Imikorere isigaye yari itandukanye kurukuta rutandukanye;nta muti wica udukoko wigeze uhura n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi IRS wasabye igihe cyo gukora.Ku bihe byose nyuma yigihe cya IRS, kugabanuka kunuka kubera SP-IRS byari byinshi hagati yimiryango yo murugo (ni ukuvuga spray na sentinels) kuruta DDT-IRS.Ikarita ihuriweho n’akaga yerekana ko SP-IRS igira ingaruka nziza ku mibu kurusha DDT-IRS ahantu hose hashobora kwibasirwa n’imiryango.Isesengura rya Multilevel logistic regression ryagaragaje ibintu bitanu bishobora guhura cyane nubucucike bwa silver shrimp.
Ibisubizo bizatanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubikorwa bya IRS mugucunga ibibyimba byo mu bwoko bwa leishmaniyasi muri Bihar, bishobora gufasha kuyobora imbaraga zizaza mugutezimbere ibintu.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), izwi kandi ku izina rya kala-azar, ni indwara ikwirakwizwa yanduye tropical vector iterwa na virusi iterwa na parasite ya protozoan yo mu bwoko bwa Leishmania.Mu karere k'Ubuhinde (IS), aho abantu ari bo bonyine bakira ibigega, parasite (ni ukuvuga Leishmania donovani) yanduza abantu binyuze mu kurumwa n'imibu y'abagore banduye (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2].Mu Buhinde, VL iboneka cyane muri leta enye zo hagati n’iburasirazuba: Bihar, Jharkhand, Bengal y’Uburengerazuba na Uttar Pradesh.Indwara zimwe na zimwe nazo zavuzwe muri Madhya Pradesh (Ubuhinde bwo hagati), Gujarat (Ubuhinde bw’Uburengerazuba), Tamil Nadu na Kerala (Ubuhinde bw’Amajyepfo), ndetse no mu bice byo munsi ya Himalaya yo mu majyaruguru y’Ubuhinde, harimo na Himachal Pradesh na Jammu na Kashmir.3].Muri leta zanduye, Bihar yanduye cyane mu turere 33 twibasiwe na VL bangana na 70% by’abanduye mu Buhinde buri mwaka [4].Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 99 bo mu karere bafite ibyago, aho impuzandengo ya buri mwaka yanduye 6.752 (2013-2017).
Muri Bihar no mu bindi bice by'Ubuhinde, imbaraga za VL zishingiye ku ngamba eshatu z'ingenzi: gutahura hakiri kare, kuvura neza, no kurwanya virusi hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko two mu ngo (IRS) mu ngo no mu bworozi bw'amatungo [4, 5].Nkingaruka zo kwiyamamaza kwa antimalarial, Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro cyagenzuye neza VL mu myaka ya za 1960 ikoresheje dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai / m2), kandi kugenzura gahunda byagenzuye neza VL mu 1977 na 1992 [5, 6].Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwemeje ko urusenda rwa silver rwateje imbere kurwanya DDT [4,7,8].Muri 2015, Porogaramu y’igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya indwara (NVBDCP, New Delhi) yahinduye IRS kuva DDT ihinduka pyrethroide (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai / m2) [7, 9].Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryihaye intego yo gukuraho VL muri 2020 (ni ukuvuga <1 urubanza ku bantu 10,000 ku mwaka ku rwego rw'umuhanda / umuhanda) [10].Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro gikora neza kuruta ubundi buryo bwo kugenzura ibinyabuzima mu kugabanya ubucucike bw'umusenyi [11,12,13].Icyitegererezo giherutse kandi giteganya ko ahantu h’ibyorezo byinshi (ni ukuvuga igipimo cy’icyorezo kibanziriza 5/000), Ikigo cy’imisoro gikora ingo 80% cy’ingo zishobora kugera ku ntego zo kurandura umwaka umwe cyangwa itatu mbere [14].VL yibasira abaturage bakennye cyane bo mu cyaro mu turere tw’icyorezo kandi igenzura ryayo rishingiye gusa kuri IRS, ariko ingaruka zisigaye z’iki cyemezo cyo kugenzura ku moko atandukanye ntizigeze zigwa mu murima mu turere tw’abatabazi [15, 16].Byongeye kandi, nyuma y’akazi gakomeye ko kurwanya VL, icyorezo mu midugudu imwe n'imwe cyamaze imyaka itari mike gihinduka ahantu hashyushye [17].Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe gusuzuma ingaruka zisigaye za IRS mugukurikirana ubwinshi bw imibu mubwoko butandukanye.Byongeye kandi, ikarita ya microscale geospatial mapping izafasha gusobanukirwa neza no kugenzura umubare w’imibu na nyuma yo gutabarwa.Sisitemu yamakuru ya geografiya (GIS) nuruvange rwikoranabuhanga rya mapping ya digitale ituma ububiko, kurengerwa, gukoresha, gusesengura, kugarura no kwerekana amashusho atandukanye yibidukikije bya geografiya hamwe nimbonezamubano-demokarasi kubikorwa bitandukanye [18, 19, 20]..Sisitemu yo kwisi yose (GPS) ikoreshwa mukwiga umwanya uhagije wibice bigize isi [21, 22].GIS hamwe na GPS bishingiye ku buryo bwo kwerekana imiterere n’ubuhanga byakoreshejwe mu bice byinshi by’indwara z’ibyorezo, nko gusuzuma indwara z’igihe gito n’igihe gito no guhanura ibyorezo, gushyira mu bikorwa no gusuzuma ingamba zo kugenzura, imikoranire ya virusi n’ibidukikije, hamwe no gushushanya ingaruka z’ahantu.[20,23,24,25,26].Amakuru yakusanyijwe kandi akomoka ku ikarita y’impanuka zishobora kworohereza ingamba zo kugenzura ku gihe kandi neza.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye imikorere n'ingaruka ziterwa na DDT na SP-IRS ku rwego rw'urugo muri gahunda y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya VL Vector i Bihar, mu Buhinde.Intego zinyongera kwari ugutegura ikarita y’ingaruka ziterwa n’ahantu hamwe n’uburyo bwo gusesengura imibu ishingiye ku miterere y’imiturire, kwandura udukoko twica udukoko, ndetse n’imiterere y’imisoro yo mu rugo kugira ngo dusuzume urwego rwo gukwirakwiza imibu ya microscale.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu gace ka Mahnar mu karere ka Vaishali ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru ya Ganga (Ishusho 1).Makhnar ni agace gakabije cyane, aho impuzandengo ya 56.7 ya VL ku mwaka (abantu 170 muri 2012-2014), umubare w'abanduye buri mwaka ni 2,5-3,7 ku baturage 10,000;Imidugudu ibiri yatoranijwe: Chakeso nk'ahantu hagenzurwa (Igishusho 1d1; nta ndwara ya VL mu myaka itanu ishize) na Lavapur Mahanar nk'ikibanza cyanduye (Ishusho 1d2; icyorezo gikabije, aho abantu 5 cyangwa barenga ku bantu 1000 ku mwaka; ).mu myaka 5 ishize).Imidugudu yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bintu bitatu by'ingenzi: ahantu hamwe no kugerwaho (ni ukuvuga ku ruzi rufite uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera umwaka wose), ibiranga demokarasi n'umubare w'ingo (ni ukuvuga byibuze ingo 200; Chaqueso ifite ingo 202 na 204 zifite ubunini bw'urugo) .Abantu 4.9 na 5.1) na Lavapur Mahanar) hamwe nubwoko bwurugo (HT) nuburyo bwo kugabura kwabo (ni ukuvuga gukwirakwiza HT bivanze).Imidugudu yombi yiga iherereye muri m 500 yumujyi wa Makhnar nibitaro byakarere.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko abatuye mu midugudu y’ubushakashatsi bagize uruhare runini mu bikorwa by’ubushakashatsi.Amazu yo mumudugudu wamahugurwa [agizwe nibyumba 1-2 byo kuryamo hamwe na balkoni 1 ifatanye, igikoni 1, ubwiherero 1 nububiko 1 (bifatanye cyangwa bitandukanijwe)] bigizwe nurukuta rwamatafari / ibyondo hasi hasi, inkuta zamatafari hamwe na plaque sima.hasi ya sima, inkuta zidafite amatafari kandi adasize irangi, hasi yibumba nigisenge kibisi.Intara yose ya Vaishali ifite ikirere gishyuha gishyuha hamwe nigihe cyimvura (Nyakanga kugeza Kanama) nigihe cyizuba (Ugushyingo kugeza Ukuboza).Impuzandengo yimvura yumwaka ni 720.4 mm (intera 736.5-1076.7 mm), ubuhehere bugereranije 65 ± 5% (intera 16-79%), impuzandengo yubushyuhe buri kwezi 17.2-32.4 ° C.Gicurasi na Kamena ni amezi ashyushye cyane (ubushyuhe 39-44 ° C), naho Mutarama ni yo hakonje cyane (7-22 ° C).
Ikarita y’ahantu ho kwigwa yerekana aho Bihar iherereye ku ikarita y’Ubuhinde (a) n’akarere ka Vaishali ku ikarita ya Bihar (b).Umuhanda wa Makhnar (c) Imidugudu ibiri yatoranijwe kugirango ikore ubushakashatsi: Chakeso nk'ahantu hagenzurwa na Lavapur Makhnar nk'ahantu ho gutabara.
Muri gahunda y’igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya Kalaazar, Ikigo cy’ubuzima cya Sosiyete ya Bihar (SHSB) cyakoze ibyiciro bibiri by’imisoro ngarukamwaka mu mwaka wa 2015 na 2016 (icyiciro cya mbere, Gashyantare-Werurwe; icyiciro cya kabiri, Kamena-Nyakanga) [4].Kugira ngo ibikorwa byose bya IRS bishyirwe mu bikorwa neza, hateguwe gahunda y'ibikorwa bya micye n'ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cya Rajendra Memorial (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, ishami ry’inama y’ubushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi mu Buhinde (ICMR; New Delhi).ikigo cya nodal.Imidugudu ya IRS yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bintu bibiri by'ingenzi: amateka y’imanza za VL na retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) mu mudugudu (ni ukuvuga imidugudu ifite imanza 1 cyangwa nyinshi mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose mu myaka 3 ishize, harimo n'umwaka w'ishyirwa mu bikorwa )., imidugudu itari icyorezo gikikije “ahantu hashyushye” (ni ukuvuga imidugudu yagiye itangaza ibibazo mu myaka ≥ 2 cyangwa ≥ 2 ku bantu 1000) n'imidugudu mishya y’icyorezo (nta kibazo mu myaka 3 ishize) mu mwaka ushize wa umwaka wo gushyira mu bikorwa watangajwe muri [17].Imidugudu ituranye ishyira mu bikorwa icyiciro cya mbere cy’imisoro y'igihugu, imidugudu mishya nayo ishyirwa mu cyiciro cya kabiri cya gahunda y'ibikorwa by'imisoro y'igihugu.Muri 2015, hakozwe ibice bibiri bya IRS ukoresheje DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai / m2) byakorewe mumidugudu yiga intervention.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, IRS yakozwe hakoreshejwe pyrethroide ya syntetique (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai / m2).Gusasa byakozwe hakoreshejwe pompe ya Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) hamwe na ecran yumuvuduko, valve ihindagurika (1.5 bar) hamwe nindege ya 8002 ya jet nozzle kubutaka bubi [27].ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) yakurikiranye imisoro ku rugo no ku mudugudu kandi itanga amakuru y'ibanze kuri IRS ku baturage binyuze kuri mikoro mu minsi 1-2 ya mbere.Buri tsinda rya IRS rifite monitor (itangwa na RMRIMS) kugirango ikurikirane imikorere yikipe ya IRS.Umuvunyi, hamwe n'amakipe ya IRS, boherejwe mu ngo zose kumenyesha no guhumuriza abayobozi b'ingo ku ngaruka nziza za IRS.Mu byiciro bibiri by’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na IRS, muri rusange imidugudu yize mu midugudu yize yageze byibuze 80% [4].Imiterere yo gutera (ni ukuvuga, nta gutera, gutera igice, no gutera byuzuye; byasobanuwe muri dosiye yinyongera 1: Imbonerahamwe S1) byanditswe kumiryango yose yo mumudugudu wabatabaye mugihe cyicyiciro cya IRS.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuva muri Kamena 2015 kugeza muri Nyakanga 2016. Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro cyakoresheje ibigo by’indwara mbere yo gutabara (ni ukuvuga ibyumweru 2 mbere yo gutabarwa; ubushakashatsi bwibanze) na nyuma yo gutabarwa (ni ukuvuga ibyumweru 2, 4, na 12 nyuma yo gutabarwa; gukurikirana-ubushakashatsi) gukurikirana, kugenzura ubucucike, no gukumira isazi yumusenyi muri buri cyiciro cya IRS.muri buri rugo Ijoro rimwe (ni ukuvuga kuva 18h00 kugeza 6h00) umutego woroshye [28].Imitego yoroheje yashyizwe mubyumba byo kuraramo ndetse n’inyamanswa.Mu mudugudu wakoreweho ubushakashatsi bwo gutabara, ingo 48 zapimwe ubucucike bw’umusenyi mbere ya IRS (ingo 12 kumunsi iminsi 4 ikurikiranye kugeza kumunsi ubanziriza umunsi wa IRS).12 batoranijwe kuri buri tsinda rinini ryingenzi ryurugo (ni ukuvuga ibumba risanzwe ryibumba (PMP), uruganda rwa sima hamwe nudukingirizo twa lime (CPLC), amatafari adatewe kandi adasize irangi (BUU) nimiryango yo hejuru (TH)).Nyuma yaho, ingo 12 gusa (mumiryango 48 yabanjirije IRS) zatoranijwe kugirango zikomeze gukusanya amakuru y’ubucucike bw’imibu nyuma yinama ya IRS.Dukurikije ibyifuzo bya OMS, ingo 6 zatoranijwe mu itsinda ryita ku bantu (ingo zivurwa na IRS) hamwe n’itsinda rya sentinel (ingo ziri mu midugudu yitabiriwe, ba nyir'ubwite banze uruhushya rwa IRS) [28].Mu itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura (ingo zo mu midugudu ituranye zitigeze zinjira mu misoro kubera kubura VL), ingo 6 gusa ni zo zatoranijwe kugira ngo zikurikirane ubwinshi bw’imibu mbere na nyuma y’amasomo abiri ya IRS.Kuri ayo matsinda uko ari atatu akurikirana ubucucike bw’imibu (ni ukuvuga intervention, sentinel no kugenzura), ingo zatoranijwe mu matsinda atatu y’ibyago (ni ukuvuga hasi, hagati no hejuru; ingo ebyiri kuva kuri buri rwego rw’ibyago) kandi ibyiciro bya HT byashyizwe mu byiciro (module nuburyo biri yerekanwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 na Imbonerahamwe 2, uko bikurikirana) [29, 30].Ingo ebyiri kurwego rwibyago zatoranijwe kugirango hirindwe igereranya ry’imibu ibogamye no kugereranya hagati yitsinda.Mu itsinda ry’abatabazi, ubwinshi bw’imibu nyuma ya IRS bwakurikiranwe mu bwoko bubiri bw’ingo za IRS: zavuwe neza (n = 3; urugo 1 kuri buri tsinda ry’ibyago) kandi ruvurwa igice (n = 3; urugo 1 kurwego rwitsinda).).itsinda ry’ibyago).
Imibu yose yafashwe mu murima yakusanyirijwe mu tubari twipimishije yimuriwe muri laboratoire, maze imiyoboro yipimisha yicwa hifashishijwe ubwoya bw'ipamba bwashizwe muri chloroform.Isafuriya ya feza yararyamanye kandi itandukanywa n’utundi dukoko n’umubu hashingiwe ku miterere ya morfologiya ukoresheje kodegisi isanzwe [31].Ibishishwa bya feza byose byigitsina gabo nigitsina gore byashizwemo ukwa alcool 80%.Ubucucike bw imibu kuri buri mutego / nijoro bwabazwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira: umubare w’imibu wakusanyije / umubare w’imitego yoroheje yashyizwe nijoro.Ihinduka ryijanisha ryinshi ry imibu (SFC) kubera IRS ikoresheje DDT na SP byagereranijwe ukoresheje formula ikurikira [32]:
aho A aribwo shingiro risobanura SFC kumiryango itabara, B ni IRS isobanura SFC kumiryango itabara, C niyo shingiro isobanura SFC yo kugenzura ingo / sentinel, naho D ni SFC isobanura kugenzura ingo za IRS / ingo za sentinel.
Ingaruka zo gutabara, zanditswe nkibintu byiza kandi byiza, byerekana kugabanuka no kwiyongera muri SFC nyuma ya IRS.Niba SFC nyuma ya IRS yagumye kumera nkibanze SFC, ingaruka zo gutabara zabazwe nka zeru.
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryita ku miti yica udukoko (WHOPES), hasuzumwe ibyiyumvo bya shitingi ya silverleg kavukire y’imiti yica udukoko DDT na SP byasuzumwe hifashishijwe ibisanzwe muri vitro bioassay [33].Ifumbire mvaruganda ifite ubuzima bwiza kandi idafunguye (18-25 SF kuri buri tsinda) bahuye n’imiti yica udukoko twakuwe muri Universiti Sains Maleziya (USM, Maleziya; ihuzwa n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi) ikoresheje Ishami ry’ubuzima ku isi ryita ku miti yica udukoko [4,9, 33 , 34].Buri cyiciro cya bioassays yica udukoko twageragejwe inshuro umunani (ibizamini bine byigana, buri kimwe gikora icyarimwe hamwe no kugenzura).Ibizamini byo kugenzura byakozwe hakoreshejwe impapuro zabanjirijwe hamwe na risella (kuri DDT) n'amavuta ya silicone (kuri SP) yatanzwe na USM.Nyuma yiminota 60 yerekanwe, imibu yashyizwe mubitereko bya OMS hanyuma ihabwa ubwoya bw ipamba bwinjiza mumisukari 10%.Umubare w’imibu wishwe nyuma yisaha 1 nimpfu zanyuma nyuma yamasaha 24.Imiterere yo kurwanya isobanurwa hakurikijwe umurongo ngenderwaho w’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi: impfu za 98-100% zerekana ko zishobora kwandura, 90-98% zigaragaza ko hashobora kubaho imyigaragambyo isaba kwemezwa, naho <90% ikerekana ko irwanya [33, 34].Kubera ko impfu mu itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura zari hagati ya 0 na 5%, nta guhindura imfu byakozwe.
Hasuzumwe bioefficacy n'ingaruka zisigaye ziterwa nudukoko twangiza udukoko twa kavukire.Mu ngo eshatu zo gutabara (imwe imwe ifite plaque isanzwe yibumba cyangwa PMP, plaque ya sima hamwe na lime cyangwa CPLC, amatafari adasize kandi adasize irangi cyangwa BUU) mubyumweru 2, 4 na 12 nyuma yo gutera.Bioassay isanzwe ya OMS yakorewe kuri cones irimo imitego yoroheje.yashizweho [27, 32].Gushyushya urugo ntibyakuweho kubera inkuta zingana.Muri buri sesengura, imiyoboro 12 yakoreshejwe mumazu yose yubushakashatsi (cone enye murugo, imwe kuri buri bwoko bwurukuta).Ongeraho cones kuri buri rukuta rwicyumba ku burebure butandukanye: umwe kurwego rwumutwe (kuva kuri 1,7 kugeza kuri 1.8 m), ibiri kurwego rwikibuno (kuva 0.9 kugeza m 1) nundi munsi yivi (kuva 0.3 kugeza 0 .5 m).Inzitiramubu icumi idafunguye (10 kuri cone; yakusanyirijwe mu kibanza cyo kugenzura ikoresheje aspirator) yashyizwe muri buri cyumba cya OMS cya plastiki ya OMS (cone imwe ku bwoko) nk'igenzura.Nyuma yiminota 30 yerekanwe, kura witonze imibu muri yo;icyumba cya conical ukoresheje inkokora yinkokora hanyuma ubohereze mumiyoboro ya OMS irimo isukari 10% yo kugaburira.Impfu zanyuma nyuma yamasaha 24 zanditswe kuri 27 ± 2 ° C na 80 ± 10% nubushuhe bugereranije.Umubare w'impfu n'amanota ari hagati ya 5% na 20% uhindurwa ukoresheje formula ya Abbott [27] ku buryo bukurikira:
aho P ni impfu zahinduwe, P1 ni igipimo cy’imfu zagaragaye, na C ni ijanisha ry’imfu.Ibigeragezo bifite impfu zo kugenzura> 20% byajugunywe kandi bisubirwamo [27, 33].
Ubushakashatsi bwuzuye murugo bwakorewe mumudugudu wabatabaye.Ikibanza cya GPS kuri buri rugo cyanditswe hamwe nigishushanyo cyacyo nubwoko bwibikoresho, aho uba, nuburyo bwo gutabara.Ihuriro rya GIS ryateje imbere imibare ya sisitemu ikubiyemo imipaka ku mudugudu, uturere, uturere ndetse na leta.Ahantu hose murugo harikumwe hifashishijwe urwego rwumudugudu urwego rwa GIS, kandi ibiranga amakuru arahujwe kandi aravugururwa.Kuri buri kibanza cyurugo, hasuzumwe ibyago hashingiwe kuri HT, kwandura udukoko twica udukoko, hamwe na IRS (Imbonerahamwe 1) [11, 26, 29, 30].Ingingo zose ziherereye murugo zahinduwe mubikarita yibitekerezo ukoresheje uburemere buringaniye (IDW; imyanzuro ishingiye kumurima ugereranije wurugo rwa m2 6, ingufu 2, umubare uteganijwe wibintu bikikije = 10, ukoresheje radiyo ishakisha ihinduka, filteri ntoya).na cubic convolution mapping) tekinoroji ya interpolation ikora [35].Hakozwe ubwoko bubiri bwikarita yibibazo byerekana ingaruka: Ikarita ishingiye kuri HT hamwe namakarita yica udukoko twangiza udukoko hamwe na IRS (ISV na IRSS).Ikarita ebyiri zishingiye ku ngaruka zishobora guhuzwa hifashishijwe isesengura riremereye [36].Muri iki gikorwa, ibice bya raster byashyizwe mubyiciro rusange byurwego rwibyiciro bitandukanye (urugero, hejuru, hagati, na bike / nta ngaruka).Buri cyiciro cya raster cyongeye kugwizwa nuburemere bwahawe hashingiwe ku kamaro kagereranijwe kerekana ibipimo bifasha ubwinshi bw’imibu (hashingiwe ku bwiganze mu midugudu yiga, ahakorerwa imibu, no kuruhuka no kugaburira) [26, 29]., 30, 37].Ikarita yingaruka zombi zapimwe 50:50 kuko zagize uruhare runini mubwinshi bw imibu (Idosiye yinyongera 1: Imbonerahamwe S2).Mugukusanya amakarita aremereye yibishushanyo mbonera, ikarita yanyuma yingaruka zashizweho kandi zigaragara kumurongo wa GIS.Ikarita yanyuma yingaruka yatanzwe kandi isobanurwa ukurikije indangagaciro ya Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) ibarwa ukoresheje formula ikurikira:
Muri formula, P nigipimo cyerekana ingaruka, L nigiciro rusange cyingaruka kuri buri rugo, kandi H nigiciro kinini cyingaruka kumurugo mukarere kiga.Twateguye kandi dukora GIS ibice nisesengura dukoresheje ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redland, CA, USA) kugirango dukore amakarita yingaruka.
Twakoze isesengura ryinshi ryo gusubira inyuma kugirango dusuzume ingaruka ziterwa na HT, ISV, na IRSS (nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1) ku bwinshi bw'imibu yo mu nzu (n = 24).Ibiranga imiturire hamwe ningaruka ziterwa ningaruka zishingiye kubikorwa bya IRS byanditswe mubushakashatsi byafashwe nkibihinduka bisobanura, kandi ubwinshi bw imibu bwakoreshejwe nkibihinduka.Isesengura rya Univariate Poisson ryakozwe kuri buri gihinduka gisobanura kijyanye n'ubucucike bwa sandfly.Mugihe cyo gusesengura univariate, impinduka zidafite akamaro kandi zifite agaciro ka P karenze 15% zavanyweho mubisesengura byinshi.Kugirango dusuzume imikoranire, amagambo yimikoranire kubintu byose bishoboka guhuza ibintu byingenzi (biboneka mubisesengura rimwe) byashyizwe icyarimwe mubisesengura byinshi, kandi amagambo adafite akamaro yakuwe mubyitegererezo muburyo butandukanye kugirango habeho icyitegererezo cyanyuma.
Isuzuma ry’ingaruka zo murugo ryakozwe muburyo bubiri: gusuzuma ibyago byo murwego rwurugo no guhuza hamwe ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa nikarita.Ikigereranyo cy’ingaruka z’urugo cyagereranijwe hifashishijwe isesengura rifitanye isano n’ikigereranyo cy’ingaruka z’urugo n’ubucucike bw’isazi (byakusanyirijwe mu ngo 6 zoherejwe n’imiryango 6 itabara; ibyumweru mbere na nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa IRS).Ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’ahantu hagereranijwe hifashishijwe umubare mpuzandengo w’imibu yakusanyirijwe mu ngo zitandukanye kandi ugereranije n’amatsinda y’ibyago (ni ukuvuga ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’akaga gato).Muri buri cyiciro cya IRS, ingo 12 (ingo 4 muri buri nzego eshatu z’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa; gukusanya nijoro bikorwa buri byumweru 2, 4, na 12 nyuma y’Imisoro) byatoranijwe ku buryo bwo gukusanya imibu kugira ngo isuzume ikarita yuzuye y’ingaruka.Amakuru amwe yo murugo (ni ukuvuga HT, VSI, IRSS kandi bivuze ubwinshi bw imibu) yakoreshejwe mugupima icyitegererezo cyanyuma.Isesengura ryoroheje ryakozwe ryakozwe hagati yubushakashatsi bwakozwe nubushakashatsi bw’icyitegererezo cy’imibu.
Imibare isobanura nkibisobanuro, byibuze, ntarengwa, 95% intera intera (CI) hamwe nijanisha byabazwe kugirango bavuge muri make amakuru ya entomologiya na IRS.Impuzandengo yumubare / ubucucike nimpfu ziterwa nudukoko twa feza (ibisigisigi byica udukoko twica udukoko) ukoresheje ibizamini bya paretricike [byombi byerekanwe t-test (kubisanzwe bikwirakwizwa) , BUU na CPLC, BUU na PMP, na CPLC na PMP) ikizamini kubisanzwe bitatanzwe).Isesengura ryose ryakozwe hakoreshejwe software ya SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
Ubwishingizi bw'ingo mu midugudu yitabiriwe mugihe cya IRS DDT na SP byabazwe.Imiryango 205 yakiriye IRS muri buri cyiciro, harimo ingo 179 (87.3%) murwego rwa DDT ningo 194 (94,6%) murwego rwa SP kugirango igenzure VL.Umubare w'ingo zavuwe n’imiti yica udukoko wari mwinshi mugihe cya SP-IRS (86.3%) ugereranije na DDT-IRS (52.7%).Umubare w'ingo zahisemo muri IRS mugihe cya DDT wari 26 (12.7%) naho ingo zahisemo kuva muri IRS mugihe cya SP zari 11 (5.4%).Mu cyiciro cya DDT na SP, umubare w'ingo zavuwe igice zanditswe ni 71 (34,6% by'ingo zose zavuwe) hamwe n'ingo 17 (8.3% by'ingo zose zavuwe).
Dukurikije amabwiriza ya OMS yo kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza ifeza aho abantu batabara bashoboraga kwanduzwa na alpha-cypermethrine (0,05%) kuko impuzandengo y’impfu zavuzwe mu gihe cy’iburanisha (amasaha 24) zari 100%.Igipimo cyagaragaye cyo gukomanga cyari 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1-90.6%).Kuri DDT, igipimo cyo gukomanga ku masaha 24 cyari 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), naho impfu zipimishije za elegitoronike zari 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%).Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ibirenge bya silver byateje imbere kurwanya DDT kurubuga rwa interineti.
Imbonerahamwe Imbonerahamwe 3 yerekana muri make ibisubizo bya bioanalyse ya cones kubwoko butandukanye bwimiterere (intera itandukanye nyuma ya IRS) ivurwa na DDT na SP.Amakuru yacu yerekanaga ko nyuma yamasaha 24, imiti yica udukoko (BUU na CPLC: t (2) = - 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU na PMP: t (2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t ( 2) = 1.03, P = 0.41 (kuri DDT-IRS na BUU) CPLC: t (2) = - 5.86, P = 0.03 na PMP: t (2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC na PMP: t (2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 na SP: t (2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; n'ibyumweru 4 nyuma yo gutera inkuta za CPLC gusa (ni ukuvuga 82.5) Mu itsinda rya DDT, impfu zahoraga munsi ya 70% kubwoko bwose bwurukuta igihe cyose nyuma ya bioassay ya IRS ibyumweru byo gutera byari 25.1% na 63.2%, ubwoko butatu bwubuso, umubare munini wimpfu za DDT wari 61.1% (kuri PMP ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 36.9% (kuri CPLC ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS), na 28.9% ( kuri CPLC ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS) Igipimo ntarengwa ni 55% (kuri BUU, ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 32.5% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS) na 20% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS);US IRS).Kuri SP, igipimo kinini cyo gupfa ku bwoko bwose bwo hejuru cyari 97.2% (kuri CPLC, ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 82.5% (kuri CPLC, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS), na 67.5% (kuri CPLC, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS).Ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS).US IRS).ibyumweru nyuma ya IRS);ibiciro byo hasi byari 94.4% (kuri BUU, ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 75% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS), na 58.3% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS).Kurwanya udukoko twombi, impfu ziterwa na PMP zavuwe zitandukanye cyane mugihe cyigihe ugereranije na CPLC- na BUU bivurwa.
Imbonerahamwe 4 yerekana muri make ingaruka zo gutabara (ni ukuvuga impinduka za nyuma ya IRS mubwinshi bw imibu) ya DDT- na SP ishingiye kuri IRS (Idosiye yinyongera 1: Igicapo S1).Kuri DDT-IRS, igabanuka ryijanisha mubivumvuri bya feza nyuma yigihe cya IRS byari 34.1% (mubyumweru 2), 25.9% (mubyumweru 4), na 14.1% (mubyumweru 12).Kuri SP-IRS, igipimo cyo kugabanuka cyari 90.5% (ku byumweru 2), 66.7% (ku byumweru 4), na 55,6% (ku byumweru 12).Kugabanuka kwinshi muri silver shrimp ubwinshi mumiryango ya sentinel mugihe cyo gutanga raporo ya DDT na SP IRS byari 2.8% (mubyumweru 2) na 49.1% (mubyumweru 2).Mugihe cya SP-IRS, kugabanuka (mbere na nyuma) yimisemburo yinda yinda bisa no gutera ingo (t (2) = - 9.09, P <0.001) nimiryango ya sentinel (t (2) = - 1.29, P = 0.33).Hejuru ugereranije na DDT-IRS mugihe cyigihe cyose 3 nyuma ya IRS.Ku dukoko twica udukoko twinshi, ubwinshi bwa silver bwiyongereye mu ngo za sentinel nyuma yibyumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS (ni ukuvuga 3,6% na 9.9% kuri SP na DDT).Mugihe cya SP na DDT nyuma yinama ya IRS, 112 na 161 bya shrimp byakusanyirijwe mumirima ya sentinel.
Nta tandukanyirizo rigaragara mubucucike bwa shrimp bwagaragaye hagati yitsinda ryurugo (ni ukuvuga spray vs sentinel: t (2) = - 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs kugenzura: t (2) = - 2.03, P = 0.18; sentinel na kugenzura : mugihe cicyumweru IRS nyuma ya DDT, t (2) = - 0.59, P = 0,62).Ibinyuranyo, itandukaniro rikomeye mubucucike bwa silver shrimp byagaragaye hagati yitsinda rya spray nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura (t (2) = - 11.28, P = 0.01) no hagati yitsinda rya spray nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura (t (2) = - 4, 42, P = 0.05).Ikigo cy'imisoro nyuma y'ibyumweru bike nyuma ya SP.Kuri SP-IRS, nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye hagati ya sentinel no kugenzura imiryango (t (2) = -0.48, P = 0.68).Igishushanyo cya 2 cyerekana impuzandengo ya feza-inda yuzuye ya pheasant igaragara kumirima yuzuye kandi igice cyavuwe hamwe niziga rya IRS.Nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye mu bucucike bwa phease zicungwa neza hagati yimiryango icungwa neza kandi igice (bivuze 7.3 na 2.7 kumutego / nijoro).DDT-IRS na SP-IRS,), kandi ingo zimwe zatewe imiti yica udukoko (bivuze 7.5 na 4.4 kumugoroba kuri DDT-IRS na SP-IRS) (t (2) ≤ 1.0, P> 0.2).Nyamara, ubucucike bwa shrimp ya feza mumirima yatewe kandi igice cyayo itandukanye cyane hagati ya SP na DDT IRS (t (2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Bigereranijwe bivuze ubucucike bw'amababa manini ya feza mu ngo zavuwe byuzuye kandi igice mu mudugudu wa Mahanar, Lavapur, mu byumweru 2 mbere ya IRS n'ibyumweru 2, 4 na 12 nyuma ya IRS, DDT na SP.
Ikarita yuzuye y’ahantu hashobora kubaho (umudugudu wa Lavapur Mahanar; ubuso bwose: 26.723 km2) yakozwe kugirango hamenyekane ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’ahantu hashobora gukurikiranwa hagaragara hagamijwe kugenzura no kuvuka kwa shitingi ya feza mbere n’ibyumweru byinshi nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imisoro (Ishusho 3) , 4)...Amanota menshi y’ingaruka ku miryango mugihe cyo gukora ikarita y’ahantu hashobora kuba hashyizweho “12” (ni ukuvuga “8” ku ikarita y’ibyago ishingiye kuri HT na “4” ku ikarita y’ibyago ya VSI- na IRSS).Umubare ntarengwa wabazwe ni "zeru" cyangwa "nta ngaruka" usibye amakarita ya DDT-VSI na IRSS afite amanota ntarengwa ya 1. Ikarita y’ibyago ishingiye kuri HT yerekanye ko ahantu hanini (ni ukuvuga 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) ya Lavapur Umudugudu wa Mahanar ni ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa cyane n’abaturage aho usanga abaturage bakunze guhura n’imibu.Ubuso butandukanye buratandukanye hagati (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), hagati (DDT 22.3%; SP 4,6%) na bike / nta ngaruka (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) zone%) (t (2) = 12.7, P <0.05) hagati yishusho yingaruka za DDT na SP-IS na IRSS (Ishusho 3, 4).Ikarita yanyuma yibikorwa byateguwe yerekanaga ko SP-IRS ifite ubushobozi bwo kurinda kurusha DDT-IRS murwego rwose rwibice bya HT.Agace gakunze kwibasirwa na HT kagabanutse kugera munsi ya 7% (1837.3 km2) nyuma ya SP-IRS kandi igice kinini (ni ukuvuga 53,6%) cyahindutse ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa.Mu gihe cya DDT-IRS, ijanisha ry’ibice byinshi kandi bifite ibyago bike byapimwe n’ikarita ihuriweho hamwe ni 35.5% (9498.1 km2) na 16.2% (4342.4 km2).Ubucucike bw'umusenyi bupimirwa mu ngo zavuwe na sentinel mbere n'ibyumweru byinshi nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa IRS byateguwe kandi bigaragazwa ku ikarita ihuriweho n'ingaruka kuri buri cyiciro cya IRS (ni ukuvuga DDT na SP) (Ishusho 3, 4).Hariho amasezerano meza hagati yamanota yingaruka zurugo hamwe nuburinganire bwa silver shrimp yanditswe mbere na nyuma ya IRS (Ishusho 5).Indangagaciro za R2 (P <0.05) zisesengura rihoraho zabazwe uhereye kumirongo ibiri ya IRS ni: 0,78 ibyumweru 2 mbere ya DDT, 0.81 ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya DDT, 0,78 ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya DDT, 0.83 nyuma ya DDT- DDT ibyumweru 12, DDT Igiteranyo nyuma ya SP yari 0,85, 0.82 ibyumweru 2 mbere ya SP, 0.38 ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya SP, 0.56 ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya SP, 0.81 ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya SP na 0.79 ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya SP muri rusange (Idosiye yinyongera 1: Imbonerahamwe S3).Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ingaruka zo gutabara SP-IRS kuri HT zose zongerewe ibyumweru 4 bikurikira IRS.DDT-IRS yagumye idakora kuri HT zose kumwanya wose nyuma yimikorere ya IRS.Ibisubizo by'isuzuma ry'umurima w'ikarita ihuriweho n'ingaruka zahurijwe hamwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 5. Kubireba IRS, bivuze ubwinshi bwa shrimp ya shrimp ubwinshi nijanisha ryubwinshi bwuzuye mubice byugarijwe cyane (urugero,> 55%) byari hejuru ugereranije no hasi- na agace gashobora guhura ningaruka zose nyuma yigihe cya IRS.Ibibanza byimiryango ya entomologiya (ni ukuvuga ibyatoranijwe mu gukusanya imibu) byashushanijwe kandi bigaragarira muri dosiye yinyongera 1: Igicapo S2.
Ubwoko butatu bwa GIS bushingiye ku ikarita y’akaga (ni ukuvuga HT, IS na IRSS hamwe no guhuza HT, IS na IRSS) kugirango hamenyekane ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’impanuka mbere na nyuma ya DDT-IRS mu mudugudu wa Mahnar, Lavapur, akarere ka Vaishali (Bihar)
Ubwoko butatu bwikarita ya GIS ishingiye ku kaga (ni ukuvuga HT, IS na IRSS hamwe no guhuza HT, IS na IRSS) kugirango hamenyekane ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa na silver (ugereranije na Kharbang)
Ingaruka za DDT- (a, c, e, g, i) na SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) ku nzego zitandukanye z’amatsinda y’ingaruka z’imiryango yabazwe mu kugereranya “R2” hagati y’ingaruka zo mu rugo .Kugereranya ibipimo by'urugo n'ubucucike bwa P. argentipes ibyumweru 2 mbere yuko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS n'ibyumweru 2, 4 na 12 nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa imisoro mu mudugudu wa Lavapur Mahnar, mu karere ka Vaishali, muri Bihar
Imbonerahamwe 6 yerekana muri make ibyavuye mu isesengura rimwe ry’impamvu zose zishobora kugira ingaruka ku bunini bwa flake.Impamvu zose ziterwa (n = 6) wasangaga zifitanye isano cyane nubucucike bw imibu murugo.Byagaragaye ko urwego rwingenzi rwibihinduka byose byabyaye P agaciro kari munsi ya 0.15.Rero, ibisobanuro byose byahinduwe byagumishijwe kubisesengura byinshi.Ihuriro ryiza-ryiza ryanyuma ryakozwe hashingiwe kubintu bitanu bishobora guteza ingaruka: TF, TW, DS, ISV, na IRSS.Imbonerahamwe 7 irerekana urutonde rwibipimo byatoranijwe muburyo bwa nyuma, kimwe no kugereranya ibipimo bitandukanijwe, 95% intera intera (CIs), na P.Icyitegererezo cyanyuma kirakomeye cyane, hamwe na R2 agaciro ka 0.89 (F (5) = 27 .9, P <0.001).
TR yakuwe mubyitegererezo byanyuma kuko byari bike cyane (P = 0.46) hamwe nibindi bisobanuro bisobanura.Icyitegererezo cyateye imbere cyakoreshejwe mu guhanura ubucucike bw’umusenyi bushingiye ku mibare yaturutse mu ngo 12 zitandukanye.Ibisubizo byo kwemeza byerekanaga isano iri hagati yubucucike bw imibu bwagaragaye mu murima n’ubucucike bw’imibu bwahanuwe nicyitegererezo (r = 0.91, P <0.001).
Intego ni ugukuraho VL muri leta zanduye mu Buhinde muri 2020 [10].Kuva mu mwaka wa 2012, Ubuhinde bwateye intambwe igaragara mu kugabanya indwara n’impfu za VL [10].Guhindura DDT ukajya muri SP muri 2015 byari impinduka nini mumateka ya IRS muri Bihar, mubuhinde [38].Kugirango wumve ingaruka ziterwa na VL nubwinshi bwibice byayo, ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa macro-urwego rwakozwe.Nubwo, nubwo ikwirakwizwa ry’imiterere ya VL ryagiye ryitabwaho mu gihugu hose, ubushakashatsi buke bwakozwe ku rwego rwa micro.Byongeye kandi, kurwego rwa micro, amakuru ntagahinduka kandi biragoye gusesengura no kubyumva.Dukurikije ubumenyi dufite, ubu bushakashatsi ni raporo ya mbere yo gusuzuma ingaruka zisigaye n'ingaruka zo gutabara kwa IRS ukoresheje udukoko twica udukoko DDT na SP hagati ya HT muri gahunda y’igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya Vector muri Bihar (Ubuhinde).Ubu ni nabwo bwa mbere bugerageza gukora ikarita yerekana ingaruka ziterwa n’ahantu hamwe n’isesengura ry’imibu yerekana imibu kugira ngo hagaragazwe ikwirakwizwa ry’imibu kuri microscale mu bihe bya IRS.
Ibisubizo byacu byerekanaga ko kwakirwa mu rugo kwa SP-IRS byari byinshi mu ngo zose kandi ko ingo nyinshi zakozwe neza.Ibisubizo bya bioassay byerekanaga ko isazi yumucanga isazi mumudugudu wigaga yumvaga cyane beta-cypermethrin ariko ikaba hasi kuri DDT.Impuzandengo yimfu zimpu ziva muri DDT ziri munsi ya 50%, byerekana urwego rwo hejuru rwo kurwanya DDT.Ibi bihuye n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwibanze bwakozwe mu bihe bitandukanye mu midugudu itandukanye yo muri leta ya VL-endemic yo mu Buhinde, harimo na Bihar [8,9,39,40].Usibye kwangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, ingaruka zisigaye za pesticide ningaruka zo gutabara namakuru yingenzi.Igihe cyingaruka zisigaye ningirakamaro kuri gahunda yo kuzenguruka.Igena intera iri hagati yizunguruka rya IRS kugirango abaturage bakomeze kurindwa kugeza spray itaha.Cone bioassay ibisubizo byagaragaje itandukaniro rinini ryimpfu hagati yubwoko bwurukuta kumwanya utandukanye nyuma ya IRS.Impfu ku buso bwavuwe na DDT zahoraga munsi yurwego rushimishije rwa OMS (ni ukuvuga ≥80%), mu gihe ku nkuta zivuwe na SP, impfu zagumye zishimishije kugeza mu cyumweru cya kane nyuma y’imisoro;Duhereye kuri ibyo bisubizo, biragaragara ko nubwo urusenda rwa silverleg ruboneka mu bushakashatsi rwumva cyane SP, imikorere isigaye ya SP iratandukanye bitewe na HT.Kimwe na DDT, SP nayo ntabwo yujuje igihe cyo gukora neza cyerekanwe mumabwiriza ya OMS [41, 42].Uku kudakora neza gushobora guterwa no gushyira mu bikorwa nabi Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro (ni ukuvuga kwimura pompe ku muvuduko ukwiye, intera iri hagati y'urukuta, igipimo cyo gusohora n'ubunini bw'ibitonyanga by'amazi no kubishyira ku rukuta), ndetse no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko (urugero) gutegura igisubizo) [11,28,43].Icyakora, kubera ko ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe bugenzurwa kandi bugakurikiranwa, indi mpamvu yo kutuzuza Umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi wasabye ko itariki izarangiriraho ishobora kuba ireme rya SP (ni ukuvuga ijanisha ryibintu bikora cyangwa “AI”) bigize QC.
Mu bwoko butatu bwo hejuru bwakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko, itandukaniro rikomeye mu rupfu ryagaragaye hagati ya BUU na CPLC ku miti ibiri yica udukoko.Ikindi cyagaragaye ni uko CPLC yerekanye imikorere isigaye mugihe hafi yigihe cyose nyuma yo gutera hanyuma ikurikirwa na BUU na PMP.Nyamara, ibyumweru bibiri nyuma yimisoro, PMP yanditse umubare munini wimpfu nyinshi kuva DDT na SP.Igisubizo cyerekana ko imiti yica udukoko yashyizwe hejuru ya PMP idakomeza igihe kirekire.Iri tandukaniro mu mikorere y’ibisigisigi byica udukoko hagati yubwoko bwurukuta bishobora guterwa nimpamvu zitandukanye, nko guhimba imiti yurukuta (kwiyongera pH itera imiti yica udukoko kumeneka vuba), igipimo cyo kwinjiza (hejuru kurukuta rwubutaka), kuboneka kwangirika kwa bagiteri n'umuvuduko wo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho byo ku rukuta, hamwe n'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].Ibisubizo byacu bishyigikira ubundi bushakashatsi butandukanye ku mikorere isigaye y’imiti yica udukoko twangiza indwara zitandukanye [45, 46, 50, 51].
Ikigereranyo cyo kugabanya imibu mu ngo zavuwe cyerekanye ko SP-IRS yagize akamaro kuruta DDT-IRS mu kurwanya imibu igihe cyose nyuma ya IRS (P <0.001).Ku cyiciro cya SP-IRS na DDT-IRS, igipimo cyo kugabanuka ku ngo zivuwe kuva ku byumweru 2 kugeza 12 cyari 55.6-90.5% na 14.1-34.1%.Ibisubizo byerekanye kandi ko ingaruka zikomeye kuri P. argentipes nyinshi mu ngo za sentinel zagaragaye mu byumweru 4 uhereye igihe IRS ishyizwe mu bikorwa;argentipes yiyongereye mubyiciro byombi bya IRS ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS;Ariko, nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye mu mubare w’imibu mu ngo za sentinel hagati y’ibice bibiri bya IRS (P = 0.33).Ibisubizo bivuye mu isesengura ry’imibare y’ubucucike bwa silver shrimp hagati yitsinda ryurugo muri buri cyiciro nabyo byagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye muri DDT mumatsinda yose uko ari ane (ni ukuvuga, yatewe na sentinel; yatewe na vino; kugenzura;).Amatsinda abiri yimiryango IRS na SP-IRS (nukuvuga, sentinel va kugenzura no kuzuza igice).Nyamara, itandukaniro rikomeye mubucucike bwa silver hagati ya DDT na SP-IRS byagaragaye mumirima igice kandi cyuzuye.Ubu bushakashatsi, bufatanije n’uko ingaruka zo gutabara zabazwe inshuro nyinshi nyuma y’imisoro n'amahoro, byerekana ko SP igira ingaruka nziza mu kurwanya imibu mu ngo zivuwe igice cyangwa zuzuye, ariko zitavuwe.Nubwo, nubwo nta tandukanyirizo rishingiye ku mibare ryagaragaye mu mubare w’imibu iri mu mazu ya sentinel hagati ya DDT-IRS na SP IRS, impuzandengo y’imibu yakusanyirijwe mu cyiciro cya DDT-IRS yari mike ugereranije n’uruziga rwa SP-IRS..Umubare urenze ubwinshi.Igisubizo cyerekana ko umuti wica udukoko twangiza udukoko twanduye cyane muri IRS mu baturage bo mu ngo ushobora kugira ingaruka ku baturage mu kurwanya imibu mu ngo zidatewe.Ukurikije ibisubizo, SP yagize ingaruka nziza zo gukumira inzitiramubu kurusha DDT muminsi yambere nyuma ya IRS.Byongeye kandi, alpha-cypermethrin ni iy'itsinda rya SP, ifite uburakari ndetse n'uburozi butaziguye ku mibu kandi ibereye IRS [51, 52].Iyi ishobora kuba imwe mumpamvu nyamukuru zituma alpha-cypermethrin igira ingaruka nke mubirindiro.Ubundi bushakashatsi [52] bwerekanye ko nubwo alpha-cypermethrin yerekanaga ibisubizo bihari hamwe n’igipimo kinini cyo gukomanga muri laboratoire no mu kazu, uruganda ntirwatanze igisubizo kibi ku mibu mu gihe cya laboratoire yagenzuwe.akazu.urubuga.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hateguwe ubwoko butatu bwikarita yingaruka ziterwa n’ahantu;Urwego rwurugo nu rwego rwurwego rwagereranijwe rwagereranijwe rwasuzumwe hifashishijwe umurima wo kureba ubucucike bwa silverleg.Isesengura ry’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa hashingiwe kuri HT ryerekanye ko igice kinini cy’imidugudu (> 78%) cya Lavapur-Mahanara kiri ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ibyago byo kwibasirwa n’umusenyi no kongera kugaragara.Iyi ishobora kuba arimpamvu nyamukuru ituma Rawalpur Mahanar VL ikundwa cyane.Muri rusange ISV na IRSS, hamwe n'ikarita ya nyuma ihuriweho hamwe, wasangaga bitanga ijanisha rito ry'uturere munsi y’ibyago byinshi mu gihe cya SP-IRS (ariko ntabwo ari DDT-IRS).Nyuma ya SP-IRS, ahantu hanini h’ahantu hahanamye kandi horoheje hashingiwe kuri GT hahinduwe ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’ibyago (ni ukuvuga 60.5%; igereranya ry’amakarita y’ibyago), ibyo bikaba bikubye hafi inshuro enye (16.2%) ugereranije na DDT.- Ibihe biri ku mbonerahamwe ya IRS portfolio ingaruka.Igisubizo cyerekana ko Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kurwanya imibu, ariko urwego rwo kurinda rushingiye ku bwiza bw’udukoko twica udukoko, sensibilité (kuri vectori igamije), kwemerwa (mugihe cya IRS) no kuyishyira mu bikorwa;
Ibisubizo byo gusuzuma ibyago byo murugo byagaragaje amasezerano meza (P <0.05) hagati yikigereranyo cy’ingaruka n’ubucucike bwa shrimp ya silverleg yakusanyirijwe mu ngo zitandukanye.Ibi birerekana ko ibipimo byerekana ingaruka zurugo hamwe n amanota yabo yibyiciro bikwiranye no kugereranya ubwinshi bwa shrimp ya silver.Agaciro R2 k'isesengura ry'amasezerano ya nyuma ya IRS DDT yari ≥ 0,78, angana cyangwa arenze agaciro kabanjirije IRS (ni ukuvuga 0,78).Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko DDT-IRS yagize akamaro muri zone zose zishobora guteza ibyago (urugero, hejuru, hagati, na hasi).Ku cyiciro cya SP-IRS, twasanze agaciro ka R2 kahindutse mu byumweru bya kabiri n'icya kane nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa IRS, indangagaciro ibyumweru bibiri mbere yuko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS n'ibyumweru 12 nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa IRS byari bimwe;Igisubizo cyerekana ingaruka zikomeye ziterwa na SP-IRS ku mibu, yerekanaga igabanuka ryigihe hamwe nigihe nyuma ya IRS.Ingaruka za SP-IRS zaragaragaye kandi zaganiriweho mu bice bibanza.
Ibisubizo bivuye mu igenzura ryakozwe ku ikarita y’amakarita yahurijwe hamwe yerekanaga ko mu gihe cy’imisoro n'amahoro, umubare munini wa shitingi ya feza wakusanyirijwe ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa cyane (ni ukuvuga> 55%), hagakurikiraho uturere duto kandi duto duto.Muri make, GIS ishingiye ku ngaruka ziterwa n’ahantu hagaragaye ko ari igikoresho cyiza cyo gufata ibyemezo byo gukusanya ibice bitandukanye byamakuru atandukanye ahantu hamwe cyangwa hamwe kugirango hamenyekane ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’umusenyi.Ikarita yatejwe imbere itanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeranye na pre-na nyuma yo gutabarwa (urugero, ubwoko bwurugo, imiterere ya IRS, ningaruka zo gutabara) mukarere k’ubushakashatsi gasaba ibikorwa byihuse cyangwa iterambere, cyane cyane kurwego rwa micro.Ikintu gikunzwe cyane.Mubyukuri, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakoresheje ibikoresho bya GIS mugushushanya ibyago by’ahantu ho kororera no gukwirakwiza indwara ku rwego rwa macro [24, 26, 37].
Ibiranga imiturire hamwe ningaruka ziterwa na IRS zishingiye kubikorwa byasuzumwe kugirango bikoreshwe mu isesengura rya silver shrimp.Nubwo ibintu byose uko ari bitandatu (urugero, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, na IRSS) byari bifitanye isano cyane nubwinshi bwibiti bya silverleg shrimp mu isesengura rimwe, kimwe gusa muri byo cyatoranijwe muburyo bwa nyuma bwo gusubira inyuma kuri batanu.Ibisubizo byerekana ko imicungire yimicungire yimpamvu nimpamvu zo gutabara za IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, nibindi mubice byakorewe ubushakashatsi bikwiranye no gukurikirana ibimera, kugarura no kubyara ibishishwa bya feza.Mu isesengura ryinshi ryo gusubira inyuma, TR ntabwo yasanze ifite akamaro bityo ntiyatoranijwe muburyo bwa nyuma.Icyitegererezo cyanyuma cyari gikomeye cyane, hamwe nibintu byatoranijwe bisobanura 89% bya shrimp ya shrimp.Icyitegererezo cyukuri cyerekana kwerekana isano ikomeye hagati yubunini bwa silver na shrimp.Ibisubizo byacu kandi bishyigikira ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwaganiriye ku mpamvu z’imibereho n’ubukungu n’imiturire ijyanye n’ubwiyongere bwa VL no gukwirakwiza virusi mu cyaro cya Bihar [15, 29].
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ntitwasuzumye imiti yica udukoko ku nkuta zatewe kandi ubuziranenge (ni ukuvuga) bw’imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa muri IRS.Guhindagurika mubyiza byica udukoko nubwinshi birashobora kugira ingaruka kumpfu z imibu ningirakamaro mubikorwa bya IRS.Rero, impfu zagereranijwe muburyo bwubuso ningaruka zo gutabara mumatsinda yurugo zirashobora gutandukana nibisubizo nyabyo.Urebye izi ngingo, ubushakashatsi bushya burashobora gutegurwa.Isuzuma ryahantu hose hashobora kwibasirwa (hifashishijwe ikarita ya GIS yerekana ikarita) yimidugudu yubushakashatsi ikubiyemo ahantu hafunguye hagati yimidugudu, bigira uruhare mubyiciro by’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa (ni ukuvuga kumenyekanisha uturere) kandi bikagera no mu turere dutandukanye;Nyamara, ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego ruto, bityo ubutaka bwarimo ubusa bugira ingaruka nkeya ku byiciro by’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa;Byongeye kandi, kumenya no gusuzuma ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’akarere kose k’umudugudu birashobora gutanga amahirwe yo guhitamo ahantu hazubakwa amazu mashya (cyane cyane guhitamo uturere dufite ibyago bike).Muri rusange, ibisubizo byubu bushakashatsi bitanga amakuru atandukanye atigeze yiga kurwego rwa microscopique mbere.Icy'ingenzi cyane, kwerekana ikarita yerekana ikarita y’umudugudu ifasha kumenya no gutondekanya ingo mu turere dutandukanye tw’ibyago, ugereranije n’ubushakashatsi gakondo bw’ubutaka, ubu buryo buroroshye, bworoshye, buhendutse kandi budakoresha akazi, butanga amakuru kubafata ibyemezo.
Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko ifi kavukire kavukire mumudugudu wiga yateje imbere kurwanya (ni ukuvuga, irwanya cyane) DDT, kandi imibu yagaragaye ako kanya nyuma yimisoro;Alpha-cypermethrin isa nkaho ari amahitamo meza yo kugenzura IRS kugenzura imiyoboro ya VL bitewe n’impfu zayo 100% hamwe n’ingamba nziza yo gutabara kurwanya isazi ya silver, ndetse no kwemerwa kwabaturage neza ugereranije na DDT-IRS.Ariko, twasanze impfu zumubu kurukuta rwavuwe na SP zitandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwubuso;imikorere mibi isigaye yagaragaye kandi OMS yasabye igihe nyuma yimisoro itagerwaho.Ubu bushakashatsi butanga intangiriro nziza yo kuganira, kandi ibisubizo byayo bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugirango umenye ibitera nyabyo.Ikigereranyo cyerekana neza imiterere y’isesengura ry’umusenyi w’umucanga cyerekanye ko guhuza imiterere y’imiturire, ibyorezo byica udukoko byangiza virusi hamwe n’imiterere ya IRS bishobora gukoreshwa mu kugereranya ubucucike bw’umusenyi mu midugudu y’icyorezo cya VL muri Bihar.Ubushakashatsi bwacu burerekana kandi ko ikarita ya GIS ishingiye ku ikarita yerekana ikarita (urwego rwa macro) ishobora kuba igikoresho cyingirakamaro mu kumenya ahantu hashobora gukurikiranwa hagamijwe kugenzura no kongera kuvuka kw’umusenyi mbere na nyuma y’inama za IRS.Byongeye kandi, amakarita y’ahantu hashobora gutanga ibisobanuro birambuye ku ntera n’imiterere y’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’inzego zitandukanye, zidashobora kwigwa binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu buryo bwa gakondo hamwe n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gukusanya amakuru.Amakuru yerekeye ingaruka ziterwa na microspatial yakusanyirijwe ku ikarita ya GIS arashobora gufasha abahanga n’abashakashatsi mu buzima bw’ubuzima gushyiraho no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba nshya zo kugenzura (ni ukuvuga intervention imwe cyangwa igenzura rya vectori) kugira ngo bagere ku matsinda atandukanye y’ingo bitewe n’imiterere y’urwego.Byongeye kandi, ikarita yingaruka zifasha guhitamo kugenwa no gukoresha ibikoresho byo kugenzura mugihe gikwiye nahantu hagamijwe kunoza imikorere ya gahunda.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-20-2024