Kugira ngo bigende nezakurwanya imibuno kugabanya kwandura indwara bitwaza, ingamba, zirambye kandi zangiza ibidukikije hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo bwica udukoko twangiza imiti.Twasuzumye ifunguro ryimbuto ziva muri Brassicaceae (umuryango Brassica) nkisoko ya isothiocyanate ikomoka ku bimera ikorwa na hydrolysis ya enzymatique ya glucosinolate idakora ibinyabuzima kugirango ikoreshwe mu kugenzura Aedes yo mu Misiri (L., 1762).Ifunguro ryimbuto zitanu (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L. ibicuruzwa Kugirango umenye uburozi (LC50) bwa allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate kuri Aedes aegypti larvae kumasaha 24 = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O).LC50 indangagaciro za sinapi, sinapi yera na farashi.ifunguro ryimbuto ryari 0.05, 0.08 na 0.05 ugereranije na allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) na 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) yari ifite uburozi kuri liswi nyuma yamasaha 24 nyuma yo kuvurwa kurenza 0.1 g / 120 ml dH2O.Ibisubizo birahuye nibikorwa byo kurya imbuto ya alfalfa.Ubushobozi buhanitse bwa benzyl esters ihuye nagaciro kabaruwe LC50.Gukoresha ifunguro ryimbuto birashobora gutanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya imibu.imikorere yifu yimbuto yimbuto hamwe nibice byingenzi bigize imiti irwanya inzitiramubu kandi byerekana uburyo ibinyabuzima bisanzwe biri mu ifu yimbuto zikomeye bishobora kuba nk'ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije mu kurwanya imibu.
Indwara ziterwa na Vector ziterwa n'umubu wa Aedes zikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima rusange bw'abaturage.Umubare w'indwara ziterwa n'umubu ukwirakwira ku turere 1,2,3 kandi ukongera ukagaragara, bigatuma habaho indwara zikomeye 4,5,6,7.Ikwirakwizwa ry'indwara mu bantu no ku nyamaswa (urugero, chikungunya, dengue, umuriro wa Rift Valley, umuriro w'umuhondo na virusi ya Zika) ntirwigeze rubaho.Indwara ya Dengue yonyine itera abantu bagera kuri miliyari 3.6 ibyago byo kwandura mu turere dushyuha, aho abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 390 bandura buri mwaka, bikaviramo abantu 6.100-24.300 ku mwaka8.Kugaragara no kwandura virusi ya Zika muri Amerika y'Epfo byashimishije isi yose kubera ubwonko bwangiza ku bana bavutse ku bagore banduye2.Kremer et al 3 barahanura ko imiterere y’imibu ya Aedes izakomeza kwaguka kandi ko mu 2050, kimwe cya kabiri cy’abatuye isi bazaba bafite ibyago byo kwanduzwa na arbovirusi iterwa n’umubu.
Usibye inkingo ziherutse gukorwa zirwanya dengue na feri y'umuhondo, inkingo zirwanya indwara nyinshi ziterwa n'umubu ntizigeze zikorwa 9,10,11.Inkingo ziracyaboneka ku rugero ruto kandi zikoreshwa gusa mu bigeragezo byo kwa muganga.Kurwanya inzitiramubu ukoresheje udukoko twica udukoko twabaye ingamba zingenzi zo kugenzura ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara ziterwa n’umubu12,13.Nubwo imiti yica udukoko yica udukoko igira ingaruka nziza mukwica imibu, gukomeza gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza kandi byangiza ibidukikije14,15,16.Ndetse biteye impungenge ni uburyo bwo kongera imibu irwanya udukoko twica imiti 17,18,19.Ibi bibazo bifitanye isano n’imiti yica udukoko byihutishije gushakisha ubundi buryo bwiza kandi bwangiza ibidukikije mu kurwanya indwara.
Ibimera bitandukanye byatejwe imbere nkisoko ya phytopesticide yo kurwanya udukoko20,21.Ibimera muri rusange byangiza ibidukikije kuko birashobora kwangirika kandi bifite uburozi buke cyangwa butitaweho kubinyabuzima bidafite intego nk'inyamabere, amafi na amphibian20,22.Imyiteguro y'ibyatsi izwiho kubyara ibinyabuzima bitandukanye hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa kugirango bigabanye neza ubuzima butandukanye bwimibu 23,24,25,26.Ibimera biva mu bimera nkamavuta yingenzi nibindi bikoresho byibimera bikora byitabiriwe kandi binaha inzira ibikoresho bishya byo kurwanya inzitiramubu.Amavuta yingenzi, monoterpène na sesquiterpène akora nka repellent, kugaburira ibyuka na ovicide 27,28,29,30,31,32,33.Amavuta menshi yimboga atera urupfu rwinzitiramubu, pupae nabakuze 34,35,36, bigira ingaruka kumitsi, guhumeka, endocrine nubundi buryo bukomeye bw’udukoko37.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwatanze ubushishozi bwo gukoresha ibihingwa bya sinapi n'imbuto zazo nk'isoko y'ibinyabuzima.Ifunguro ryimbuto ya sinapi ryapimwe nka biofumigant 38,39,40,41 kandi rikoreshwa muguhindura ubutaka muguhashya ibyatsi 42,43,44 no kurwanya indwara ziterwa nindwara ziterwa nubutaka 45,46,47,48,49,50, imirire y ibihingwa.nematode 41,51, 52, 53, 54 nudukoko 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Igikorwa cya fungicidal yiyi poro yimbuto cyitirirwa ibimera birinda ibihingwa byitwa isothiocyanates 38,42,60.Mu bimera, ibyo bintu birinda bibikwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo mu buryo bwa glucosinolate idafite bioaktike.Nyamara, iyo ibimera byangijwe no kugaburira udukoko cyangwa kwandura indwara, glucosinolate iba hydrolyz na myrosinase muri bioactive isothiocyanates 55,61.Isothiocyanates ni ibintu bihindagurika bizwi ko bifite ibikorwa byinshi bya mikorobe na mikorobe yica udukoko, kandi imiterere yabyo, ibikorwa byibinyabuzima nibirimo biratandukanye cyane mubinyabuzima bya Brassicaceae 42,59,62,63.
Nubwo isothiocyanates ikomoka ku ifunguro ryimbuto ya sinapi izwiho kugira ibikorwa byica udukoko, amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa by’ibinyabuzima arwanya imiti y’ubuvuzi ya arthropod irabura.Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwasuzumye ibikorwa bya larvicidal yifu yimbuto enye zanduye imibu ya Aedes.Larvae ya Aedes aegypti.Icyari kigamijwe muri ubwo bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma imikoreshereze yabyo nka biopesticide yangiza ibidukikije mu kurwanya imibu.Ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bigize imiti y'ibiryo by'imbuto, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) na byo byageragejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ibikorwa by’ibinyabuzima by’ibi bikoresho by’imiti ku nzitiramubu.Ngiyo raporo yambere yo gusuzuma imikorere yifu yimbuto yimbuto nimbuto nyamukuru yibigize imiti yinzitiramubu.
Laboratoire ya laboratoire ya Aedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) yagumishijwe kuri 26 ° C, ubushuhe bugereranije 70% (RH) na 10:14 h (L: D Photoperiod).Abagore bubakanye babaga mu kasho ka pulasitike (uburebure bwa cm 11 na diametero 9,5 cm) bakagaburirwa binyuze muri sisitemu yo kugaburira amacupa bakoresheje amaraso ya bovine (HemoStat Laboratories Inc, Dixon, CA, USA).Kugaburira amaraso byakozwe nkuko bisanzwe hifashishijwe ibiryo byinshi byikirahure (Chemglass, Life Science LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) byahujwe numuyoboro wogukwirakwiza amazi (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) hamwe nubushyuhe kugenzura 37 ° C.Rambura firime ya Parafilm M hepfo ya buri cyumba cyo kugaburira ibirahure (ubuso bwa mm 154).Buri funguro noneho yashyizwe kumurongo wo hejuru utwikiriye akazu karimo igitsina gore.Hafi ya 350-400 μl y'amaraso ya bovine yongewe kumurongo wo kugaburira ibirahuri ukoresheje umuyoboro wa Pasteur (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) kandi inyo zikuze zemerewe kumara byibuze isaha imwe.Abagore batwite bahise bahabwa igisubizo cya 10% ya sucrose hanyuma bemererwa gutera amagi kumpapuro ziyungurura zitondetse mubikombe bya soufflé byihariye (ubunini bwa 1.25 fl oz, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA).akazu n'amazi.Shira impapuro zungurura zirimo amagi mumufuka ufunze (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) hanyuma ubike kuri 26 ° C.Amagi yaratewe kandi hafi ya 200-250 livre yazamuwe mumurongo wa plastike urimo uruvange rwinkwavu (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) nifu yumwijima (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, Amerika).n'amafi yuzuye (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Ubudage) ku kigereranyo cya 2: 1: 1.Late ya gatatu ya instar yakoreshejwe muri bioassay yacu.
Ibikoresho by'imbuto zikoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi byakuwe mu masoko akurikira y’ubucuruzi na guverinoma: Brassica juncea (urutoki rwa sinapi-Pasifika Zahabu) na Brassica juncea (urutoki rwera-Ida Zahabu) muri Koperative y'abahinzi-borozi bo mu majyaruguru ya Pasifika, Leta ya Washington, Amerika;.Nta mbuto zikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi zavuwe hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko.Ibikoresho byose byimbuto byatunganijwe kandi bikoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi hakurikijwe amategeko y’ibanze n’igihugu kandi hubahirizwa amategeko yose y’ibanze ndetse n’igihugu.Ubu bushakashatsi ntabwo bwasuzumye ubwoko bwibihingwa byitwa transgenji.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), sinapi yera (IG), imbuto ya Thlaspi arvense (DFP) yashizwemo ifu nziza ikoresheje urusyo rwa ultracentrifugal Retsch ZM200 (Retsch, Haan, Ubudage) rufite mesh 0,75 mm na Stainless rotor yicyuma, amenyo 12, 10,000 rpm (Imbonerahamwe 1).Ifu yimbuto yubutaka yimuriwe kumpapuro hanyuma isukwa na hexane mubikoresho bya Soxhlet kumasaha 24.Urugero rwa sinapi yumurima washyizwemo ubushyuhe bwavuwe kuri 100 ° C kuri 1 h kugirango bumenye myrosinase kandi birinde hydrolysis ya glucosinolate kugirango ibe isothiocyanates ikora ibinyabuzima.Ifu yimbuto ifata ifu yimbuto (DFP-HT) yakoreshejwe nkigenzura ribi mu kwerekana myrosinase.
Glucosinolate ibirimo ifunguro ryimbuto yagabanijwe yagenwe inshuro eshatu ukoresheje chromatografiya ikora cyane (HPLC) ukurikije protocole 64 yatangajwe mbere.Muri make, mL 3 ya methanol yongewe kuri 250 mg ya poro yimbuto yimbuto.Buri cyitegererezo cyatanzwe mu bwogero bw’amazi mu minota 30 hanyuma kigasigara mu mwijima kuri 23 ° C mu masaha 16.Aliquot ya 1 mL ya organic organique noneho yayungurujwe binyuze muri 0.45 μm muyunguruzi muri autosampler.Gukorera kuri sisitemu ya Shimadzu HPLC (pompe ebyiri LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; detekeri ya SPD-20A UV-VIS yo gukurikirana kuri 237 nm; na module ya bisi y'itumanaho ya CBM-20A), glucosinolate yibyo kurya byimbuto byaragenwe; muri bitatu.ukoresheje Shimadzu LC Solution software verisiyo 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA).Inkingi yari C18 Inertsil ihinduranya inkingi (250 mm × 4,6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Science, Torrance, CA, USA).Icyiciro cyambere kigendanwa cyashyizwe kuri 12% methanol / 88% 0.01 M hydroxide ya tetrabutylammonium mumazi (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) umuvuduko wa 1 mL / min.Nyuma yo gutera inshinge 15 μl z'icyitegererezo, ibintu byambere byakomeje kumara iminota 20, hanyuma igipimo cyo gukemura cyahinduwe kuri methanol 100%, hamwe nisesengura ryikigereranyo ryiminota 65.Umurongo usanzwe (nM / mAb ushingiye) wakozwe no guhindagurika kwa sinapine nshya, glucosinolate na myrosine (Sigma-Aldrich, St.glucosinolates.Ubwinshi bwa Glucosinolate muburugero bwageragejwe kuri Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) ukoresheje verisiyo ya OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) ifite inkingi imwe kandi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwasobanuwe mbere.Ibipimo bya Glucosinolate byagaragaye;gereranya na sisitemu ya HPLC.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, ihamye) na benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) byaguzwe na Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate yaguzwe muri ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA).Iyo enzymatique hydrolyzed na myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, na glucosinolates bigize allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate.
Laboratoire bioassay yakozwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwa Muturi n'abandi.32 hamwe no guhindura.Ibiryo bitanu birimo amavuta make yimbuto byakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG na Ls.Ibinyomoro 20 byashyizwe muri 400 mL ikoreshwa ninzoga eshatu (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) irimo amazi ya mL 120 mL (dH2O).Ibiribwa birindwi byimbuto byageragejwe kuburozi bwinzitiramubu: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 na 0,12 g ifunguro ryimbuto / 120 ml dH2O kumafunguro yimbuto ya DFP, DFP-HT, IG na PG.Bioassay ibanza yerekana ko ifu yimbuto ya Ls yanduye ifite uburozi burenze ubundi ifu yimbuto enye zapimwe.Kubwibyo, twahinduye uburyo burindwi bwo kuvura ibiryo byimbuto za Ls muburyo bukurikira: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, na 0.075 g / 120 mL dH2O.
Itsinda rishinzwe kuvura ritavuwe (dH20, nta ndyo yimbuto yimbuto) ryashyizwemo kugirango hamenyekane impfu zisanzwe ziterwa nudukoko.Uburozi bwa bioassay kuri buri funguro ryimbuto harimo bitatu byigana ibyuma bitatu (20 bitinze bya gatatu bya instar livre kuri buri byeri), byose hamwe ni 108.Ibikoresho byabitswe byabitswe ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba (20-21 ° C) kandi impfu nyinshi zanditswe mu masaha 24 na 72 zo gukomeza guhura n’ubuvuzi.Niba umubiri wumubu hamwe numugereka byacyo bitimuka iyo byacumiswe cyangwa bigakorwa hamwe na spatula yoroheje idafite ibyuma, inzitiramubu zifatwa nkizapfuye.Ibinyomoro byapfuye mubisanzwe biguma bitanyeganyega mumwanya wa dorsal cyangwa umuyaga munsi yikintu cyangwa hejuru yamazi.Ubushakashatsi bwagiye busubirwamo inshuro eshatu muminsi itandukanye ukoresheje amatsinda atandukanye ya liswi, hamwe na liswi 180 zose zagaragaye kuri buri cyerekezo cyo kuvura.
Uburozi bwa AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC ku nzitiramubu bwasuzumwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe bwa bioassay ariko hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye.Tegura ibisubizo 100.000 ppm kubisubizo kuri buri miti wongeyeho 100 µL yimiti kuri 900 µL ya Ethanol yuzuye muri tube ya mL 2 ya centrifuge hanyuma ukazunguza amasegonda 30 kugirango uvange neza.Imyitozo yo kuvura yagenwe hashingiwe kuri bioassay yacu ibanza, yasanze BITC ifite uburozi cyane kuruta AITC na 4-HBITC.Kugirango umenye uburozi, 5 yibitekerezo bya BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 na 12 ppm), 7 bya AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 na 35 ppm) hamwe na 6 bya 4-HBITC (15 , 15, 20, 25, 30 na 35 ppm).30, 45, 60, 75 na 90 ppm).Ubuvuzi bwo kugenzura bwatewe inshinge 108 μL za Ethanol yuzuye, bingana nubunini ntarengwa bwo kuvura imiti.Bioassays yasubiwemo nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, yerekana liswi 180 zose hamwe.Impfu nini zanditswe kuri buri cyegeranyo cya AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC nyuma ya 24 h zikomeje kugaragara.
Isesengura ryibibazo 65 byerekeranye nimpfu zifitanye isano nimpfu zakozwe hifashishijwe porogaramu ya Polo (Polo Plus, Software ya LeOra, verisiyo 1.0) kugirango ibare 50% yibitekerezo byica (LC50), 90% byica (LC90), ahahanamye, coefficient yica, na 95 % byica.hashingiwe ku cyizere intera intera yica ibipimo byica ibitekerezo byahinduwe byibanda hamwe na dose-impfu.Imfu zipfa gushingira hamwe kwigana amakuru ya liswi 180 zagaragaye kuri buri cyerekezo cyo kuvura.Isesengura ryibibazo ryakozwe ukwaryo kuri buri funguro ryimbuto na buri kintu kigize imiti.Hashingiwe ku ntera ya 95% y’icyizere cyo kugereranya ibipimo byica, uburozi bwibiryo byimbuto hamwe nibigize imiti yinzitiramubu byafatwaga nkaho bitandukanye cyane, bityo intera yicyizere irimo agaciro ka 1 ntabwo yari itandukanye cyane, P = 0.0566.
Ibisubizo bya HPLC kugirango hamenyekane glucosinolate nini mu ifu yimbuto zumye DFP, IG, PG na Ls ziri ku mbonerahamwe ya 1. Glucosinolates nini mu ifu yimbuto zapimwe ziratandukanye usibye DFP na PG, byombi birimo glucosinolate ya myrosinase.Ibigize myrosinin muri PG byari hejuru ugereranije na DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 na 26.5 ± 0,9 mg / g.Ifu yimbuto ya Ls yarimo 36.6 ± 1,2 mg / g glucoglycone, mugihe ifu yimbuto ya IG irimo 38.0 ± 0.5 mg / g sinapine.
Ibinini bya Ae.Umubu wa Aedes aegypti wishwe igihe wavurwaga nifunguro ryimbuto zumye, nubwo uburyo bwo kuvura butandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwibimera.Gusa DFP-NT ntabwo yari uburozi bwinzitiramubu nyuma ya 24 na 72 h zimaze kugaragara (Imbonerahamwe 2).Uburozi bwifu yimbuto ikora yiyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera (Ishusho 1A, B).Ubumara bwibiryo byimbuto zinzitiramubu zaratandukanye cyane hashingiwe kuri 95% CI yikigereranyo cyica cyica agaciro ka LC50 kumasaha 24 nisaha 72 (Imbonerahamwe 3).Nyuma yamasaha 24, ingaruka zuburozi bwimbuto za Ls zabaye nyinshi kurenza ubundi buryo bwo kuvura imbuto zimbuto, hamwe nibikorwa byinshi hamwe nuburozi bwinshi kuri livre (LC50 = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O).Larvae ntiyakunze kumva DFP mu masaha 24 ugereranije no kuvura ifu yimbuto ya IG, Ls na PG, hamwe na LC50 ifite agaciro ka 0.115, 0.04 na 0.08 g / 120 ml dH2O, ibyo bikaba byari hejuru y’imibare irenze agaciro ka LC50.0.211 g / 120 ml dH2O (Imbonerahamwe 3).Indangagaciro za LC90 za DFP, IG, PG na Ls zari 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 na 0.074 g / 120 ml dH2O (Imbonerahamwe 2).Ubwinshi bwa DPP bwari 0,12 g / 120 ml dH2O.Nyuma yamasaha 24 yo gusuzuma, impuzandengo yimfu zinzoka zari 12% gusa, mugihe impuzandengo yimfu za IG na PG zigeze kuri 51% na 82%.Nyuma yamasaha 24 yisuzumabumenyi, impuzandengo yimfu nyinshi ziterwa no kuvura imbuto za Ls (0.075 g / 120 ml dH2O) yari 99% (Ishusho 1A).
Imirongo yimfu yagereranijwe uhereye kubisubizo (Ikibazo) cya Ae.Ibinyomoro byo muri Egiputa (livre ya 3 instar) kugirango bibe imbuto zamasaha 24 (A) namasaha 72 (B) nyuma yo kuvurwa.Umurongo utudomo ugereranya LC50 yo kuvura imbuto.DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Ubushyuhe budakora Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Zahabu), PG Brassica juncea (Zahabu ya Pasifika), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Isuzuma ryamasaha 72, LC50 agaciro ka DFP, IG na PG ifunguro ryimbuto ni 0.111, 0.085 na 0.051 g / 120 ml dH2O.Hafi ya liswi zose zagaragaye ku ifunguro ryimbuto za Ls zapfuye nyuma ya 72 h zerekanwe, bityo imibare yimfu ntiyari ihuye nisesengura ryibibazo.Ugereranije nandi mafunguro yimbuto, livre ntiyakunze kuvura ifunguro ryimbuto ya DFP kandi yari ifite imibare ihanitse ya LC50 (Imbonerahamwe 2 na 3).Nyuma yamasaha 72, agaciro ka LC50 kubuvuzi bwimbuto zimbuto za DFP, IG na PG byagereranijwe ko ari 0.111, 0.085 na 0.05 g / 120 ml dH2O.Nyuma yamasaha 72 yo gusuzuma, agaciro ka LC90 yifu yimbuto ya DFP, IG na PG yari 0.215, 0.254 na 0.138 g / 120 ml dH2O.Nyuma yamasaha 72 yo gusuzuma, impuzandengo yimfu ziterwa na DFP, IG na PG zivura amafunguro yimbuto ku gipimo kinini cya 0,12 g / 120 ml dH2O yari 58%, 66% na 96%, (Ishusho 1B).Nyuma yisuzuma ryamasaha 72, ifunguro ryimbuto ya PG wasangaga ari uburozi kuruta ifunguro ryimbuto rya IG na DFP.
Isothiocyanates ya sintetike, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) na 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) irashobora kwica neza inzitiramubu.Ku masaha 24 nyuma yo kuvurwa, BITC yari ifite uburozi kuri liswi ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 5.29 ppm ugereranije na 19.35 ppm kuri AITC na 55.41 ppm kuri 4-HBITC (Imbonerahamwe 4).Ugereranije na AITC na BITC, 4-HBITC ifite uburozi buke nagaciro ka LC50.Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye muburozi bwinzitiramubu bwa isothiocyanates ebyiri (Ls na PG) mubiryo byimbuto zikomeye.Uburozi bushingiye ku kigereranyo cyica cya LC50 cyagaciro hagati ya AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC cyerekanye itandukaniro ryibarurishamibare kuburyo 95% CI yikigereranyo cya LC50 yica itashyizwemo agaciro ka 1 (P = 0.05, Imbonerahamwe 4).Umubare munini wa BITC na AITC wagereranijwe ko wica 100% bya liswi zapimwe (Ishusho 2).
Imirongo yimfu yagereranijwe uhereye kubisubizo (Ikibazo) cya Ae.Nyuma yamasaha 24 nyuma yo kuvurwa, liswi yo muri Egiputa (3 ya instar larvae) yageze kuri santetike ya isothiocyanate.Umurongo utudomo ugereranya LC50 yo kuvura isothiocyanate.Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC na 4-HBITC.
Ikoreshwa ryibimera biopesticide nkibikoresho byo kurwanya inzitiramubu bimaze igihe kinini byizwe.Ibimera byinshi bitanga imiti karemano ifite ibikorwa byica udukoko37.Ibinyabuzima byangiza umubiri bitanga ubundi buryo bushimishije bwo kwica udukoko twica udukoko dufite imbaraga nyinshi mukurwanya udukoko, harimo n imibu.
Ibihingwa bya sinapi bihingwa nkigihingwa cyimbuto zabo, bikoreshwa nkibirungo nisoko yamavuta.Iyo amavuta ya sinapi akuwe mu mbuto cyangwa iyo hakuwemo sinapi kugirango ikoreshwe nka biyogi, 69 ibiyikomokaho ni ifunguro ryimbuto.Iri funguro ryimbuto rigumana byinshi mubinyabuzima bisanzwe bya biohimiki na enzymes ya hydrolytike.Uburozi bwibi biryo byimbuto biterwa no gukora isothiocyanates 55,60,61.Isothiocyanates ikorwa na hydrolysis ya glucosinolates na enzyme myrosinase mugihe cyo kuvoma ibiryo byimbuto 38,55,70 kandi bizwiho kuba bifite fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal na insecticidal, hamwe nibindi bintu birimo ingaruka zibyumviro bya chimique hamwe na chimiotherapeutique 61,62, 70.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko ibihingwa bya sinapi nifunguro ryimbuto bikora neza nka fumigant kurwanya ubutaka hamwe nudukoko twangiza ibiryo 577.59,71,72.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasuzumye uburozi bwibiryo byimbuto enye nibicuruzwa bitatu bya bioactive AITC, BITC, na 4-HBITC kugeza inzitiramubu ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Ongeraho ifunguro ryimbuto mumazi arimo inzitiramubu byitezwe gukora ibikorwa byimisemburo itanga isothiocyanates yangiza uburozi bw imibu.Ihinduramiterere ryibinyabuzima ryerekanwe igice nigikorwa cyagaragaye cyibikorwa byamafunguro yimbuto no gutakaza ibikorwa byica udukoko mugihe ifunguro ryimbuto ya sinapi ya dwarf yavuwe mbere yo kuyikoresha.Biteganijwe ko kuvura ubushyuhe bizasenya imisemburo ya hydrolytike ikora glucosinolate, bityo bikarinda isotiyocyanates ya bioactive.Ubu ni bwo bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwemeza imiterere yica udukoko twangiza ifu yimbuto ya cabage irwanya imibu ahantu h’amazi.
Mu ifu yimbuto zapimwe, ifu yimbuto zamazi (Ls) nuburozi cyane, butera impfu nyinshi za Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti larvae yatunganijwe ubudahwema amasaha 24.Ifu yimbuto eshatu zisigaye (PG, IG na DFP) zagize ibikorwa bitinda kandi ziracyatera impfu zikomeye nyuma yamasaha 72 yo kuvurwa ubudahwema.Gusa ifunguro ryimbuto ya Ls ryarimo glucosinolate nyinshi, mugihe PG na DFP zirimo myrosinase na IG zirimo glucosinolate nka glucosinolate nini (Imbonerahamwe 1).Glucotropaeolin ihindurwamo hydrolyz kuri BITC naho sinalbine ikavamo hydrolyz kuri 4-HBITC61,62.Ibisubizo byacu bioassay byerekana ko ifunguro ryimbuto za Ls hamwe na BITC yubukorikori ari uburozi bukabije bwinzitiramubu.Ibyingenzi byingenzi byamafunguro yimbuto ya PG na DFP ni myrosinase glucosinolate, iba hydrolyz kuri AITC.AITC ifite akamaro mukwica inzitiramubu ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 19.35 ppm.Ugereranije na AITC na BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate nuburozi buke kuri liswi.Nubwo AITC idafite uburozi burenze BITC, agaciro kabo LC50 kari munsi yamavuta menshi yingenzi yapimwe ninzitiramubu 32,73,74,75.
Ifu yacu yimbuto yimbuto kugirango ikoreshwe kurwanya inzitiramubu irimo glucosinolate imwe nini, bingana na 98-99% bya glucosinolate yose nkuko byagenwe na HPLC.Umubare w'izindi glucosinolate waragaragaye, ariko urwego rwabo ntirwari munsi ya 0.3% ya glucosinolate yose.Ifu yimbuto (L. sativum) ifu yimbuto irimo glucosinolate ya kabiri (sinigrin), ariko igipimo cyayo ni 1% ya glucosinolate yose, kandi ibiyirimo biracyari bike (ifu yimbuto ya mg / g 0.4).Nubwo PG na DFP birimo glucosinolate imwe (myrosin) imwe, ibikorwa bya larvicidal byamafunguro yimbuto zabo biratandukanye cyane kubera agaciro ka LC50.Biratandukanye muburozi kuri powdery mildew.Kugaragara kwa Aedes aegypti larvae birashobora guterwa no gutandukana mubikorwa bya myrosinase cyangwa gutuza hagati yimbuto zombi.Igikorwa cya Myrosinase gifite uruhare runini muri bioavailable yibicuruzwa bya hydrolysis nka isothiocyanates mu bimera bya Brassicaceae76.Raporo zabanjirije iyi zakozwe na Pocock et al.77 na Wilkinson et al.78 zerekanye ko impinduka mu bikorwa bya myrosinase no gutuza zishobora no kuba zifitanye isano n’ingirabuzima fatizo n’ibidukikije.
Ibiteganijwe kuri bioactive isothiocyanate yabazwe hashingiwe ku gaciro ka LC50 ya buri funguro ryimbuto ku masaha 24 na 72 (Imbonerahamwe 5) kugirango ugereranye n’imiti ikoreshwa.Nyuma yamasaha 24, isothiocyanates mu ifunguro ryimbuto yari uburozi kuruta ibimera byiza.Indangagaciro za LC50 zibarwa zishingiye ku bice kuri miliyoni (ppm) yo kuvura imbuto ya isothiocyanate yari munsi ya LC50 kubiciro bya BITC, AITC, na 4-HBITC.Twabonye liswi zirya imbuto zimbuto (Ishusho 3A).Kubera iyo mpamvu, liswi irashobora kwakira cyane isothiocyanates yuburozi ikarya imbuto zimbuto.Ibi byagaragaye cyane mubuvuzi bwimbuto za imbuto za IG na PG mugihe cya 24-h, aho LC50 yibanzeho 75% na 72% munsi yubuvuzi bwiza bwa AITC na 4-HBITC.Ubuvuzi bwa Ls na DFP bwari uburozi kuruta isothiocyanate, hamwe na LC50 agaciro ka 24% na 41% munsi.Ibinyomoro mu kuvura byateguwe neza (Igishusho 3B), mu gihe liswi nyinshi mu kuvura ifunguro ry’imbuto zitigeze zishira kandi iterambere ry’imisemburo ryatinze cyane (Ishusho 3B, D).Muri Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanates ifitanye isano no kudindira gukura no gutinda kw'iterambere79.
Ibinini bya Ae.Umubu wa Aedes aegypti wakomeje guhura nifu yimbuto ya Brassica mumasaha 24-72.(A) Ibinyomoro byapfuye hamwe nuduce twibiryo byimbuto mumunwa (bizunguruka);.ifunguro ryimbuto ryerekanaga itandukaniro mumajyambere kandi ntirigana.
Ntabwo twize uburyo bw'ingaruka z'uburozi bwa isothiocyanates kuri lisiti y'umubu.Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku bimonyo bitukura (Solenopsis invicta) bwerekanye ko kubuza glutathione S-transferase (GST) na esterase (EST) aribwo buryo nyamukuru bwa bioactivite isothiocyanate, kandi AITC, ndetse no mu bikorwa bike, irashobora kandi kubuza ibikorwa bya GST .umutuku utumizwa mu mahanga ibimonyo byumuriro muke.Igipimo ni 0.5 µg / ml80.Ibinyuranye, AITC ibuza acetylcholinesterase mumyanda y'ibigori ikuze (Sitophilus zeamais) 81.Ubushakashatsi nkubu bugomba gukorwa kugirango hamenyekane uburyo bwibikorwa bya isothiocyanate muri livi y imibu.
Twifashishije uburyo bwo kuvura DFP idashyuha kugirango dushyigikire icyifuzo cy'uko hydrolysis ya glucosinolate y'ibimera ikora isothiocyanates ikora nk'uburyo bwo kurwanya inzitiramubu hakoreshejwe ifunguro rya sinapi.Ifunguro ryimbuto ya DFP-HT ntabwo ryabaye uburozi kubipimo byasuzumwe.Lafarga n'abandi.82 yatangaje ko glucosinolates yunvikana no kwangirika ku bushyuhe bwinshi.Biteganijwe kandi ko ubushyuhe bushyira mu gaciro enzyme ya myrosinase mu ifunguro ryimbuto kandi ikarinda hydrolysis ya glucosinolates gukora isothiocyanates ikora.Ibi kandi byemejwe na Okunade n'abandi.75 yerekanye ko myrosinase itumva ubushyuhe, byerekana ko ibikorwa bya myrosinase bitakozwe rwose mugihe sinapi, sinapi yumukara, nimbuto ziva mumaraso byagaragaye ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 80 °.C. Ubu buryo bushobora kuviramo gutakaza ibikorwa byica udukoko twangiza imbuto ya DFP yubushyuhe.
Rero, ifunguro ryimbuto ya sinapi hamwe na bitatu byingenzi bya isothiocyanate ni uburozi bwinzitiramubu.Urebye itandukaniro riri hagati yifunguro ryimbuto nubuvuzi bwa chimique, gukoresha ifunguro ryimbuto birashobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya imibu.Harakenewe kumenya uburyo bukwiye hamwe na sisitemu nziza yo gutanga kugirango tunoze neza kandi bihamye byo gukoresha ifu yimbuto.Ibisubizo byacu byerekana uburyo bwo gukoresha ifunguro ryimbuto ya sinapi nkindi miti yica udukoko twangiza.Iri koranabuhanga rishobora guhinduka igikoresho gishya cyo kurwanya inzitiramubu.Kubera ko inzitiramubu ikura ahantu h’amazi kandi ifunguro ryimbuto glucosinolate ihindurwamo imbaraga mu buryo bwa isothiocyanate ikora nyuma yo kuyobya amazi, gukoresha ifunguro ryimbuto za sinapi mumazi yanduye imibu bitanga ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugenzura.Nubwo ibikorwa bya larvicidal ya isothiocyanates bitandukanye (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), harakenewe ubushakashatsi bwinshi kugirango hamenyekane niba guhuza ifunguro ryimbuto na glucosinolate nyinshi byongera uburozi.Ubu ni bwo bushakashatsi bwambere bwerekana ingaruka ziterwa nudukoko twangiza ibiryo byimbuto zimbuto zanduye hamwe na bioactive isothiocyanates eshatu ku mibu.Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bisenya ibintu bishya byerekana ko ifunguro ry’imbuto za keleti zivanze, umusaruro ukomoka ku mbuto zikomoka ku mbuto, zishobora kuba nk'umuti wizewe wo kurwanya imibu.Aya makuru arashobora gufasha kurushaho kuvumbura imiti ya biocontrol yiterambere niterambere ryayo nka biopesticide yangiza, ifatika, kandi yangiza ibidukikije.
Imibare yatanzwe kuri ubu bushakashatsi hamwe nisesengura yavuyemo iraboneka kubanditsi babisabye babisabye.Ubushakashatsi burangiye, ibikoresho byose byakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi (udukoko nifunguro ryimbuto) byarasenyutse.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-29-2024