Kugira ngo bigende nezakurwanya imibuno kugabanya indwara barwaye, hakenewe ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda imiti yica udukoko mu buryo bw’ingamba, burambye kandi butangiza ibidukikije aho gukoresha imiti yica udukoko. Twasuzumye imbuto zikomoka kuri Brassicaceae (umuryango wa Brassica) nk'isoko y'ibimera bikomoka kuri isothiocyanates biva mu bimera biva muri enzyme hydrolysis ya glucosinolates idakora kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu kugenzura Aedes yo mu Misiri (L., 1762). Ifu y'imbuto zitanu zakuwemo ibinure (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 na Thlaspi arvense – ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bwo kudakora ubushyuhe no kwangirika kwa enzyme Ibikoresho bya chimique Kugira ngo hamenyekane uburozi (LC50) bwa allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate ku nyoni za Aedes aegypti mu masaha 24 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Agaciro ka LC50 kuri sinapi, sinapi yera n'umurizo w'ifarashi. Ifu y'imbuto yari 0.05, 0.08 na 0.05 ugereranije na allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) na 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) yari ifite uburozi bwinshi ku nyoni mu masaha 24 nyuma yo kuvurwa kurusha 0.1 g/120 ml dH2O uko bikurikirana. Ibi bisubizo birahuye n'umusaruro w'ifu y'imbuto ya alfalfa. Ubuhanga bwo hejuru bwa benzyl esters buhuye n'agaciro ka LC50 kabazwe. Gukoresha ifu y'imbuto bishobora gutanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya imibu, uburyo ifu y'imbuto ya cruciferous n'ibice byayo by'ingenzi bya shimi mu kurwanya inyoni kandi bigaragaza uburyo ibintu karemano biri mu ifu y'imbuto ya cruciferous bishobora kuba umuti wizewe w'udukoko two kurwanya imibu.
Indwara zandurira mu mibu ziterwa n’udukoko twa Aedes zikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima rusange ku isi. Indwara zandurira mu mibu zikwirakwira mu turere 1, 2, 3 kandi zikongera kugaragara, bigatera icyorezo gikomeye 4, 5, 6, 7. Ikwirakwira ry’indwara mu bantu no mu matungo (urugero: chikungunya, dengue, fiver de Rift Valley, fiver de yellow na virusi ya Zika) ntiririgeze ribaho. Fiver dengue yonyine ishyira abantu bagera kuri miliyari 3.6 mu kaga ko kwandura mu turere dushyuha, aho abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 390 bandura buri mwaka, bigatuma impfu 6,100–24,300 zihitana buri mwaka8. Kugaragara no kugaragara kwa virusi ya Zika muri Amerika y'Epfo byakuruye abantu ku isi yose bitewe n’ubwandu bw’ubwonko itera ku bana bavuka ku bagore banduye 2. Kremer n’abandi 3 bateganya ko imiterere y’imibu ya Aedes izakomeza kwiyongera kandi ko mu 2050, kimwe cya kabiri cy’abatuye isi bazaba bafite ibyago byo kwandura virusi za arbovirus ziterwa n’umubu.
Uretse inkingo ziherutse gukorwa zirwanya dengue na fever y'umuhondo, inkingo zirwanya indwara nyinshi ziterwa n'imibu ntizirakorwa9,10,11. Inkingo ziracyaboneka ku bwinshi kandi zikoreshwa gusa mu igeragezwa ry'ubuvuzi. Kurwanya icyorezo cy'imibu ikoresha imiti yica udukoko yakozwe byabaye ingamba y'ingenzi yo kurwanya ikwirakwira ry'indwara ziterwa n'imibu12,13. Nubwo imiti yica udukoko yakozwe mu buryo bw'ubukorano igira ingaruka mbi ku binyabuzima bitabandwaho kandi byangiza ibidukikije14,15,16. Igiteye impungenge kurushaho ni ukwiyongera k'ubudahangarwa bw'imibu ku miti yica udukoko17,18,19. Ibi bibazo bifitanye isano n'imiti yica udukoko byihutishije uburyo bwiza kandi butangiza ibidukikije bwo kurwanya indwara ziterwa n'imibu.
Ibimera bitandukanye byakozwe nk'isoko y'imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko20,21. Ibimera muri rusange birengera ibidukikije kuko bishobora kwangirika kandi bifite uburozi buke cyangwa buto ku binyabuzima bitari ibyangiritse nk'inyamabere, amafi n'inyamaswa zo mu mazi20,22. Imiti ikomoka ku bimera izwiho gukora ibintu bitandukanye bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora kugira ngo bigenzure neza ibihe bitandukanye by'ubuzima bw'imibu23,24,25,26. Ibimera bikomoka ku bimera nk'amavuta y'ingenzi n'ibindi bikoresho by'ibimera byishimiwe kandi byateguye inzira y'ibikoresho bishya byo kugenzura imibu itera udukoko. Amavuta y'ingenzi, monoterpenes na sesquiterpenes bikora nk'imiti yica udukoko, ibiryo bibuza udukoko no kuvura udukoko27,28,29,30,31,32,33. Amavuta menshi y'ibimera atera urupfu rw'udusimba tw'imibu, udukoko n'udukoko duto34,35,36, bigira ingaruka ku mitsi, ubuhumekero, imikorere y'imisemburo n'izindi ngingo z'ingenzi z'udukoko37.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse bwatanze ibisobanuro ku ikoreshwa ry'ibimera bya sinapi n'imbuto zabyo nk'isoko y'ibintu bitera ingaruka mbi ku buzima. Ifu y'imbuto za sinapi yageragejwe nk'umuti utera indwara mu butaka38,39,40,41 kandi ikoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo guhindura ubutaka mu gukumira ibyatsi bibi42,43,44 no kurwanya indwara ziterwa n'ibimera bikomoka ku butaka45,46,47,48,49,50, imirire y'ibimera. Nematode 41,51, 52, 53, 54 n'udukoko 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Uburyo iyi fugike yica iyi fume y'imbuto buterwa n'ibintu bikingira ibimera byitwa isothiocyanates38,42,60. Mu bimera, ibi bintu bikingira bibikwa mu turemangingo tw'ibimera mu buryo bwa glucosinolates zitari bioactive. Ariko, iyo ibimera byangiritse kubera udukoko twabiriye cyangwa indwara ziterwa n'udukoko, glucosinolates zishyirwamo hydrolyzed na myrosinase muri isothiocyanates55,61. Isothiocyanates ni ibintu bihinduka bizwiho kugira imikorere ya mikorobe n’iyica udukoko mu buryo bwagutse, kandi imiterere yabyo, imikorere yabyo mu binyabuzima n’ibiyigize biratandukanye cyane mu bwoko bwa Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Nubwo isothiocyanate zikomoka ku mbuto z’umutobe zizwiho kwica udukoko, amakuru ku mikorere y’ibinyabuzima ku tunyangingo tw’udukoko tw’ubwoko bwa arthropod ntaboneka. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwasuzumye imikorere y’udukoko tune twakuwemo amavuta mu gutera imibu ya Aedes. Udukoko twa Aedes aegypti. Intego y’ubu bushakashatsi kwari ukureba uburyo dushobora gukoresha nk’imiti yica udukoko itangiza ibidukikije mu kurwanya imibu. Ibice bitatu by’ingenzi by’imiti mu ifu y’imbuto, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) nabyo byageragejwe kugira ngo hagenzurwe imikorere y’ibi bice by’imiti ku mibu. Iyi ni raporo ya mbere isuzuma imikorere y’udukoko tune tw’imbuto z’amashu n’ibice byabyo by’ingenzi mu kurwanya imibu.
Amatungo yo muri laboratwari ya Aedes aegypti (ubwoko bwa Rockefeller) yagumanye ubushyuhe kuri 26°C, ubushyuhe bwa 70% (RH) na 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod). Inka zashyizwe mu tuzu twa pulasitiki (uburebure bwa cm 11 n'umurambararo wa cm 9.5) kandi zigaburirwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugaburira amacupa hakoreshejwe amaraso y'inka ya citrated (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA). Gutanga amaraso byakozwe nkuko bisanzwe hakoreshejwe icyuma gitanga amazi menshi (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) gihujwe n'umuyoboro w'amazi uzenguruka (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) gifite ubushyuhe bwa 37°C. Kurambura agahu ka Parafilm M munsi ya buri cyumba cyo kugaburiramo ikirahure (ubuso bwa mm2 154). Hanyuma buri tuzu twashyirwaga hejuru y'urukuta rutwikiriye akazu karimo inka zagiye. Hafi 350–400 μl y'amaraso y'inka yongewe mu gikoresho cyo kongereraho ikirahure hakoreshejwe Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) maze inzoka zikuze zemererwa kuvamo nibura isaha imwe. Ingore zitwite zahawe umuti wa sucrose wa 10% hanyuma zemererwa gutera amagi ku mpapuro zitose zipfundikiye mu bikombe bya soufflé (1.25 fl oz, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). Akazu karimo amazi. Shyira impapuro ziyungurura zirimo amagi mu gafuka gafunze (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) hanyuma ubibike kuri 26°C. Amagi yaravutse maze inyo zigera kuri 200–250 zirererwa mu dusanduku twa pulasitiki turimo uruvange rwa chow y'urukwavu (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) n'ifu y'umwijima (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA), n'ifi y'amafi (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) ku gipimo cya 2:1:1. Mu isuzuma ryacu ry’ibinyabuzima, ibinyabutabire bya nyuma byakoreshejwe.
Imbuto z'ibimera zakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi zavuye mu masoko akurikira y'ubucuruzi n'aya leta: Brassica juncea (umuhondo w'umukara-Ida Gold) na Brassica juncea (umuhondo w'umweru-Ida Gold) byaturutse muri Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, muri Leta ya Washington, muri Amerika; (Garden Cress) byaturutse muri Kelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, muri Amerika na Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) byaturutse muri USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, muri Amerika; Nta mbuto na imwe yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi yavuwe n'imiti yica udukoko. Imbuto zose zatunganyijwe kandi zikoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi hakurikijwe amategeko y'ibanze n'ay'igihugu kandi hakurikijwe amategeko yose y'ibanze n'ay'igihugu. Ubu bushakashatsi ntibwasuzumye ubwoko bw'ibimera byahinduwe mu bwoko bwa genetiki.
Imbuto za Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White sinapi (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) zasibwe zigahinduka ifu nziza hakoreshejwe uruganda rwa Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal (Retsch, Haan, Ubudage) rufite mesh ya 0.75 mm na rotor y'icyuma kidafunze, amenyo 12, 10.000 rpm (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Ifu y'imbuto yasibwe yimuriwe mu gice cy'impapuro maze ivanwaho amavuta na hexane mu gikoresho cya Soxhlet mu gihe cy'amasaha 24. Urugero rw'inyongera rwa sinapi yasibwe yavuwe ubushyuhe kuri 100 °C mu gihe cy'isaha 1 kugira ngo ihindure myrosinase kandi ikumire hydrolysis ya glucosinolates kugira ngo habeho isothiocyanates zikora mu buryo bw'ibinyabuzima. Ifu y'imbuto ya horsetail yavuwe ubushyuhe (DFP-HT) yakoreshejwe nk'uburyo bwo kurwanya imiterere mibi binyuze mu guhindura imiterere ya myrosinase.
Ingano ya glucosinolate mu ifu y'imbuto zakuwemo ibinure yagenwe mu byiciro bitatu hakoreshejwe chromatography y'amazi ikora neza (HPLC) hakurikijwe protocole ya 64 yasohotse mbere. Muri make, 3 mL ya methanol yongewe mu gipimo cya 250 mg cy'ifu y'imbuto zakuwemo ibinure. Buri gipimo cyashyizwe mu bwogero bw'amazi mu gihe cy'iminota 30 hanyuma gishyirwa mu mwijima kuri 23°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 16. Akantu ka 1 mL k'urwego rw'umwimerere kahise gasukurwa binyuze mu kayunguruzo ka 0.45 μm kashyirwa mu gipimo cy'imodoka. Ikoresheje sisitemu ya Shimadzu HPLC (ipompo ebyiri za LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector yo kugenzura kuri 237 nm; na module ya basi y'itumanaho ya CBM-20A), ingano ya glucosinolate mu ifu y'imbuto yagenwe mu byiciro bitatu. hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Shimadzu LC Solution verisiyo 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA). Inkingi yari inkingi ya C18 Inertsil reverse phase (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA). Imiterere y’ibanze y’itsinda rya tetrabutylammonium hydroxide yashyizwe kuri 12% methanol / 88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide mu mazi (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) hamwe n’umuvuduko w’amazi wa 1 mL / min. Nyuma yo guterwa 15 μl y’icyitegererezo, imiterere y’ibanze yagumyeho mu gihe cy’iminota 20, hanyuma igipimo cya solvent cyahinduwe kuri 100% methanol, hamwe n’igihe cyose cyo gusesengura icyitegererezo cy’iminota 65. Umuvuduko usanzwe (ushingiye kuri nM / mAb) wakozwe binyuze mu gusesengura ibipimo bya sinapine, glucosinolate na myrosin bishya byateguwe (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) kugira ngo hamenyekane ingano ya sulfur mu ifu y’imbuto yakuwemo ibinure. Igipimo cya Glucosinolate mu bipimo cyapimwe kuri Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) hakoreshejwe verisiyo ya OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) ifite inkingi imwe kandi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwasobanuwe mbere. Igipimo cya Glucosinolate cyaragenwe; gishobora kugereranywa hagati ya sisitemu za HPLC.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, ihamye) na benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) byaguzwe muri Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate yaguzwe muri ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). Iyo myrosinase yakozwe na enzyme, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, na glucosinolates bikora allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate.
Isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima ryakorewe muri laboratwari hakurikijwe uburyo bwa Muturi n’abandi 32 hamwe n’impinduka. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi hakoreshejwe ibiryo bitanu by’imbuto zidafite ibinure byinshi: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG na L. Inyoni makumyabiri zashyizwe mu gikombe cya 400 mL cyakoreshejwe mu buryo butatu (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) kirimo amazi ya 120 mL yakuwemo ioni (dH2O). Ingano zirindwi z’imbuto zapimwe kugira ngo harebwe uburozi bw’inyoni z’imibu: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 na 0.12 g y’imbuto / 120 ml dH2O y’imbuto z’imbuto za DFP, DFP-HT, IG na PG. Isuzuma ry’ibanze ry’ibinyabuzima ryerekana ko ifu y’imbuto ya L yakuwemo ibinure ifite uburozi bwinshi kurusha izindi fu enye z’imbuto zapimwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, twahinduye ingano zirindwi z’ibinyampeke by’imbuto za L ku bipimo bikurikira: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, na 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Itsinda ry’abashinzwe kugenzura indwara (dH20, nta nyongeramusaruro y’imbuto) ryashyizwemo kugira ngo hamenyekane impfu zisanzwe z’udukoko mu gihe cy’isuzuma. Isuzuma ry’uburozi kuri buri funguro ry’imbuto ryari rigizwe n’udukombe dutatu tw’imirongo itatu (udusimba 20 twa nyuma y’igice cya gatatu kuri buri gati), ku dukombe 108 twose. Ibikoresho byavuwe byabitswe ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba (20-21°C) kandi urupfu rw’udusimba rwagaragaye mu masaha 24 na 72 yo gukomeza kwanduzwa n’uburyo bwo kuvurwa. Iyo umubiri w’umubu n’ibice byawo bitanyeganyega iyo watobowe cyangwa ukozweho n’icyuma gito cy’icyuma kidashonga, udusimba tw’umubu dufatwa nk’aho twapfuye. Udusimba twapfuye akenshi tuguma tudakora mu mwanya wo mu gitereko cyangwa mu nda munsi y’agakoresho cyangwa hejuru y’amazi. Igerageza ryasubiwemo gatatu mu minsi itandukanye hakoreshejwe amatsinda atandukanye y’udusimba, ku dusimba 180 twose twagaragaye kuri buri buryo bwo kuvurwa.
Uburozi bwa AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC ku mibu bwapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe bwo gusuzuma indwara ariko hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura. Tegura ibisubizo bya 100.000 ppm kuri buri kinyabutabire wongeyeho 100 µL by'ikinyabutabire kuri 900 µL bya ethanol yuzuye mu muyoboro wa 2-mL hanyuma ukanyeganyeza amasegonda 30 kugira ngo bivange neza. Ingano y'ubuvuzi yagenwe hashingiwe ku isuzuma ryacu rya mbere rya bioassays, ryasanze BITC ari uburozi burenze cyane AITC na 4-HBITC. Kugira ngo hamenyekane uburozi, ingano 5 za BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 na 12 ppm), ingano 7 za AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 na 35 ppm) n'ingano 6 za 4-HBITC (15, 15, 20, 25, 30 na 35 ppm). 30, 45, 60, 75 na 90 ppm). Uburyo bwo kuvura bwatewemo 108 μL ya etanoli yuzuye, bingana n'ingano ntarengwa y'uburyo imiti ikoreshwa. Isuzuma ry'ibinyabuzima ryasubiwemo nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, rigaragaza ko intanga 180 kuri buri gipimo cy'uburyo imiti ikoreshwa. Impfu z'intanga zagaragaye kuri buri gipimo cya AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC nyuma y'amasaha 24 yo guhora zikoreshwa.
Isesengura ry’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku makuru 65 y’impfu zijyanye n’ingano ryakozwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, verisiyo ya 1.0) kugira ngo harebwe ingano y’ibice 50% by’ibice bifata ubuzima (LC50), ingano y’ibice 90% by’ibice bifata ubuzima (LC90), imiterere y’ubutaka, ingano y’ibice bifata ubuzima, na 95% by’ibice bifata ubuzima. Hashingiwe ku gihe cy’icyizere ku bipimo by’ibice bifata ubuzima ku bipimo by’ibice bifata ubuzima ku bipimo byahinduwe mu buryo bw’umwimerere n’ingano y’ibice bifata ubuzima. Amakuru ku rupfu ashingiye ku makuru y’ibice 180 byagaragaye kuri buri gipimo cy’ubuvuzi. Isesengura ry’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ryakozwe ukwaryo kuri buri funguro ry’imbuto na buri gice cy’imiti. Hashingiwe ku gihe cy’icyizere cya 95% cy’igipimo cy’ibice bifata ubuzima, uburozi bw’ifu y’imbuto n’ibice bya shimi ku mibu byafatwaga nk’ibitandukanye cyane, bityo igihe cy’icyizere kirimo agaciro ka 1 nticyari gitandukanye cyane, P = 0.0566.
Ibisubizo bya HPLC byo kumenya glucosinolate nini mu ifu y’imbuto zaciwe ibinure DFP, IG, PG na Ls bigaragazwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Glucosinolate nini mu ifu y’imbuto zapimwe zaratandukanye usibye DFP na PG, zombi zari zirimo myrosinase glucosinolate. Ingano ya myrosinine muri PG yari hejuru ugereranyije na DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 na 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, uko bikurikirana. Ifu y’imbuto ya Ls yari igizwe na 36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g glucoglycone, mu gihe ifu y’imbuto ya IG yari igizwe na 38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
Imbuto z'imibu ya Ae. Aedes aegypti zarishwe iyo zavuwe n'ifu y'imbuto zaciwe ibinure, nubwo uburyo bwo kuvura bwaratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibimera. DFP-NT yonyine ntabwo yari uburozi ku mbuto z'imibu nyuma y'amasaha 24 na 72 yo kwangirika (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Uburozi bw'ifu y'imbuto ikora bwariyongereye uko ubwinshi bwayo bwiyongera (Ishusho ya 1A, B). Uburozi bw'ifu y'imbuto ku mbuto z'imibu bwaratandukanye cyane hashingiwe kuri 95% CI y'igipimo cy'urupfu cya LC50 ku isuzuma ry'amasaha 24 n'amasaha 72 (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Nyuma y'amasaha 24, ingaruka z'uburozi bw'ifu y'imbuto ya Ls zari nyinshi kurusha izindi mbuto, aho ibikorwa byazo byari byinshi kandi uburozi bwinshi ku mbuto (LC50 = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O). Imbuto za DFP ntizashoboraga kwibasirwa cyane mu masaha 24 ugereranije n’ifu y’imbuto za IG, Ls na PG, aho LC50 ya 0.115, 0.04 na 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O uko bikurikirana, byari hejuru y’agaciro ka LC50 mu mibare. 0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Agaciro ka LC90 ka DFP, IG, PG na Ls kari 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 na 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Igipimo kinini cya DPP cyari 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O. Nyuma y’amasaha 24 y’isuzuma, impuzandengo y’impfu z’imbuto yari 12% gusa, mu gihe impuzandengo y’impfu z’imbuto za IG na PG yageze kuri 51% na 82%. Nyuma y'amasaha 24 yo gusuzuma, impuzandengo y'impfu z'ibibuno ku gipimo kinini cy'ibiryo by'imbuto za L (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) yari 99% (Ishusho ya 1A).
Imibare y'impfu yagenwe uhereye ku gipimo (Probit) cy'inkoko zo mu Misiri za Ae. (inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa 3) kugeza ku gipimo cy'ifu y'imbuto mu masaha 24 (A) n'amasaha 72 (B) nyuma yo kuvurwa. Umurongo w'utudomo ugaragaza LC50 y'ifu y'imbuto. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Mu isuzuma ry’amasaha 72, agaciro ka LC50 ku ifu y’imbuto ya DFP, IG na PG kari 0.111, 0.085 na 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O. Hafi y’udusimba twose twahuye n’ifu y’imbuto ya L twapfuye nyuma y’amasaha 72 yo kwangirika, bityo amakuru y’impfu ntiyahuye n’isesengura rya Probit. Ugereranyije n’izindi fu y’imbuto, udusimba ntitwari twitaye cyane ku ifu y’imbuto ya DFP kandi twari dufite agaciro ka LC50 kari hejuru mu mibare (Imbonerahamwe ya 2 na 3). Nyuma y’amasaha 72, agaciro ka LC50 ku ifu y’imbuto ya DFP, IG na PG kari 0.111, 0.085 na 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O. Nyuma y’amasaha 72 yo kwangirika, agaciro ka LC90 ku ifu y’imbuto ya DFP, IG na PG kari 0.215, 0.254 na 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O. Nyuma y'amasaha 72 yo gusuzuma, impuzandengo y'impfu z'ibihumyo ku biryo bya DFP, IG na PG ku gipimo ntarengwa cya 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O yari 58%, 66% na 96%, uko bikurikirana (Ishusho ya 1B). Nyuma y'amasaha 72 yo gusuzuma, ifunguro rya PG ry'imbuto ryagaragaye ko rifite uburozi kurusha ifunguro rya IG na DFP ry'imbuto.
Isothiocyanates za synthetic, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) zishobora kwica neza inkeri z'imibu. Mu masaha 24 nyuma yo kuvurwa, BITC yari ifite uburozi bwinshi ku inkeri ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 5.29 ppm ugereranije na 19.35 ppm kuri AITC na 55.41 ppm kuri 4-HBITC (Imbonerahamwe ya 4). Ugereranyije na AITC na BITC, 4-HBITC ifite uburozi buke kandi ifite agaciro ka LC50 kari hejuru. Hari itandukaniro rinini mu burozi bw'inkeri z'imibu bwa isothiocyanates ebyiri zikomeye (Ls na PG) mu ifu y'imbuto ikomeye cyane. Uburozi bushingiye ku gipimo cy’ibinini by’ibinini bya LC50 hagati ya AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC byagaragaje itandukaniro mu mibare ku buryo 95% CI by’igipimo cy’ibinini bya LC50 bitagiraga agaciro ka 1 (P = 0.05, Imbonerahamwe ya 4). Igipimo kinini cya BITC na AITC cyagereranyijwe kwica 100% by’ibinini byapimwe (Ishusho ya 2).
Imibare y'impfu yagenwe hakurikijwe uko dose ya Ae yagenze (Probit). Nyuma y'amasaha 24, inyo zo mu Misiri (inyo zo mu bwoko bwa 3) zageze ku gipimo cya isothiocyanate. Umurongo w'utudomo ugaragaza LC50 yo kuvura isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC na 4-HBITC.
Ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu bimera nk’imiti irwanya imibu imaze igihe kinini yigwa. Ibimera byinshi bitanga imiti karemano ifite ubushobozi bwo kwica udukoko37. Imiti yabyo itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gusimbura imiti yica udukoko ikoresheje imiti ikoreshwa mu buvuzi ifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kurwanya udukoko, harimo n’imibu.
Ibimera bya sinapi bihingwa nk'ibihingwa by'imbuto zabyo, bikoreshwa nk'ibirungo n'isoko y'amavuta. Iyo amavuta ya sinapi akuwe mu mbuto cyangwa iyo sinapi ikuwe kugira ngo ikoreshwe nk'ibikomoka kuri biofuel, 69 umusaruro uba ari ifu y'imbuto yakuwemo ibinure. Iyi fu igumana byinshi mu bigize biochemical na enzymes za hydrolytic. Uburozi bw'iyi fu iterwa no gukora isothiocyanates55,60,61. Isothiocyanates zikorwa no gushonga kwa glucosinolates na enzyme myrosinase mu gihe cyo gutosesha ifu y'imbuto38,55,70 kandi bizwiho kugira ingaruka zo kwica fungi, kwica bagiteri, kwica nematic no kwica udukoko, ndetse n'indi miterere irimo ingaruka zo kumva no kuvura imiti61,62,70. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko ibimera bya sinapi n'ifu y'imbuto bikora neza nk'ibihumanya ubutaka n'ibiribwa bibitswe57,59,71,72. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasuzumye uburozi bw'ifu y'imbuto enye n'ibikomoka kuri yo bitatu bikora ku mibu ya Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Kongera imbuto mu mazi arimo imibu byitezweho ko bizamura imikorere ya enzymes zikora isothiocyanates zihumanya imibu. Uku guhinduka k'ibinyabuzima byagaragajwe ahanini n'imikorere yagaragaye y'ifu y'imbuto no kubura uburyo bwo kwica udukoko iyo ifu y'imbuto ya sinapi yavuwe ubushyuhe mbere yo kuyikoresha. Gukoresha ubushyuhe byitezweho gusenya enzymes za hydrolytic zikoresha glucosinolates, bityo bikabuza ikorwa rya isothiocyanates zikora ku mibu. Ubu ni bwo bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwemeza imiterere y'ifu y'imbuto y'ibijumba yica udukoko mu bidukikije byo mu mazi.
Mu ifu y'imbuto yapimwe, ifu y'imbuto ya watercress (Ls) ni yo yari ifite uburozi bwinshi, itera urupfu rwinshi rwa Aedes albopictus. Imbuto za Aedes aegypti zatunganyijwe buri gihe mu gihe cy'amasaha 24. Imbuto eshatu zisigaye (PG, IG na DFP) zagize ingaruka nke kandi zarateye urupfu runini nyuma y'amasaha 72 yo kuvurwa buri gihe. Ifu y'imbuto ya Ls gusa yari irimo glucosinolate nyinshi, mu gihe PG na DFP byarimo myrosinase naho IG yarimo glucosinolate nk'ingufu nyamukuru (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Glucotropaeolin irashwanyagurika muri BITC naho sinalbine irashwanyagurika muri 4-HBITC61,62. Ibisubizo byacu by'ubushakashatsi bigaragaza ko ifu y'imbuto ya Ls na BITC y'uburozi isanzwe ari uburozi bukomeye ku mbuto z'imibu. Igice cy'ingenzi cy'ifu y'imbuto ya PG na DFP ni myrosinase glucosinolate, irashwanyagurika muri AITC. AITC ifite akamaro mu kwica imbuto z'imibu ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 19.35 ppm. Ugereranyije na AITC na BITC, isothiocyanate ya 4-HBITC ni yo ifite uburozi buke ku bikoko. Nubwo AITC ari mbi cyane ugereranyije na BITC, agaciro kayo ka LC50 kari hasi ugereranyije n'amavuta menshi y'ingenzi yapimwe ku bikoko by'imibu32,73,74,75.
Ifu y'imbuto zacu zo mu bwoko bwa cruciferous yo gukoreshwa mu kurwanya imbu z'imibu irimo glucosinolate imwe ikomeye, ingana na 98-99% by'imbu z'imibu zose nk'uko byagaragajwe na HPLC. Ingano y'izindi glucosinolate zabonetse, ariko ingano yazo yari munsi ya 0.3% by'imbu z'imibu zose. Ifu y'imbuto ya Watercress (L. sativum) irimo glucosinolate ya kabiri (sinigrin), ariko igipimo cyazo ni 1% by'imbu z'imibu zose, kandi ingano yazo ntizihagije (hafi 0.4 mg/g y'ifu y'imbuto). Nubwo PG na DFP birimo glucosinolate imwe nyamukuru (myrosin), imikorere y'ibiryo by'imbuto zazo iratandukanye cyane bitewe n'agaciro kazo ka LC50. Uburozi butandukanye ku mildew y'ifu. Kugaragara kw'imbu z'imibu za Aedes aegypti bishobora guterwa n'itandukaniro mu mikorere ya myrosinase cyangwa guhagarara hagati y'ibiryo byombi by'imbuto. Igikorwa cya Myrosinase gikora uruhare runini mu kubona umusaruro wa hydrolysis nka isothiocyanates mu bimera bya Brassicaceae76. Raporo zabanje za Pocock et al.77 na Wilkinson et al.78 zagaragaje ko impinduka mu mikorere ya myrosinase no kuguma kwayo bishobora no kujyana n'ibintu bigize imiterere y'uturemangingo n'ibidukikije.
Ingano ya isothiocyanate yari yitezweho yashyizwe mu byiciro bya LC50 kuri buri funguro ry’imbuto mu masaha 24 na 72 (Imbonerahamwe ya 5) kugira ngo igereranywe n’ikoreshwa ry’imiti. Nyuma y’amasaha 24, isothiocyanate mu funguro ry’imbuto zari zifite uburozi bwinshi kurusha ibinyabutabire by’umwimerere. Ingano ya LC50 yabazwe hashingiwe ku bice kuri miliyoni (ppm) by’imbuto za isothiocyanate zari munsi y’agaciro ka LC50 ku ikoreshwa rya BITC, AITC, na 4-HBITC. Twabonye ko inyo zirya inyo zirya inyo (Ishusho ya 3A). Kubera iyo mpamvu, inyo zishobora guhura n’inyo zihumanya cyane iyo ziriye inyo zirimo inyo. Ibi byagaragaye cyane mu ikoreshwa ry’inyo zitukura za IG na PG mu masaha 24, aho inyo zitukura za LC50 zari 75% na 72% munsi y’inyo zitukura za AITC na 4-HBITC, uko bikurikirana. Uburyo bwo kuvura bwa L na DFP bwari bufite uburozi kurusha isothiocyanate y’umwimerere, aho agaciro ka LC50 kari hasi kuri 24% na 41%, uko bikurikirana. Imisemburo yo mu rwego rwo kuvura yavutse neza (Ishusho ya 3B), mu gihe imisemburo myinshi yo mu rwego rwo kuvura imbuto itavutse neza kandi iterambere ry’imisemburo ryatinze cyane (Ishusho ya 3B, D). Muri Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanate ifitanye isano no kudindira k’iterambere no gutinda k’iterambere79.
Imibu ya Ae. Aedes aegypti yakomeje guhura n'ifu y'imbuto za Brassica mu gihe cy'amasaha 24-72. (A) Imibu yapfuye ifite uduce tw'ifu y'imbuto mu kanwa (izungurutse); (B) Uburyo bwo kuyirinda (dH20 nta fu y'imbuto yongewemo) bugaragaza ko imibu ikura neza kandi igatangira kubyara nyuma y'amasaha 72 (C, D) Imibu yavuwe n'ifu y'imbuto; ifu y'imbuto yagaragaje itandukaniro mu mikurire yayo kandi ntiyabyaraga.
Ntitwize uburyo isothiocyanates igira ingaruka mbi ku mibu. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere ku mibu itukura (Solenopsis invicta) bwagaragaje ko gukumira glutathione S-transferase (GST) na esterase (EST) ari byo bintu by’ingenzi bitera isothiocyanate bivangwa n’imikorere yayo, kandi AITC, nubwo yaba ikora gake, ishobora no kubuza GST gukora. Imibu itukura yinjizwa mu mibu mu rugero ruto. Igipimo ni 0.5 µg/ml80. Mu buryo bunyuranye, AITC ibuza acetylcholinesterase mu mibu ikuze (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Ubushakashatsi nk’ubwo bugomba gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo isothiocyanate ikora mu mibu itukura.
Dukoresha uburyo bwo kuvura bwa DFP budakoresha ubushyuhe kugira ngo dushyigikire igitekerezo cy'uko hydrolysis ya glucosinolate z'ibimera kugira ngo bikore isothiocyanates zikora nk'uburyo bwo kugenzura imyakura y'imibu hakoreshejwe imbuto ya sinapi. Ifu y'imbuto ya DFP-HT ntabwo yari ifite uburozi ku gipimo cyapimwe. Lafarga n'abandi 82 bavuze ko glucosinolate zishobora kwangirika iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije. Biteganijwe kandi ko kuvura ubushyuhe bizahindura enzyme ya myrosinase mu ifu y'imbuto no gukumira hydrolysis ya glucosinolate kugira ngo bikore isothiocyanates zikora. Ibi kandi byemejwe na Okunade n'abandi 75 bagaragaje ko myrosinase ifata ubushyuhe, bigaragaza ko imikorere ya myrosinase yahagaritswe burundu igihe imbuto za sinapi, sinapi y'umukara, n'iz'imitsi y'amaraso byahuraga n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 80. C. Ubu buryo bushobora gutuma ifu y'imbuto ya DFP ivuwe ubushyuhe itakaza imikorere yo kwica udukoko.
Bityo, ifu y'imbuto ya sinapi n'ibindi bitatu by'ingenzi byayo bya isothiocyanate ni uburozi ku mibu. Bitewe n'iri tandukaniro riri hagati y'ifu y'imbuto n'imiti, gukoresha ifu y'imbuto bishobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya imibu. Hakenewe kumenya uburyo bukwiye bwo kuyikoresha n'uburyo bwiza bwo kuyitanga kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza n'uburyo buhoraho bwo kuyikoresha. Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko ifu y'imbuto ya sinapi ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ubundi buryo bwo kuyikoresha aho gukoresha imiti yica udukoko. Iri koranabuhanga rishobora kuba igikoresho gishya cyo kugenzura imibu itera imibu. Kubera ko imibu ikura neza mu bidukikije byo mu mazi kandi glucosinolate z'imbuto zihinduka isothiocyanate zikora iyo amazi amaze kuzura, gukoresha ifu y'imbuto ya sinapi mu mazi yuzuyemo imibu bitanga ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kuyigenzura. Nubwo imikorere ya isothiocyanate irwanya imibu itandukanye (BITC > AITC > 4-HBITC), hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwinshi kugira ngo hamenyekane niba guhuza ifu y'imbuto na glucosinolate nyinshi byongera uburozi. Ubu ni bwo bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwerekana ingaruka zo kwica udukoko z'ifu y'imbuto yakuwemo ibinure n'izindi isothiocyanate eshatu zikora ku mibu. Ibisubizo by'ubu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko ifu y'imbuto z'ibijumba yakuwemo ibinure, umusaruro uva mu mavuta akurwa mu mbuto, ishobora kuba umuti wica udukoko mu kurwanya imibu. Aya makuru ashobora gufasha mu kuvumbura imiti irwanya imibu mu bimera no kuyiteza imbere nk'imiti ihendutse, ifatika kandi irinda ibidukikije.
Amakuru yakozwe kuri ubu bushakashatsi n'isesengura ryavuyemo biraboneka ku mwanditsi ubisabye mu buryo bwumvikana. Mu mpera z'ubushakashatsi, ibikoresho byose byakoreshejwe muri ubwo bushakashatsi (udukoko n'ifu y'imbuto) byarangiritse.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-29-2024