Gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti mu nzu (IRS) ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byo kurwanya ubwiyongere bw'udukoko mu Buhinde. Nta byinshi bizwi ku ngaruka zo kugenzura imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ku moko atandukanye y'ingo. Aha turasuzuma niba IRS ikoresha imiti yica udukoko ifite ingaruka zimwe ku miryango yose yo mu mudugudu. Twanateguye amakarita ahuriweho y'ibyago byo mu gace n'uburyo bwo gusesengura ubucucike bw'imibu hashingiwe ku miterere y'ingo, uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti, n'uko IRS ihagaze kugira ngo harebwe uko ubwiyongere bw'udukoko bukwirakwira mu gace runaka ku rwego rwa microscale buhagaze.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu midugudu ibiri yo mu gace ka Mahnar mu karere ka Vaishali muri Bihar. IRS yagenzuye uburyo imiti yica udukoko (P. argentipes) ikoresha imiti yica udukoko ibiri [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) na pyrethroids zikoze (SP 5%)]. Isuzuma ry’uko imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu gihe runaka ku nkuta zitandukanye ryakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa cone bioassay nk’uko byasabwe n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima. Uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu mitobe y’amabuye y’agaciro ikoreshwa mu mitobe y’agaciro bwakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa in vitro bioassay. Ubucucike bw’imibu mbere na nyuma ya IRS mu ngo no mu macumbi y’inyamaswa bwagenzuwe hakoreshejwe imitego yoroheje yashyizweho n’Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya indwara kuva saa kumi n’ebyiri z’umugoroba kugeza saa kumi n’ebyiri za mu gitondo. Uburyo bwiza bwo gusesengura ubucucike bw’imibu bwakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gusesengura uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu mitobe. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusesengura ahantu hifashishijwe GIS ryakoreshejwe mu gupima uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikwirakwira mu mitobe y’agaciro ikwirakwira hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’urugo, kandi imiterere ya IRS mu rugo yakoreshejwe mu gusobanura uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikwirakwira mu mitobe y’agaciro.
Imibu y'ifeza ishobora kwangirika cyane kuri SP (100%), ariko igaragaza ubudahangarwa bukomeye kuri DDT, aho igipimo cy'impfu cya 49.1%. Byavuzwe ko SP-IRS yemerwaga neza na rubanda kurusha DDT-IRS mu miryango yose. Ingufu zasigaye zaratandukanye ku nkuta zitandukanye; nta muti n'umwe wica udukoko wahuye n'igihe cyagenwe n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima IRS. Mu bihe byose bya nyuma ya IRS, kugabanuka kw'udukoko duto duterwa na SP-IRS kwari gukomeye hagati y'amatsinda yo mu ngo (ni ukuvuga sprayers na centinels) kurusha DDT-IRS. Ikarita y'ibyago by'ahantu hamwe igaragaza ko SP-IRS ifite ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura imibu kurusha DDT-IRS mu bice byose by'ibyago byo mu ngo. Isesengura ry'uburyo bwo kugenzura ibintu mu byiciro bitandukanye ryagaragaje ibintu bitanu by'ibyago bifitanye isano rikomeye n'ubucucike bw'udusimba tw'ifeza.
Ibisubizo bizatanga ubumenyi bwiza ku mikorere ya IRS mu kurwanya indwara ya visceral leishmaniasis muri Bihar, bishobora gufasha kuyobora ingamba zo mu gihe kizaza zo kunoza icyo kibazo.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), izwi kandi nka kala-azar, ni indwara ikwirakwira mu turere dushyuha cyane iterwa n’udukoko twa protozoan two mu bwoko bwa Leishmania. Mu gace k’Ubuhinde (IS), aho abantu ari bo bonyine baba mu kigega cy’amazi, iyi parasite (ni ukuvuga Leishmania donovani) yandurira mu bantu binyuze mu kurumwa n’imibu y’ingore yanduye (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. Mu Buhinde, VL iboneka cyane mu ntara enye zo hagati n’iz’iburasirazuba: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal na Uttar Pradesh. Hari n’icyorezo cyagaragaye muri Madhya Pradesh (Central India), Gujarat (Western India), Tamil Nadu na Kerala (South India), ndetse no mu duce two munsi ya Himalaya mu majyaruguru y’Ubuhinde, harimo Himachal Pradesh na Jammu na Kashmir. 3]. Muri leta zikunze kugaragara, Bihar ikunze kugaragara cyane aho uturere 33 twibasiwe na VL turenga 70% by’abarwayi bose mu Buhinde buri mwaka [4]. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 99 muri ako karere bari mu kaga, aho ikigereranyo cy’abarwayi bagera ku 6.752 bandura buri mwaka (2013-2017).
Muri Bihar no mu tundi duce tw’Ubuhinde, ingamba zo kurwanya VL zishingiye ku ngamba eshatu z’ingenzi: kumenya kare indwara, kuvura neza, no kurwanya inyamaswa zitera indwara hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko mu ngo (IRS) mu ngo no mu macumbi y’inyamaswa [4, 5]. Nk’ingaruka mbi zo kurwanya malariya, IRS yagenzuye VL neza mu myaka ya 1960 ikoresheje dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai / m2), no kurwanya VL neza mu 1977 na 1992 [5, 6]. Ariko, ubushakashatsi buherutse bwemeje ko shrimp zo mu nda zagize ubudahangarwa bukomeye kuri DDT [4,7,8]. Mu 2015, Gahunda y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Indwara Ziterwa n’Indwara (NVBDCP, New Delhi) yahinduye IRS iva kuri DDT ijya kuri pyrethroids za synthetic (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai / m2) [7, 9]. Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima (OMS) wihaye intego yo gukuraho VL bitarenze 2020 (ni ukuvuga
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu gace ka Mahnar mu karere ka Vaishali ku nkombe y'amajyaruguru ya Ganga (Ishusho ya 1). Makhnar ni agace gakunze kugaragaramo indwara nyinshi, gafite impuzandengo y'abarwayi ba VL 56.7 ku mwaka (abarwayi 170 mu 2012-2014), igipimo cy'abarwayi buri mwaka ni 2.5–3.7 ku baturage 10.000; Imidugudu ibiri yatoranijwe: Chakeso nk'ahantu ho kugenzura (Ishusho ya 1d1; nta barwayi ba VL bagaragayemo mu myaka itanu ishize) na Lavapur Mahanar nk'ahantu ho kugaragaramo indwara nyinshi (Ishusho ya 1d2; hakunze kugaragaramo indwara nyinshi, hafite abarwayi 5 cyangwa barenga ku bantu 1000 ku mwaka). mu myaka 5 ishize). Imidugudu yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bintu bitatu by'ingenzi: aho iherereye n'uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyigeraho (ni ukuvuga iherereye ku ruzi rworoshye kuyigeraho umwaka wose), imiterere y'abaturage n'umubare w'ingo (ni ukuvuga nibura ingo 200; Chaqueso ifite ingo 202 na 204 zifite ingano y'ingo). Abantu 4.9 na 5.1) na Lavapur Mahanar) n'ubwoko bw'urugo (HT) n'imiterere y'aho bakwirakwizwa (ni ukuvuga HT ivanze ikwirakwizwa ku buryo butaziguye). Imidugudu yombi y’ubushakashatsi iherereye muri metero 500 uvuye mu mujyi wa Makhnar n'ibitaro by'akarere. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abaturage bo mu midugudu y’ubushakashatsi bitabiriye cyane ibikorwa by’ubushakashatsi. Amazu yo mu mudugudu w’amahugurwa [agizwe n’icyumba 1-2 cy’icyumba gifite ibaraza rimwe, igikoni 1, ubwiherero 1 n’ikiraro 1 (gifatanye cyangwa gitandukanye)] agizwe n’inkuta z’amatafari/ibyondo n’ubutaka bw’amatafari, inkuta z’amatafari zifite sima ya lime. n’ubutaka bwa sima, inkuta z’amatafari zidasinyweho irangi n’izidasinyweho irangi, hasi h’ibumba n’igisenge cy’ibyatsi. Akarere kose ka Vaishali gafite ikirere gishyushye kandi gishyushye gifite ibihe by’imvura (Nyakanga kugeza Kanama) n’igihe cy’izuba (Ugushyingo kugeza Ukuboza). Imvura isanzwe igwa buri mwaka ni 720.4 mm (urugero: 736.5-1076.7 mm), ubushyuhe 65±5% (urugero: 16-79%), ubushyuhe mpuzandengo buri kwezi ni 17.2-32.4°C. Gicurasi na Kamena ni amezi ashyushye cyane (ubushyuhe 39-44°C), mu gihe Mutarama ari yo ikonje cyane (7-22°C).
Ikarita y'agace k'ubushakashatsi igaragaza aho Bihar iherereye ku ikarita y'Ubuhinde (a) n'aho akarere ka Vaishali kaherereye ku ikarita ya Bihar (b). Akarere ka Makhnar (c) Imidugudu ibiri yatoranijwe kugira ngo ikorerwemo ubushakashatsi: Chakeso nk'ahantu ho kugenzura na Lavapur Makhnar nk'ahantu ho gutabara.
Nk’igice cya gahunda y’igihugu yo kurwanya Kalaazar, Ikigo cy’Ubuzima cya Bihar Society (SHSB) cyakoze ibyiciro bibiri bya IRS bya buri mwaka mu 2015 na 2016 (icyiciro cya mbere, Gashyantare-Werurwe; icyiciro cya kabiri, Kamena-Nyakanga) [4]. Kugira ngo ibikorwa byose bya IRS bishyirwe mu bikorwa neza, hateguwe gahunda nto y’ibikorwa byakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Ubuvuzi cya Rajendra Memorial (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, ishami ry’Inama y’Ubuhinde y’Ubushakashatsi ku Buvuzi (ICMR; New Delhi). imidugudu ya IRS yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bintu bibiri by’ingenzi: amateka y’abarwayi ba VL na retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) mu mudugudu (ni ukuvuga imidugudu ifite abarwayi 1 cyangwa benshi mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose mu myaka 3 ishize, harimo n’umwaka yashyizwe mu bikorwa). , imidugudu itari isanzwe ikikije "ahantu hashyushye" (ni ukuvuga imidugudu yakomeje gutanga raporo y’abarwayi mu myaka ≥ 2 cyangwa ≥ abarwayi 2 ku bantu 1000) n’imidugudu mishya yagaragaye (nta abarwayi mu myaka 3 ishize) mu mwaka ushize w’umwaka washyizwe mu bikorwa wavuzwe muri [17]. Imidugudu ituranye ishyira mu bikorwa icyiciro cya mbere cy’imisoro ku rwego rw’igihugu, imidugudu mishya nayo iri mu cyiciro cya kabiri cya gahunda y’imisoro ku rwego rw’igihugu. Mu 2015, ibyiciro bibiri bya IRS bikoresha DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai / m2) byakozwe mu midugudu y’ubushakashatsi. Kuva mu 2016, IRS yakozwe hakoreshejwe pyrethroids za sintetike (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai / m2). Gutera imiti hakoreshejwe pompe ya Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) ifite ecran y’umuvuduko, valve ihindura imiterere (1.5 bar) n’umunwa wa 8002 w’amazi ku buso bufite imyenge [27]. ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) bakurikiranye IRS ku rwego rw’urugo no mu mudugudu kandi batanga amakuru y’ibanze kuri IRS ku baturage binyuze muri mikoro mu minsi 1-2 ya mbere. Buri kipe ya IRS ifite ecran (yatanzwe na RMRIMS) kugira ngo ikurikirane imikorere y’itsinda rya IRS. Abavunyi, hamwe n'amatsinda ya IRS, boherejwe mu ngo zose kugira ngo bamenyeshe kandi bahumurize abakuru b'ingo ku ngaruka nziza za IRS. Mu byiciro bibiri by'ubushakashatsi bwa IRS, umubare w'ingo muri rusange mu midugudu yakoreweho ubushakashatsi wageze nibura kuri 80% [4]. Imiterere yo gutera imiti (ni ukuvuga kudatera imiti, gutera imiti igice, no gutera imiti yuzuye; byasobanuwe muri dosiye y'inyongera ya 1: Imbonerahamwe S1) yanditswe ku ngo zose zo mu mudugudu wita ku bibazo mu byiciro byombi bya IRS.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuva muri Kamena 2015 kugeza muri Nyakanga 2016. IRS yakoresheje ibigo by’indwara mbere yo gutera inkunga (ni ukuvuga ibyumweru 2 mbere yo gutera inkunga; ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze) na nyuma yo gutera inkunga (ni ukuvuga ibyumweru 2, 4, na 12 nyuma yo gutera inkunga; ubushakashatsi bukurikiranye) kugenzura, kugenzura ubucucike bw’inkoko, no gukumira isazi zo mu mucanga muri buri cyiciro cya IRS. muri buri rugo. Ijoro rimwe (ni ukuvuga kuva saa 18:00 kugeza saa 6:00) umutego w’urumuri [28]. Imitego y’urumuri yashyizwe mu byumba byo kuraramo no mu macumbi y’inyamaswa. Mu mudugudu aho ubushakashatsi bwakorewe, ingo 48 zapimwe ubucucike bw’insazi zo mu mucanga mbere ya IRS (ingo 12 ku munsi mu minsi 4 yikurikiranya kugeza ku munsi ubanziriza umunsi wa IRS). 12 zatoranijwe kuri buri tsinda ry’ingenzi ry’ingo (ni ukuvuga ibumba risanzwe (PMP), ibumba rya sima n’ibumba (CPLC), amatafari adasimbuwe kandi adasize irangi (BUU) n’ingo zisakajwe ibyatsi (TH). Nyuma y’aho, ingo 12 gusa (mu ngo 48 zabanjirije IRS) ni zo zatoranyijwe kugira ngo zikomeze gukusanya amakuru y’ubucucike bw’imibu nyuma y’inama ya IRS. Dukurikije inama za OMS, ingo 6 zatoranyijwe mu itsinda ry’ubucucike (ingo zivurirwa muri IRS) n’itsinda ry’abashinzwe kurinda (ingo zo mu midugudu y’ubucucike, ba nyirazo banze uruhushya rwa IRS) [28]. Mu itsinda ry’abashinzwe kugenzura (ingo zo mu midugudu yegeranye zitari muri IRS kubera kubura VL), ingo 6 gusa ni zo zatoranyijwe kugira ngo zigenzure ubucucike bw’imibu mbere na nyuma y’ibikorwa bibiri bya IRS. Ku matsinda yose atatu ashinzwe kugenzura ubucucike bw’imibu (ni ukuvuga ubucucike, ubucucike n’ubucucike), ingo zatoranyijwe mu matsinda atatu yo ku rwego rw’ibyago (ni ukuvuga hasi, hagati n’inini; ingo ebyiri zo kuri buri rwego rw’ibyago) kandi imiterere y’ibyago bya HT yashyizwe mu byiciro (inyigisho n’imiterere bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 n’imbonerahamwe ya 2, uko bikurikirana) [29, 30]. Ingo ebyiri kuri buri rwego rw’ibyago zatoranyijwe kugira ngo hirindwe igereranya ry’ubucucike bw’imibu n’igereranya hagati y’amatsinda. Mu itsinda ry’abaterankunga, ubucucike bw’imibu nyuma ya IRS bwakurikiranwe mu moko abiri y’ingo za IRS: yavuwe neza (n = 3; urugo 1 kuri buri cyiciro cy’itsinda ry’abashobora kwandura) n’itsinda ry’abashobora kwandura igice (n = 3; urugo 1 kuri buri cyiciro cy’itsinda ry’abashobora kwandura).
Imibu yose yafashwe mu murima yakusanyijwe mu miyoboro y'igerageza yimuriwe muri laboratwari, maze imiyoboro y'igerageza yicwa hakoreshejwe ubwoya bw'ipamba bwinjijwe muri chloroform. Isazi z'ifeza zaciwe igitsina gabo n'ingore batandukana n'utundi dukoko n'imibu hashingiwe ku miterere y'imiterere hakoreshejwe amategeko asanzwe yo kuranga [31]. Isambaza zose z'ingabo n'iz'ingore zashyizwe mu macupa ukwazo mu 80% by'alcool. Ubucucike bw'imibu kuri buri mutego/ijoro bwabazwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira: umubare wose w'imibu yakusanyijwe/umubare w'imitego yoroheje yashyizweho kuri buri joro. Impinduka mu bwinshi bw'imibu (SFC) bitewe na IRS ikoresheje DDT na SP yagereranyijwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira [32]:
aho A ari ikigereranyo cy’ibanze cya SFC ku ngo zishinzwe ibikorwa, B ni ikigereranyo cya SFC cya IRS ku ngo zishinzwe ibikorwa, C ni ikigereranyo cy’ibanze cya SFC ku ngo zishinzwe kugenzura/zishinzwe kugenzura, na D ni ikigereranyo cya SFC ku ngo zishinzwe kugenzura/zishinzwe kugenzura IRS.
Ibisubizo by'ingaruka z'ubutabazi, byanditswe nk'agaciro kabi n'akaba ari keza, bigaragaza igabanuka n'izamuka rya SFC nyuma ya IRS, uko bikurikirana. Iyo SFC nyuma ya IRS iguma ari imwe na SFC y'ibanze, ingaruka z'ubutabazi zabazwe nka zeru.
Dukurikije gahunda y’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHOPES), uburyo isambaza zo mu bwoko bwa silverleg shrimp zishobora kurwara imiti yica udukoko DDT na SP byapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko DDT na SP [33]. Isambaza z’ingore zifite ubuzima bwiza n’izidagaburirwa (SF 18–25 kuri buri tsinda) zahuye n’imiti yica udukoko yakuwe muri Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Maleziya; ihujwe n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko BW’Umuryango w’Abibumbye [4,9, 33,34]. Buri tsinda ry’isuzuma ry’imiti yica udukoko ryageragejwe inshuro umunani (ibizamini bine byiyongera, buri kimwe gikozwe icyarimwe n’igenzura). Ibizamini byo kugenzura byakozwe hakoreshejwe impapuro zashyizwemo risella (kuri DDT) n’amavuta ya silicone (kuri SP) byatanzwe na USM. Nyuma y’iminota 60 yo guhura n’iyi ndwara, imibu yashyizwe mu miyoboro ya OMS maze ihabwa ubwoya bw’ipamba butose mu isukari ya 10%. Umubare w’imibu yishwe nyuma y’isaha 1 n’impfu za nyuma nyuma y’amasaha 24 waragaragaye. Imiterere y’ubudahangarwa isobanurwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye wita ku Buzima: impfu za 98–100% zigaragaza ko zishobora kwangirika, 90–98% zigaragaza ko zishobora kwangirika bisaba kwemeza, naho <90% zigaragaza ko zidashobora kwangirika [33, 34]. Kubera ko impfu mu itsinda ry’abagenzurwa zari hagati ya 0 na 5%, nta hinduka ry’impfu ryakozwe.
Ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima n’ingaruka zisigaye z’imiti yica udukoko ku nyenzi karemano mu murima zarasuzumwe. Mu ngo eshatu zikoreshwa mu gutera umuti (umwe umwe ufite ibumba risanzwe cyangwa PMP, ibumba rya sima n’ibumba ry’indimu cyangwa CPLC, amatafari adasizwe irangi cyangwa BUU) nyuma y’ibyumweru 2, 4 na 12 nyuma yo gutera umuti. Isuzuma risanzwe rya WHO ryakozwe ku nsinga zirimo imitego yoroheje. ryashyizweho [27, 32]. Gushyushya mu ngo ntibyigeze bigaragazwa bitewe n’inkuta zitangana. Muri buri sesengura, insinga 12 zakoreshejwe mu ngo zose z’igerageza (insinga enye kuri buri rugo, imwe kuri buri bwoko bw’urukuta). Shyira insinga kuri buri rukuta rw’icyumba ku burebure butandukanye: imwe ku rwego rw’umutwe (kuva kuri metero 1.7 kugeza 1.8), ebyiri ku rwego rw’ikibuno (kuva kuri metero 0.9 kugeza 1) n’indi munsi y’ivi (kuva kuri metero 0.3 kugeza 0.5). Imibu icumi y’ingore itaragaburirwa (10 kuri buri nsinga; yakusanyijwe mu gice cyo kugenzura hakoreshejwe aspirator) yashyizwe muri buri cyumba cya pulasitiki cya WHO (insinga imwe kuri buri bwoko bw’urugo) nk’uburyo bwo kugenzura. Nyuma y'iminota 30 yo kubikwamo, kuramo witonze imibu; shyiramo icyumba cy'inyuma ukoresheje agakoresho ko kunyweraho hanyuma uyishyire mu miyoboro ya OMS irimo isukari 10% yo kuyigaburira. Impfu za nyuma nyuma y'amasaha 24 zagaragaye ku bushyuhe bwa 27 ± 2°C na 80 ± 10% bw'ubushuhe. Igipimo cy'impfu zifite amanota ari hagati ya 5% na 20% gihindurwa hakoreshejwe formula ya Abbott [27] ku buryo bukurikira:
aho P ari impfu zahinduwe, P1 ni igipimo cy’impfu cyagaragaye, naho C ikaba igipimo cy’impfu zagenzuwe. Igeragezwa ryakozwe ku bapfa bagenzuwe >20% ryakuweho risubirwamo [27, 33].
Ubushakashatsi bwuzuye ku ngo bwakozwe mu mudugudu wita ku bibazo. Aho buri rugo ruherereye bwanditswe hamwe n'igishushanyo mbonera n'ubwoko bwarwo, aho rutuye, n'aho ruherereye. Urubuga rwa GIS rwateguye urubuga rw'ikoranabuhanga rukubiyemo imiterere y'ubutaka ku rwego rw'umudugudu, akarere, akarere n'intara. Aho ingo zose ziherereye hashyirwa ibimenyetso bya GIS ku rwego rw'umudugudu, kandi amakuru y'imiterere yazo arahuzwa kandi akavugururwa. Kuri buri rugo, ingaruka zapimwe hashingiwe ku bushobozi bwa HT, uburyo bwo kwirinda udukoko twangiza ibidukikije, n'imiterere ya IRS (Imbonerahamwe ya 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Ahantu hose urugo ruherereye hahinduwe amakarita y'insanganyamatsiko hakoreshejwe uburemere bw'intera inyuranyije (IDW; igisubizo gishingiye ku buso bw'urugo bwa metero 2, ingufu 2, umubare uhoraho w'ingingo zikikije = 10, hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rihindagurika ryo gushakisha, akayunguruzo k'inzira nke). na ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyira ahagaragara imiterere y'ahantu (35). Hakozwe ubwoko bubiri bw'amakarita y'insanganyamatsiko y'ahantu: amakarita y'insanganyamatsiko ashingiye kuri HT n'uburyo bwo kumenya imiti yica udukoko n'amakarita y'insanganyamatsiko ya IRS (ISV na IRSS). Amakarita abiri y’ibyago byashyizwe hamwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya overlay [36]. Muri iki gikorwa, imiterere ya raster yongeye gushyirwa mu byiciro rusange by’ibyago bitandukanye (ni ukuvuga ingaruka nyinshi, ziciriritse, n’izidahagije). Buri cyiciro cya raster cyahinduwe cyakubaganyijwe n’uburemere bwacyo hashingiwe ku kamaro k’ibipimo bishyigikira ubwinshi bw’imibu (hashingiwe ku bwinshi mu midugudu yakoreweho ubushakashatsi, ahantu ho kororokera imibu, n’imyitwarire yo kuruhuka no kugaburira) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. Amakarita yombi y’ibyago byashyizwemo uburemere bwa 50:50 kuko byagize uruhare rungana mu bwinshi bw’imibu (Idosiye y’inyongera ya 1: Imbonerahamwe S2). Mu gusesengura amakarita y’ibyago bya overlay byashyizwemo uburemere, hakorwa ikarita ya nyuma y’ibyago ihuriweho kandi igaragazwa kuri platform ya GIS. Ikarita ya nyuma y’ibyago igaragazwa kandi isobanurwa hakurikijwe agaciro k’ibipimo by’ibyago bya Sand Fly (SFRI) bibarwa hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira:
Muri formula, P ni igipimo cy’ingaruka, L ni igipimo rusange cy’ingaruka ku muryango wose, naho H ni igipimo cy’ingaruka nyinshi ku muryango mu gace k’ubushakashatsi. Twateguye kandi dukora isesengura rya GIS dukoresheje ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) kugira ngo dukore ikarita y’ingaruka.
Twakoze isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’umubiri kugira ngo dusuzume ingaruka za HT, ISV, na IRSS (nk’uko byasobanuwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 1) ku bucucike bw’imibu yo mu nzu (n = 24). Imiterere y’amazu n’ibintu bishobora gutera ingaruka bishingiye ku gikorwa cya IRS cyanditswe mu bushakashatsi byafashwe nk’ibintu bisobanuro, kandi ubucucike bw’imibu bwakoreshejwe nk’uburyo bwo gusubiza. Isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’umubiri ryakozwe kuri buri buryo busobanuro bujyanye n’ubucucike bw’umusenyi. Mu isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’umubiri, ibintu bitari bifite agaciro ka P karenze 15% byakuwe mu isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’umubiri. Kugira ngo dusuzume uburyo bwo gukorana, amagambo ajyanye n’uburyo bwose bushoboka bwo guhuza ibintu by’ingenzi (bisangwa mu isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’umubiri) yashyizwe icyarimwe mu isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’umubiri, kandi amagambo adafite akamaro yakuwe mu buryo bw’intambwe kugira ngo hakorwe uburyo bwa nyuma.
Isuzuma ry’ibyago byo mu ngo ryakozwe mu buryo bubiri: isuzuma ry’ibyago byo mu ngo no gusuzuma ahantu hashobora kubaho ingaruka ku ikarita. Isuzuma ry’ibyago byo mu ngo ryakozwe hakoreshejwe isesengura ry’isano riri hagati y’ibyago byo mu ngo n’ubucucike bw’udusimba two mu mucanga (byakusanyijwe mu ngo 6 z’abarinda n’ingo 6 z’ubutabazi; ibyumweru mbere na nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS). Ahantu hashobora kubaho ingaruka hagenwe hakoreshejwe impuzandengo y’umubare w’imibu yakusanyijwe mu ngo zitandukanye kandi hagereranywa hagati y’amatsinda y’ibyago (ni ukuvuga uturere duto, duciriritse n’utwo mu rwego rwo hejuru). Muri buri cyiciro cya IRS, ingo 12 (ingo 4 muri buri cyiciro mu duce dutatu tw’ibyago; ikusanyirizo rya buri joro rikorwa buri byumweru 2, 4, na 12 nyuma ya IRS) zatoranijwe mu buryo butunguranye kugira ngo zikusanyirize imibu kugira ngo zipime ikarita yuzuye y’ibyago. Amakuru amwe yo mu ngo (ni ukuvuga HT, VSI, IRSS n’ubucucike bw’imibu) yakoreshejwe mu kugerageza icyitegererezo cya nyuma cyo gusubira inyuma. Isesengura ryoroheje ry’isano ryakozwe hagati y’isuzuma ry’imirima n’ubucucike bw’imibu yo mu ngo bwateganyijwe.
Imibare isobanura nk'ikigereranyo, gito, ntarengwa, 95% by'icyizere (CI) n'ijanisha byashyizwe mu byiciro kugira ngo hamenyekane amakuru ajyanye n'udukoko n'ibikomoka kuri IRS. Umubare/ubucucike bw'udukoko n'impfu z'udukoko twa silver (udukoko twangiza udukoko) hakoreshejwe ibizamini bya parametric [ingero za t-test (ku makuru asanzwe akwirakwizwa)] n'ibizamini bitari parametric (urwego rwashyizweho umukono na Wilcoxon) kugira ngo hagereranywe imikorere hagati y'ubwoko bw'ubuso mu ngo (iee, BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, na CPLC vs. PMP) ku makuru atari asanzwe akwirakwizwa). Isesengura ryose ryakozwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Ingo zihabwa abatishoboye mu midugudu y’ubutabazi mu gihe cya IRS DDT na SP. Ingo 205 zahawe IRS muri buri cyiciro, harimo ingo 179 (87.3%) mu cyiciro cya DDT n’ingo 194 (94.6%) mu cyiciro cya SP cyo kugenzura ibidukikije. Igipimo cy’ingo zavuwe burundu hifashishijwe imiti yica udukoko cyari kinini muri SP-IRS (86.3%) ugereranyije na DDT-IRS (52.7%). Umubare w’ingo zahisemo kuva muri IRS muri DDT wari 26 (12.7%) naho umubare w’ingo zahisemo kuva muri IRS muri SP wari 11 (5.4%). Mu cyiciro cya DDT na SP, umubare w’ingo zavuwe igice wari 71 (34.6% by’ingo zose zavuwe) n’ingo 17 (8.3% by’ingo zose zavuwe), uko bikurikirana.
Dukurikije amabwiriza ya OMS yo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko, umubare w’udusimba tw’ifeza twakorewe aho twakorewe wari wibasiwe cyane na alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) kuko impuzandengo y’impfu zagaragajwe mu gihe cy’igerageza (amasaha 24) yari 100%. Igipimo cyagaragaye cyo kugwa cyari 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Kuri DDT, igipimo cyo kugwa mu masaha 24 cyari 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), naho impuzandengo y’impfu zakorewe mu isuzuma ry’ikoranabuhanga yari 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko udusimba tw’ifeza twagize ubudahangarwa busesuye na DDT aho twakorewe.
Mu mbonerahamwe Imbonerahamwe ya 3 igaragaza muri make ibyavuye mu isesengura ry’ibinyabuzima bya cones ku bwoko butandukanye bw’ubuso (igihe gitandukanye nyuma ya IRS) byavuwe na DDT na SP. Amakuru yacu yagaragaje ko nyuma y'amasaha 24, imiti yica udukoko yombi (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs. PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (kuri DDT-IRS na BUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 na PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC na PMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 na SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; igipimo cy'impfu cyaragabanutse buhoro buhoro uko igihe cyagiye gihita. Kuri SP-IRS: ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo gutera imiti ku bwoko bwose bw'inkuta (ni ukuvuga 95.6% muri rusange) n'ibyumweru 4 nyuma yo gutera inkuta za CPLC gusa (ni ukuvuga 82.5). Mu itsinda rya DDT, impfu zari munsi ya 70% ku bwoko bwose bw'inkuta mu bihe byose nyuma y'isuzuma rya IRS. Igipimo cy'impfu za DDT na SP nyuma y'ibyumweru 12 byo gutera inkuta cyari 25.1% na 63.2%, uko bikurikirana. Ubwoko butatu bw'ubuso, igipimo cy'impfu nyinshi hamwe na DDT cyari 61.1% (kuri PMP ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 36.9% (kuri CPLC ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS), na 28.9% (kuri CPLC ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS). Igipimo gito ni 55% (kuri BUU, ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 32.5% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS) na 20% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS); US IRS). Kuri SP, igipimo cy’impfu nyinshi ku buso bwose cyari 97.2% (kuri CPLC, ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 82.5% (kuri CPLC, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS), na 67.5% (kuri CPLC, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS). Ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS). IRS yo muri Amerika). ibyumweru nyuma ya IRS); igipimo cyo hasi cyari 94.4% (kuri BUU, ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya IRS), 75% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS), na 58.3% (kuri PMP, ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS). Kuri imiti yica udukoko yombi, impfu ku buso bwavuwe na PMP zarahindutse cyane mu gihe runaka kuruta ku buso bwavuwe na CPLC na BUU.
Imbonerahamwe ya 4 igaragaza muri make ingaruka zo gutera umuti (ni ukuvuga impinduka nyuma ya IRS mu bwinshi bw'imibu) z'ingendo za IRS zishingiye kuri DDT na SP (Inyandiko y'inyongera ya 1: Ishusho S1). Kuri DDT-IRS, igabanuka ry'ijanisha ry'udukoko tw'inzungu nyuma y'igihe cya IRS ryari 34.1% (mu byumweru 2), 25.9% (mu byumweru 4), na 14.1% (mu byumweru 12). Kuri SP-IRS, igabanuka ryari 90.5% (mu byumweru 2), 66.7% (mu byumweru 4), na 55.6% (mu byumweru 12). Igabanuka rikomeye ry'ubwinshi bw'udusimba tw'ifeza mu ngo z'abarinda mu gihe cya raporo ya DDT na SP IRS ryari 2.8% (mu byumweru 2) na 49.1% (mu byumweru 2), uko bikurikirana. Mu gihe cya SP-IRS, kugabanuka (mbere na nyuma) kw'inkoko z'inda zera kwari kungana mu ngo zitera imiti (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) n'ingo z'abarinda (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). Hejuru ugereranije na DDT-IRS mu bihe 3 byose nyuma ya IRS. Kuri imiti yica udukoko twombi, ubwinshi bw'udukoko tw'ifeza bwiyongereye mu ngo z'abarinda sentinel mu byumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS (ni ukuvuga 3.6% na 9.9% kuri SP na DDT, uko bikurikirana). Mu gihe cya SP na DDT nyuma y'inama za IRS, inkoko 112 na 161 zakusanyijwe mu mirima y'abarinda sentinel, uko bikurikirana.
Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu bucucike bw'isambaza z'ifeza ryagaragaye hagati y'amatsinda yo mu ngo (urugero: spray vs sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t(2) = – 2.03 , P = 0.18; sentinel vs control: mu byumweru bya IRS nyuma ya DDT, t(2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62). Mu buryo bunyuranye, itandukaniro rigaragara mu bucucike bw'isambaza z'ifeza ryagaragaye hagati y'itsinda rya spray n'itsinda ryagenzurwaga (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) no hagati y'itsinda rya spray n'itsinda ryagenzurwaga (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS nyuma y'ibyumweru bike SP. Kuri SP-IRS, nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryagaragaye hagati y'imiryango ya sentinel n'itsinda ryagenzurwaga (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza impuzandengo y’ubucucike bw’inkoko zifata mu nda z’ifeza bwagaragaye mu mirima yavuwe neza kandi igice n’amapine ya IRS. Nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye mu bucucike bw’inkoko zifata mu nda z’ifeza hagati y’ingo zifata mu nda z’inkoko ...
Impuzandengo y’ubucucike bw’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa silver-winged stink duce mu ngo zavuwe burundu kandi zigafatwaho igice mu mudugudu wa Mahanar, Lavapur, mu byumweru 2 mbere ya IRS na 2, 4 na 12 nyuma ya IRS, DDT na SP.
Ikarita yuzuye y’ibyago byo mu gace (umudugudu wa Lavapur Mahanar; ubuso bwose: 26.723 km2) yateguwe kugira ngo hamenyekane uturere tw’ibyago byo mu gace gake, gaciriritse n’aho hejuru kugira ngo hagenzurwe ivuka n’igaruka ry’isambaza z’ifeza mbere na nyuma y’ibyumweru byinshi ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS (Ishusho ya 3, 4). . . Amanota menshi y’ibyago byo mu ngo mu gihe cyo gukora ikarita y’ibyago byo mu gace yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa "12" (ni ukuvuga "8" ku makarita y’ibyago bishingiye kuri HT na "4" ku makarita y’ibyago bishingiye kuri VSI na IRSS). Amanota make y’ibyago yabazwe ni "zero" cyangwa "nta byago" uretse amakarita ya DDT-VSI na IRSS afite amanota make ya 1. Ikarita y’ibyago bishingiye kuri HT yagaragaje ko agace kanini (ni ukuvuga 19.994.3 km2; 74.8%) k’umudugudu wa Lavapur Mahanar ari agace gafite ibyago byinshi aho abaturage bashobora guhura n’imibu kandi ikongera kumera. Ubuso bw’aho buherereye buratandukanye hagati y’ahantu hanini (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), hagati (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) n’ahantu hato/hatari (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) hagati y’imbonerahamwe z’ibyago bya DDT na SP-IS na IRSS (Ishusho ya 3, 4). Ikarita ya nyuma y’ibyago byakozwe yagaragaje ko SP-IRS yari ifite ubushobozi bwo kurinda kurusha DDT-IRS mu nzego zose z’ahantu hashobora gutera ibyago bya HT. Ahantu hashobora gutera ibyago byinshi bya HT hagabanutse kugeza munsi ya 7% (1837.3 km2) nyuma y’aho SP-IRS kandi igice kinini cy’ako gace (ni ukuvuga 53.6%) kibaye ahantu hato hashobora gutera ibyago. Mu gihe cya DDT-IRS, igipimo cy'ahantu hashobora kuba hari ingaruka nyinshi n'iziciriritse cyapimwe hifashishijwe ikarita y'ibyago byahujwe cyari 35.5% (9498.1 km2) na 16.2% (4342.4 km2), uko bikurikirana. Ubucucike bw'udusimba two mu mucanga twapimwe mu ngo zavuwe n'izirinda mbere na nyuma y'ibyumweru byinshi IRS ishyize mu bikorwa byashushanyijwe kandi bigashushanywa ku ikarita y'ibyago byahujwe kuri buri cyiciro cya IRS (ni ukuvuga DDT na SP) (Ishusho ya 3, 4). Hari ubwumvikane bwiza hagati y'amanota y'ibyago byo mu ngo n'ubucucike bw'udusimba twa silver shrimp twanditswe mbere na nyuma ya IRS (Ishusho ya 5). Agaciro ka R2 (P < 0.05) k'isesengura ry'uburyo ibintu bihagaze ryabazwe mu byiciro bibiri bya IRS ni: 0.78 ibyumweru 2 mbere ya DDT, 0.81 ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya DDT, 0.78 ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya DDT, 0.83 nyuma ya DDT- DDT ibyumweru 12, DDT Igiteranyo nyuma ya SP cyari 0.85, 0.82 ibyumweru 2 mbere ya SP, 0.38 ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya SP, 0.56 ibyumweru 4 nyuma ya SP, 0.81 ibyumweru 12 nyuma ya SP na 0.79 ibyumweru 2 nyuma ya SP muri rusange (Inyandiko y'inyongera ya 1: Imbonerahamwe S3). Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ingaruka z'ubutabazi bwa SP-IRS ku miti yose ya HTs zariyongereye mu byumweru 4 nyuma ya IRS. DDT-IRS ntiyagize icyo ikora kuri miti yose ya HTs mu bihe byose nyuma ya IRS. Ibisubizo by'isuzuma ry'ahantu hahurira ingaruka z'icyorezo bikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya 5. Ku bipimo bya IRS, ubwinshi bw'isambaza zikozwe mu ifeza n'ijanisha ry'ubwinshi bw'isambaza mu turere dufite ibyago byinshi (ni ukuvuga >55%) byari hejuru ugereranyije n'uturere dufite ibyago bike n'ibiciriritse mu bihe byose bya nyuma ya IRS. Aho imiryango y'udukoko (ni ukuvuga ibyatoranijwe gufatirwa imibu) birashushanywa kandi bigaragazwa muri dosiye y'inyongera ya 1: Ishusho S2.
Ubwoko butatu bw'amakarita y'ibyago bishingiye kuri GIS (ni ukuvuga HT, IS na IRSS hamwe n'uruvange rwa HT, IS na IRSS) kugira ngo hamenyekane ahantu hashobora kugaragara udukoko mbere na nyuma ya DDT-IRS mu mudugudu wa Mahnar, Lavapur, akarere ka Vaishali (Bihar)
Ubwoko butatu bw'amakarita y'ibyago bishingiye kuri GIS (ni ukuvuga HT, IS na IRSS hamwe n'uruvange rwa HT, IS na IRSS) kugira ngo hamenyekane ahantu hashobora guterwa n'isambaza z'ifeza (ugereranije na Kharbang)
Ingaruka za DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) na SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) ku byiciro bitandukanye by'amatsinda y'ingo ashobora guhura n'ibibazo byatewe n'icyorezo zapimwe hashingiwe ku "R2" hagati y'ibyago byo mu ngo. Igereranya ry'ibipimo by'ingo n'impuzandengo y'ubucucike bwa P. argentipes ibyumweru 2 mbere y'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS n'ibyumweru 2, 4 na 12 nyuma y'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS mu mudugudu wa Lavapur Mahnar, akarere ka Vaishali, Bihar.
Imbonerahamwe ya 6 igaragaza muri make ibyavuye mu isesengura ry’ibintu byose bishobora gutera ingaruka ku bucucike bw’udukoko. Ibintu byose bishobora gutera ingaruka (n = 6) byagaragaye ko bifitanye isano rikomeye n’ubucucike bw’imibu yo mu ngo. Byagaragaye ko urwego rw’agaciro k’ibintu byose bifitanye isano rwatanze agaciro ka P kari munsi ya 0.15. Bityo, ibintu byose bisobanuro byagumanywe kugira ngo habeho isesengura ry’isubiramo ryimbitse. Uruvange rwiza rw’icyitegererezo cya nyuma rwakozwe hashingiwe ku bintu bitanu bishobora gutera ingaruka: TF, TW, DS, ISV, na IRSS. Imbonerahamwe ya 7 igaragaza ibisobanuro birambuye ku bipimo byatoranijwe mu cyitegererezo cya nyuma, hamwe n’ibipimo by’amahirwe byahinduwe, 95% by’icyizere (CIs), n’agaciro ka P. Icyitegererezo cya nyuma ni ingenzi cyane, gifite agaciro ka R2 ka 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
TR yakuwe muri moderi ya nyuma kuko yari ifite agaciro gato (P = 0.46) hamwe n'izindi mpinduka zisobanura. Moderi yakozwe yakoreshejwe mu guhanura ubucucike bw'udusimba two mu mucanga hashingiwe ku makuru yavuye mu ngo 12 zitandukanye. Ibisubizo byo kwemeza byagaragaje isano ikomeye hagati y'ubucucike bw'imibu bwagaragaye mu murima n'ubucucike bw'imibu bwahanuwe n'modeli (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Intego ni ugukuraho VL mu bihugu byanduye mu Buhinde bitarenze 2020 [10]. Kuva mu 2012, Ubuhinde bwateye imbere cyane mu kugabanya ikwirakwira ry’indwara za VL n’impfu zazo [10]. Guhinduka kuva kuri DDT kugera kuri SP mu 2015 byari impinduka ikomeye mu mateka ya IRS muri Bihar, mu Buhinde [38]. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe ingaruka za VL mu gace n’ubwinshi bw’udukoko twazo, hakozwe ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku rwego rwa macro. Ariko, nubwo ikwirakwizwa ry’udukoko twa VL mu gace ryibanzweho cyane mu gihugu hose, ubushakashatsi buke bwakozwe ku rwego rwa micro. Byongeye kandi, ku rwego rwa micro, amakuru ntabwo ahindagurika cyane kandi aragoye kuyasesengura no kuyasobanukirwa. Uko tubizi, ubu bushakashatsi ni bwo bwa mbere bwo gusuzuma ingaruka za IRS zisigaye n’ingaruka zo kwibasira udukoko twa DDT na SP mu miti ya HT muri gahunda y’igihugu yo kurwanya virus ya VL muri Bihar (Ubuhinde). Ubu ni nabwo bwa mbere bwo gukora ikarita y’ibyago byo mu gace n’icyitegererezo cyo gusesengura ubucucike bw’imibu kugira ngo hagaragazwe uburyo imibu ikwirakwizwa mu gace ka microscale mu gihe cy’ikoreshwa rya IRS.
Ibisubizo byacu byagaragaje ko kwakira SP-IRS mu ngo zari nyinshi mu ngo zose kandi ko ingo nyinshi zari zaratunganyijwe neza. Ibisubizo by’isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima byagaragaje ko isazi z’umucanga w’ifeza mu mudugudu wakoreweho ubushakashatsi zari zifite ubwiyongere bukomeye bwa beta-cypermethrin ariko zikaba nke cyane kuri DDT. Igipimo cy’impfu za silver shrimp zikomoka kuri DDT kiri munsi ya 50%, bigaragaza ko urwego rwo hejuru rwo kurwanya DDT. Ibi bihuye n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere mu bihe bitandukanye mu midugudu itandukanye yo mu ntara z’Ubuhinde zikunze kwandura VL, harimo na Bihar [8,9,39,40]. Uretse kuba imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko, ubushobozi busigaye bw’imiti yica udukoko n’ingaruka zo kuyivura nabyo ni amakuru y’ingenzi. Igihe cy’ingaruka zisigaye ni ingenzi ku ruziga rwa porogaramu. Bigena igihe hagati y’ingendo za IRS kugira ngo abaturage bakomeze kurindwa kugeza igihe cyo gutera umuti. Ibisubizo by’isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima bya cone byagaragaje itandukaniro rikomeye mu rupfu hagati y’ubwoko bw’inkuta mu bihe bitandukanye nyuma ya IRS. Impfu ku buso bwavuwe na DDT bwari munsi y’urwego rushimishije rwa OMS (ni ukuvuga ≥80%), mu gihe ku nkuta zavuwe na SP, impfu zakomeje kuba nziza kugeza mu cyumweru cya kane nyuma ya IRS; Dukurikije ibi byavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi, biragaragara ko nubwo shrimp ya silverleg iboneka mu gace k’ubushakashatsi ishobora kwibasirwa cyane na SP, ubushobozi busigaye bwa SP buratandukanye bitewe na HT. Kimwe na DDT, SP nayo ntiyujuje igihe cy’imikorere cyavuzwe mu mabwiriza ya OMS [41, 42]. Uku kudakora neza gushobora guterwa no gushyira mu bikorwa nabi IRS (ni ukuvuga kwimura ipompo ku muvuduko ukwiye, intera ivuye ku rukuta, igipimo cyo gusohora amazi n’ingano y’ibitonyanga by’amazi n’aho bishyirwa ku rukuta), ndetse no gukoresha nabi imiti yica udukoko (ni ukuvuga gutegura umuti) [11,28,43]. Ariko, kubera ko ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe hakurikiranywe kandi hagenzurwa cyane, indi mpamvu yo kutubahiriza itariki izarangiriraho yasabwe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye wita ku Buzima ishobora kuba ari ubwiza bwa SP (ni ukuvuga ijanisha ry’ikintu gikora cyangwa “AI”) bigize QC.
Mu bwoko butatu bw’ubuso bwakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikomeza, hari itandukaniro rikomeye mu rupfu rwagaragaye hagati ya BUU na CPLC ku miti ibiri yica udukoko. Ikindi kintu gishya cyagaragaye ni uko CPLC yagaragaje ubushobozi bwo gusigara neza mu bihe hafi ya byose nyuma yo gutera imiti, hagakurikiraho ubuso bwa BUU na PMP. Ariko, ibyumweru bibiri nyuma ya IRS, PMP yafashe igipimo cyo hejuru n’icya kabiri cy’impfu nyinshi ziturutse kuri DDT na SP, uko bikurikirana. Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ko umuti wica udukoko washyizwe ku buso bwa PMP udakomeza igihe kirekire. Iri tandukaniro mu mikorere y’ibisigazwa by’imiti yica udukoko hagati y’ubwoko bw’inkuta rishobora guterwa n’impamvu zitandukanye, nko kuba imiterere y’imiti ikoreshwa ku rukuta (pH yiyongera bigatuma imiti imwe n’imwe icika vuba), igipimo cyo kwinjiza imiti (kiri hejuru ku nkuta z’ubutaka), kuba hari uburyo bagiteri zibora n’igipimo cyo kwangirika kw’ibikoresho byo ku rukuta, ndetse n’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Ibisubizo byacu bishyigikira ubundi bushakashatsi bwinshi ku mikorere isigaye y’ubuso buvuwe n’imiti yica udukoko ku ndwara zitandukanye [45, 46, 50, 51].
Ibigereranyo by’igabanuka ry’imibu mu ngo zavuwe byagaragaje ko SP-IRS yari ifite akamaro kurusha DDT-IRS mu kurwanya imibu mu bihe byose nyuma ya IRS (P < 0.001). Ku byiciro bya SP-IRS na DDT-IRS, igipimo cyo kugabanuka ku ngo zavuwe kuva ku byumweru 2 kugeza kuri 12 cyari 55.6-90.5% na 14.1-34.1%, uko bikurikirana. Ibi byagaragaje kandi ko ingaruka zikomeye ku bwinshi bwa P. argentipes mu ngo za sentinel zagaragaye mu byumweru 4 nyuma yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa kwa IRS; argentipes ziyongereye mu byiciro byombi bya IRS mu byumweru 12 nyuma ya IRS; Ariko, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu mubare w’imibu mu ngo za sentinel hagati y’ibihe bibiri bya IRS (P = 0.33). Ibisubizo byavuye mu isesengura ry’imibare ku bucucike bw’imibu ya silver shrimp hagati y’amatsinda y’ingo muri buri cyiciro nabyo byagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rigaragara muri DDT mu matsinda yose ane y’ingo (urugero: sprayed vs. sentinel; sprayed vs. control; sentinel vs. control; complete vs. partial).). Amatsinda abiri y’imiryango IRS na SP-IRS (ni ukuvuga, sentinel vs. control na full vs. partial). Ariko, itandukaniro rikomeye mu bucucike bw’udusimba twa silver shrimp hagati ya DDT na SP-IRS rounds ryagaragaye mu mirima yasutsweho igice n’iyuzuye. Iki gitekerezo, hamwe n’uko ingaruka zo gutera zabazwe inshuro nyinshi nyuma ya IRS, bigaragaza ko SP ifite akamaro mu kurwanya imibu mu ngo zavuwe igice cyangwa iyuzuye, ariko zitavuwe. Ariko, nubwo nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye mu mibare mu mubare w’imibu mu ngo zasuwe hagati ya DDT-IRS na SP IRS rounds, umubare mpuzandengo w’imibu yakusanyijwe mu gihe cya DDT-IRS wari muto ugereranije n’uwa SP-IRS rounds. .Ubwinshi burenze ubwinshi. Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ko umuti wica udukoko wibasirwa n’udukoko ufite IRS nyinshi mu baturage bo mu ngo ushobora kugira ingaruka ku baturage ku kurwanya imibu mu ngo zitasuwe. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, SP yagize ingaruka nziza zo kwirinda kurumwa n’imibu kurusha DDT mu minsi ya mbere nyuma ya IRS. Byongeye kandi, alpha-cypermethrin iri mu itsinda rya SP, ifite uburibwe bukabije n'uburozi butaziguye ku mibu kandi ikwiriye IRS [51, 52]. Iyi ishobora kuba imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zituma alpha-cypermethrin igira ingaruka nke mu myanya y'ubutabazi. Ubundi bushakashatsi [52] bwagaragaje ko nubwo alpha-cypermethrin yagaragaje ibisubizo bihari n'umuvuduko mwinshi wo kugwa mu isuzuma rya laboratwari no mu mazu y'uburaro, iyi mvange ntiyigeze itanga igisubizo cyo kwirukana imibu mu gihe cy'ibizamini bya laboratwari.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hakozwe ubwoko butatu bw'amakarita y'ibyago byo mu gace; Ibigereranyo by'ibyago byo mu ngo no mu gace byasuzumwe binyuze mu gusuzuma ubucucike bw'isambaza za silverleg. Isesengura ry'uturere tw'ibyago hashingiwe ku HT ryagaragaje ko uduce twinshi tw'imidugudu (>78%) ya Lavapur-Mahanara turi ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ibyago byo kugaragara no kongera kugaragara kw'udusimba two mu mucanga. Iyi ishobora kuba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru yatumye Rawalpur Mahanar VL ikunzwe cyane. ISV na IRSS muri rusange, hamwe n'ikarita ya nyuma y'ibyago, byagaragaye ko bitanga ijanisha rito ry'uturere turi munsi y'uduce dufite ibyago byinshi mu gihe cya SP-IRS round (ariko ntabwo ari DDT-IRS round). Nyuma ya SP-IRS, uduce tunini tw'uduce dufite ibyago byinshi n'ibiciriritse bishingiye kuri GT twahinduwe uduce dufite ibyago bike (ni ukuvuga 60.5%; ibigereranyo by'ikarita y'ibyago), biri munsi gato y'inshuro enye (16.2%) ugereranyije na DDT. - Ibi biri ku mbonerahamwe y'ibyago bya IRS iri hejuru. Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ko IRS ari yo mahitamo meza yo kurwanya imibu, ariko urwego rwo kuyirinda rushingira ku bwiza bw'umuti wica udukoko, uburyo wibasirwa n'umuti wica udukoko (kuri vector), uburyo wemerwa (mu gihe cya IRS) n'uko ukoreshwa;
Ibisubizo by’isuzuma ry’ibyago byo mu ngo byagaragaje ko bihuye neza (P < 0.05) hagati y’ibigereranyo by’ibyago n’ubucucike bw’udusimba twa silverleg twakusanyijwe mu ngo zitandukanye. Ibi bigaragaza ko ibipimo by’ibyago byo mu ngo byagaragajwe n’amanota yabyo y’ibyago bikwiranye neza no gupima ubwinshi bw’udusimba twa silver shrimp two mu gace runaka. Agaciro ka R2 k’isesengura ry’amasezerano ya DDT nyuma ya IRS kari ≥ 0.78, kangana cyangwa karuta agaciro ka mbere ya IRS (ni ukuvuga 0.78). Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko DDT-IRS yari ifite akamaro mu turere twose tw’ibyago bya HT (ni ukuvuga hejuru, hagati, na hasi). Ku cyiciro cya SP-IRS, twasanze agaciro ka R2 karahinduka mu cyumweru cya kabiri n’icya kane nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS, agaciro k’ibyumweru bibiri mbere y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS n’ibyumweru 12 nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya IRS kari gafite hafi kimwe; Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ingaruka zikomeye zo kwanduzwa na SP-IRS ku mibu, byagaragaje ko bigenda bigabanuka uko igihe kigenda gihita nyuma ya IRS. Ingaruka za SP-IRS zagaragajwe kandi zaganiriweho mu bice byabanje.
Ibisubizo byavuye mu igenzura ry’uturere tw’ibyago by’ikarita yakusanyijwe byagaragaje ko mu gihe cya IRS, umubare munini w’udusimba tw’ifeza twakusanyijwe mu turere dufite ibyago byinshi (ni ukuvuga > 55%), hagakurikiraho uduce dufite ibyago biri hagati n’ibike. Muri make, isuzuma ry’ibyago by’ahantu hifashishijwe GIS ryagaragaye ko ari igikoresho cyiza cyo gufata ibyemezo byo gukusanya amakuru atandukanye y’ahantu hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ku giti cyatwo cyangwa hamwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ahantu hashobora gutera ibyago by’udusimba two mu mucanga. Ikarita y’ibyago yakozwe itanga ubumenyi busesuye ku mimerere ya mbere na nyuma yo gutera (ni ukuvuga ubwoko bw’urugo, imiterere ya IRS, n’ingaruka zo gutera inkunga) mu gace k’ubushakashatsi gasaba igikorwa cyangwa kunozwa byihuse, cyane cyane ku rwego ruciriritse. Ni ibintu bikunzwe cyane. Mu by’ukuri, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakoresheje ibikoresho bya GIS kugira ngo bugaragaze ibyago by’aho inyamaswa zororokera ndetse n’ikwirakwira ry’indwara ku rwego rw’ibanze [24, 26, 37].
Imiterere y'amacumbi n'ibintu bishobora gutera ingaruka ku bikorwa bishingiye kuri IRS byasuzumwe mu mibare kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu isesengura ry'ubucucike bw'udusimba twa silver shrimp. Nubwo ibintu bitandatu byose (ni ukuvuga TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, na IRSS) byafitanye isano rikomeye n'ubwinshi bw'udusimba twa silverleg mu isesengura ryihariye, kimwe muri byo ni cyo cyatoranijwe mu isuzuma rya nyuma rya multiple regression mode muri bitanu. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko imiterere y'imicungire y'udusimba n'ibintu bishobora gutera inkunga IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, nibindi mu gice cy'inyigo bikwiriye mu gukurikirana ivuka, gukira no kororoka kw'udusimba twa silver shrimp. Mu isesengura rya multiple regression, TR ntiyagaragaye ko ifite akamaro kanini bityo ntiyatoranijwe mu isuzuma rya nyuma. Icyitegererezo cya nyuma cyari gifite akamaro kanini, aho ibipimo byatoranijwe byasobanuraga 89% by'ubucucike bw'udusimba twa silverleg. Ibisubizo by'ukuri by'icyitegererezo byagaragaje isano ikomeye hagati y'ubucucike bw'udusimba twa silver shrimp bwari bwarahanuwe n'ubwagaragaye. Ibisubizo byacu binashyigikira ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwaganiriye ku bintu bishobora gutera ingaruka ku mibereho y'abaturage n'imiturire bifitanye isano n'ubwinshi bwa VL n'ikwirakwizwa ry'udusimba mu cyaro cya Bihar [15, 29].
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ntabwo twasuzumye uburyo imiti yica udukoko ishyirwa ku nkuta zasizwe amavuta n'ubwiza (ni ukuvuga) bw'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa muri IRS. Ihindagurika ry'ubwiza n'ingano y'imiti yica udukoko rishobora kugira ingaruka ku rupfu rw'imibu n'uburyo imiti ya IRS ikora. Bityo, impfu zigereranyijwe hagati y'ubwoko bw'ubuso n'ingaruka zo gutera umuti mu matsinda y'ingo zishobora gutandukana n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi nyakuri. Dukurikije izi ngingo, hashobora gutegurwa inyigo nshya. Isuzuma ry'ubuso bwose buri mu kaga (hakoreshejwe ikarita y'ibyago bya GIS) by'imidugudu yakoreweho ubushakashatsi rikubiyemo ahantu hafunguye hagati y'imidugudu, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku gushyira mu byiciro uduce dushobora gutera ibyago (ni ukuvuga kumenya uduce) kandi bikagera no mu duce dutandukanye dushobora gutera ibyago; Ariko, ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego rwo hasi, bityo ubutaka budafite ikintu bugira ingaruka nto ku gushyira mu byiciro uduce dushobora gutera ibyago; Byongeye kandi, kumenya no gusuzuma uduce dutandukanye dushobora gutera ibyago mu gace kose k'umudugudu bishobora gutanga amahirwe yo guhitamo uduce two kubakamo amazu mashya mu gihe kizaza (cyane cyane guhitamo uduce dufite ibyago bike). Muri rusange, ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bitanga amakuru atandukanye atigeze yigwa ku rwego rwa mikorosikopi mbere. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, kwerekana ahantu hagaragara ikarita y'ibyago byo mu mudugudu bifasha kumenya no gushyira mu matsinda ingo ziri mu turere dutandukanye tw'ibyago, ugereranije n'inyigo gakondo zo mu butaka, ubu buryo bworoshye, bworoshye, buhendutse kandi ntibusaba abakozi benshi, butanga amakuru ku bafata ibyemezo.
Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko ifi zo mu bwoko bwa silverfish zo mu mudugudu wakoreweho ubushakashatsi zagize ubudahangarwa (ni ukuvuga, zirwanya cyane) kuri DDT, kandi ikwirakwira ry'imibu ryagaragaye ako kanya nyuma ya IRS; Alpha-cypermethrin isa nkaho ari yo mahitamo meza yo kugenzura ifi za VL kubera ko zipfa 100% kandi zikagira ingaruka nziza ku nsatsi zo mu bwoko bwa silverflies, ndetse no kwemerwa neza n'abaturage ugereranije na DDT-IRS. Ariko, twasanze impfu z'imibu ku nkuta zavuwe na SP zaratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ubuso; hagaragaye ko ubushobozi buke bwo gusigara bwagaragaye kandi igihe cyatanzwe na OMS nyuma ya IRS nticyagezweho. Ubu bushakashatsi butanga ahantu heza ho gutangirira ibiganiro, kandi ibyavuyemo bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugira ngo hamenyekane impamvu nyazo. Ubuhanga bwo gusesengura ubucucike bw'umusenyi bwagaragaje ko guhuza imiterere y'amazu, uburyo bwo kwihanganira imiti yica udukoko n'imiterere ya IRS bishobora gukoreshwa mu gupima ubucucike bw'udukoko two mu musenyi mu midugudu ya VL ikunze kugaragara muri Bihar. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekana kandi ko igenamiterere ry'ibyago byo mu gace gashingiye kuri GIS (urwego rukuru) rishobora kuba igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro cyo kumenya ahantu hashobora gutera ibyago mu gukurikirana ikwirakwira no kongera kugaragara kw'umusenyi mbere na nyuma y'inama za IRS. Byongeye kandi, amakarita y’ibyago by’ahantu atanga ubumenyi burambuye ku bunini n’imiterere y’ahantu hashobora kubaho ibyago ku nzego zitandukanye, bitashobora kwigwa binyuze mu bushakashatsi gakondo n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gukusanya amakuru. Amakuru y’ibyago bito bikusanyirijwe hamwe binyuze mu makarita ya GIS ashobora gufasha abahanga mu bya siyansi n’abashakashatsi mu by’ubuzima rusange gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba nshya zo kugenzura (ni ukuvuga uburyo bumwe bwo gukora cyangwa kugenzura vector integrated) kugira ngo bigere ku matsinda atandukanye y’ingo bitewe n’imiterere y’ibyago. Byongeye kandi, ikarita y’ibyago ifasha kunoza itangwa n’ikoreshwa ry’umutungo w’igenzura mu gihe gikwiye n’ahantu hakwiye kugira ngo kunoze imikorere ya gahunda.
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