Hainan, nk'intara ya mbere mu Bushinwa yafunguye isoko ry'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, intara ya mbere yashyize mu bikorwa gahunda yo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko ku bwinshi, intara ya mbere yashyize mu bikorwa gushyiraho ibirango by'ibicuruzwa no gushyiraho amategeko ku miti yica udukoko, inzira nshya yo guhindura politiki yo gucunga imiti yica udukoko, yakunze kwitabwaho n'inganda z'igihugu zikora ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, cyane cyane imiterere yagutse y'abacuruzi b'isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko rya Hainan.
Ku ya 25 Werurwe 2024, kugira ngo hashyirwe mu bikorwa ingingo zijyanye n'amabwiriza agenga irushanwa ry'icyambu cy'ubucuruzi bw'i Hainan n'ingingo zijyanye no gucunga imiti yica udukoko mu gace kihariye k'ubukungu ka Hainan, yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2023, Guverinoma y'abaturage b'Intara ya Hainan yafashe icyemezo cyo gukuraho ingamba zo gucunga imikorere y'imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi n'ubucuruzi mu gace kihariye k'ubukungu ka Hainan.
Ibi bivuze kandi ko imicungire y'imiti yica udukoko i Hainan izatera intambwe ikomeye, isoko rizarushaho kugabanuka, kandi imiterere y'abantu 8 (mbere ya 1 Ukwakira 2023, hari ibigo 8 bicuruza imiti yica udukoko, ibigo 1.638 bicuruza imiti yica udukoko n'ibigo 298 bito mu Ntara ya Hainan) bizacika ku mugaragaro. Byahindutse uburyo bushya bwo kwigarurira, mu buryo bushya: inzira z'ubwinshi, ibiciro by'ubwinshi, serivisi z'ubwinshi.
"Amategeko mashya" yo mu 2023 yashyizwe mu bikorwa
Mbere y’uko ingamba zo gucunga imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi no mu maduka mu gace kihariye k’ubukungu ka Hainan zivanwaho, ingingo zigenga imicungire y’imiti yica udukoko mu gace kidasanzwe k’ubukungu ka Hainan (hanyuma hitwa "Ingingo") zashyizwe mu bikorwa ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2023.
“Ntabwo tugitandukanya ibikorwa by’imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi n’ubucuruzi, ntagabanya ibiciro by’imiti yica udukoko, nta n’ubwo tugishyiraho ibigo bicuruza imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi bw’inyongera n’abacuruza imiti yica udukoko mu gupiganwa, nta n’ubwo tugishyiraho uburyo bwo kuyicunga bujyanye n’uruhushya rw’igihugu rwo kuyicunga…”
Ibi byazanye inkuru nziza ku baturage bose b’ubuhinzi, bityo iyi nyandiko yemejwe kandi ishimwa n’abakora imiti yica udukoko benshi. Kubera ko ibi bivuze ko ubushobozi bw’isoko bungana na miliyari 2 z’amayuani mu mikorere y’isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko rya Hainan buzagabanuka, bizazana impinduka nini n’amahirwe mashya.
"Ingingo nyinshi" zo muri verisiyo ya 60 yo mu 2017 zongerewe ku ya 26, zigira ishusho y'itegeko "rito, rigufi", rikurikiza ingingo zigamije ibibazo, mu gutunganya, gutwara, kubika, gucunga no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu gihe cy'ibibazo bikomeye, n'impinduka zigamije.
Muri byo, kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi ni uguhagarika uburyo bwo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi bw'ibimera.
None se, ni ibihe by'ingenzi n'ingenzi by' "amabwiriza mashya" amaze hafi amezi atandatu ashyirwa mu bikorwa, tuzabikemura kandi twongere tubisuzume, kugira ngo abakora imiti yica udukoko bo mu gace batuyemo n'abacuruza imiti yica udukoko bo ku isoko rya Hainan barusheho gusobanukirwa no gusobanukirwa amabwiriza mashya, bayobore neza kandi bahindure imiterere yabo n'ingamba z'ubucuruzi, kandi bakoreshe amahirwe mashya mu gihe cy'impinduka mu gihe.
Sisitemu yo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko yakuweho ku mugaragaro
"Ingingo nyinshi" zigena amategeko agenga ipiganwa ry’ibyambu by’ubucuruzi bw’ubuntu, zihindura uburyo bwa mbere bwo gucunga imiti yica udukoko, zigenzura imyitwarire y’ubucuruzi itemewe n’amategeko aho ituruka, kandi zigashyigikira ko abafite uruhare rukwiye ku isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko mu ipiganwa.
Icya mbere ni uguhagarika uburyo bwo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi bunini, kutazongera gutandukanya ibikorwa byo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi bunini n’ubucuruzi bunini, no kugabanya ikiguzi cy’imikoreshereze y’imiti yica udukoko. Bityo, ibigo bicuruza imiti yica udukoko n’abacuruza imiti yica udukoko ntibakigenwa n’ipiganwa, kugira ngo bagabanye ikiguzi cy’imikoreshereze y’imiti yica udukoko.
Icya kabiri ni ugushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gucunga bujyanye n'uruhushya rw'igihugu rw'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko, kandi abakora imiti yica udukoko babishoboye bashobora gusaba mu buryo butaziguye amashami y'ubuhinzi n'icyaro abifitiye ubushobozi ya za guverinoma z'abaturage bo mu mijyi, uturere n'uturere twigenga aho ibikorwa byabo biherereye kugira ngo babone impushya z'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko.
Mu by’ukuri, kuva mu 1997, Intara ya Hainan ni yo ya mbere mu gihugu yashyize mu bikorwa gahunda yo gutanga uburenganzira ku miti yica udukoko no gufungura isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko, kandi mu 2005, hasohotse “Amabwiriza menshi yerekeye imicungire y’imiti yica udukoko mu gace kihariye k’ubukungu ka Hainan”, yashyizeho iri vugurura mu buryo bw’amabwiriza.
Muri Nyakanga 2010, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Abaturage ya Hainan yashyizeho "Amabwiriza Anyuranye Ajyanye n’Imicungire y’Imiti Irwanya Uburozi mu Karere ka Hainan kihariye", ishyiraho uburyo bwo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko mu Ntara ya Hainan. Muri Mata 2011, guverinoma y’Intara ya Hainan yasohoye "Ingamba zo Gucunga Uruhushya rw’Ubucuruzi bw’Imiti Irwanya Uburozi mu Ntara ya Hainan", ivuga ko bitarenze 2013, hazaba hari ibigo 2-3 gusa bicuruza imiti yica udukoko mu Ntara ya Hainan, buri kimwe gifite imari shingiro irenga miliyoni 100 z’amayuwani; Intara ifite ibigo 18 bikwirakwiza imijyi n’uturere; Hari ibigo 205 bicuruza, muri rusange 1 muri buri mujyi, bifite imari shingiro itari munsi ya miliyoni 1 z’amayuwani, kandi imijyi n’uturere bishobora gukora impinduka zikwiye hakurikijwe uko iterambere ry’ubuhinzi rihagaze, imiterere y’imirima ya leta n’imiterere y’urujya n’uruza rw’abantu. Mu 2012, Hainan yasohoye icyiciro cya mbere cy’impushya zo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko, ibi bikaba bigaragaza intambwe ikomeye mu ivugurura ry’uburyo bwo gucunga imiti yica udukoko muri Hainan, kandi bivuze ko abakora imiti bashobora kugurisha gusa imiti yica udukoko muri Hainan binyuze mu bufatanye n’abacuruzi bo mu bucuruzi bunini batumiwe gutanga amasoko na leta.
"Ingingo nyinshi" zinoza uburyo bwo gucunga imiti yica udukoko, zikuraho uburyo bwo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko, ntizikitandukanya ibikorwa byo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko n'ibyo kugurisha, zigabanya ibiciro by'imikoreshereze y'imiti yica udukoko, kandi ntizikigena uburyo ibigo bicuruza imiti yica udukoko n'abacuruza imiti yica udukoko batanga amasoko, kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo gucunga imiti yica udukoko. Gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda y'igihugu yo gucunga impushya z'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko, abakoresha imiti yica udukoko babishoboye bashobora gusaba mu buryo butaziguye ubuyobozi bw'umujyi, akarere, akarere kigenga gashinzwe ubuhinzi n'icyaro kugira ngo babone uruhushya rw'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko.
Abakozi b'ibiro bireba by'ishami rishinzwe ubuhinzi n'icyaro mu ntara ya Hainan baravuze bati: Ibi bivuze ko politiki y'imiti yica udukoko muri Hainan izakurikiza amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu, nta tandukaniro riri hagati y'igurishwa ry'ibicuruzwa byinshi n'iry'ubucuruzi rihari, kandi nta mpamvu yo gushyiraho ikirango; Gukuraho uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi bunini bivuze ko imiti yica udukoko ishobora kwinjira muri icyo kirwa mu bwisanzure, igihe cyose ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa kandi inzira ikaba yujuje ibisabwa, nta mpamvu yo kwandika no kwemeza icyo kirwa.
Ku ya 25 Werurwe, Guverinoma y'abaturage y'Intara ya Hainan yafashe icyemezo cyo gukuraho "Ingamba zo gucunga impushya zo kugurisha no kugurisha imiti yica udukoko mu gace ka Hainan" (Qiongfu [2017] No. 25), bivuze ko mu gihe kizaza, ibigo byo ku mugabane w'uburasirazuba bishobora gukorana ku mugaragaro n'ibigo byo ku kirwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza, kandi abakora imiti yica udukoko n'abayikoresha bazagira amahitamo menshi.
Nk’uko amakuru aturuka mu nganda abivuga, nyuma yo guhagarika ku mugaragaro uburyo bwo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko, hazabaho andi masosiyete yinjira muri Hainan, ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa bihuye na byo bizagabanuka, kandi andi mahitamo azaba meza ku bahinzi b’imbuto n’imboga ba Hainan.
Imiti yica udukoko itera icyizere
Ingingo ya 4 y’ingingo ivuga ko za leta z’abaturage ziri ku rwego rw’akarere cyangwa zirengeje, hakurikijwe ingingo zibishinzwe, zigomba gutanga inkunga n’inkunga ku bakoresha imiti yica udukoko mu buryo bwizewe kandi bunoze, cyangwa bagakoresha ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima, ikoranabuhanga n’andi mashami mu gukumira no kurwanya indwara n’udukoko. Gushishikariza abakora imiti yica udukoko n’abayikoresha, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu by’ubuhinzi, amashuri makuru na za kaminuza by’umwuga, imiryango yihariye ishinzwe kurwanya indwara n’udukoko, amashyirahamwe y’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi n’ikoranabuhanga n’indi miryango iharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage gutanga amahugurwa, ubuyobozi na serivisi z’ikoranabuhanga ku bakoresha imiti yica udukoko.
Ibi bivuze ko imiti yica udukoko itera imbere ku isoko rya Hainan.
Muri iki gihe, imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bihingwa ngengabukungu bigaragazwa n'imbuto n'imboga, kandi Hainan ni intara nini ifite imbuto n'imboga nyinshi mu Bushinwa.
Nk’uko bigaragara mu kinyamakuru Statistics Bulletin cy’Intara ya Hainan gishinzwe iterambere ry’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza mu 2023, kugeza mu 2022, ubuso bw’imboga (harimo n’imboga z’amahumyo) mu Ntara ya Hainan buzaba miliyoni 4.017 mu mayuramu, kandi umusaruro uzaba toni miliyoni 6.0543; ubuso bw’imbuto bwari miliyoni 3.2630 mu mayuramu, naho umusaruro ukaba toni miliyoni 5.6347.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ingaruka mbi z’udukoko twihanganira udukoko, nka thrips, aphids, udukoko two mu bwoko bwa scale na whiteflies, zakomeje kwiyongera umwaka ku wundi, kandi imiterere yo kurwirinda irakomeye. Kubera kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko no kongera imikorere myiza n’iterambere ry’ubuhinzi budahumanya ibidukikije, Hainan yagiye ishyira mu bikorwa igitekerezo cya "gukumira no kurwanya ibidukikije". Binyuze mu guhuza imiti yica udukoko n’imiti yica udukoko ikora neza kandi idafite uburozi bwinshi, Hainan yashyize hamwe uburyo bwo gukumira no kurwanya indwara n’udukoko, ikoranabuhanga ryo kwirinda indwara ziterwa n’ibimera, ikoranabuhanga ryo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ikora neza kandi idafite uburozi bwinshi. Ishobora kongera igihe cyo gukumira no kurwanya no kugabanya inshuro ikoreshwa, kugira ngo igere ku ntego yo kugabanya ingano y’imiti yica udukoko no kunoza ubwiza bw’ibihingwa.
Urugero, mu kurwanya udukoko twitwa thrips durwanya ibishyimbo by’inka, ishami ry’imiti yica udukoko rya Hainan risaba abahinzi gukoresha amazi inshuro 1000 Metaria anisopliae hamwe n’umunyu wa Metaria inshuro 5.7% inshuro 2000, hiyongereyeho imiti yica udukoko no kongera imiti yica udukoko, imiti ikuze n’iy’amagi icyarimwe, kugira ngo bongere igihe cyo kuyirwanya no kuzigama inshuro zo kuyikoresha.
Bishobora kugaragara ko imiti yica udukoko ifite amahirwe menshi yo kuyikoresha no kuyikoresha ku isoko ry’imboga n’imbuto rya Hainan.
Umusaruro n'ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ibujijwe bizagenzurwa cyane
Bitewe n’ibibazo by’uturere, amategeko agenga imiti yica udukoko muri Hainan yahoraga akaze kurusha ayo ku mugabane w’igihugu. Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2021, Ishami ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ibyaro ry’Intara ya Hainan ryasohoye "Urutonde rw’Imiti Ibujijwe Gutunganya, Gutwara, Kubika, Kugurisha no Gukoresha Imiti Irwanya Uburozi mu Karere ka Hainan kihariye" (yavuguruwe mu 2021). Itangazo ryagaragaje imiti yica udukoko 73 ibujijwe, irindwi irenze urutonde rw’imiti yica udukoko ibujijwe yashyizweho na Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ibyaro. Muri yo, kugurisha no gukoresha fenvalerate, butyryl hydrazine (bijo), chlorpyrifos, triazophos, flufenamide birabujijwe burundu.
Ingingo ya 3 y’aya Mategeko ivuga ko gukora, gutwara, kubika, gukoresha no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko irimo ibintu bihumanya cyane kandi bifite uburozi bwinshi bibujijwe mu Karere ka Hainan kihariye k’Ubukungu. Aho bikenewe cyane gukora cyangwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko irimo ibintu bihumanya cyane cyangwa bifite uburozi bwinshi bitewe n’ibikenewe byihariye, uruhushya rutangwa n’ishami rishinzwe ubuhinzi n’ibikorwa by’icyaro rya guverinoma y’abaturage b’intara ribifitiye ububasha; aho uruhushya rutangwa n’ishami rishinzwe ubuhinzi n’ibikorwa by’icyaro rya Guverinoma y’Intara hakurikijwe amategeko, hakurikizwa ingingo zaryo. Ishami rishinzwe ubuhinzi n’ibikorwa by’icyaro rya guverinoma y’abaturage b’intara rigomba gutangaza ku mugaragaro no gucapa no gukwirakwiza urutonde rw’ubwoko bw’imiti yica udukoko n’uburyo bwo kuyikoresha, kuyikoresha no kuyikoresha bigamije guteza imbere, kubuza no kuyikoresha na Leta n’uturere twihariye tw’ubukungu, kandi bikayishyira ahantu hakorerwa imiti yica udukoko n’ibiro bya Komite y’abaturage (abaturage). Ni ukuvuga ko muri iki gice cy’urutonde rw’imikoreshereze ibujijwe, iracyagengwa n’Akarere kidasanzwe ka Hainan.
Nta bwisanzure busesuye, uburyo bwo kugura imiti yica udukoko kuri interineti burimo ubuhanga
Gukuraho uburyo bwo kugurisha no gucunga imiti yica udukoko ku kirwa bivuze ko kugurisha no gucunga imiti yica udukoko ku kirwa ari ubuntu, ariko ubwisanzure si ubwisanzure busesuye.
Ingingo ya 8 y’“Ingingo Zinyuranye” irushaho kunoza uburyo bwo gucunga imiti kugira ngo ihuze n’imimerere mishya, imiterere mishya n’ibisabwa bishya mu rwego rwo gukwirakwiza imiti yica udukoko. Ubwa mbere, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’igitabo cy’amakuru akoreshwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, abakora imiti yica udukoko n’abayikoresha bagomba gushyiraho igitabo cy’amakuru akoreshwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga binyuze mu buryo bw’amakuru akoreshwa mu gucunga imiti yica udukoko, inyandiko yuzuye kandi y’ukuri y’amakuru atangwa n’atangwa mu kugura imiti yica udukoko, kugira ngo harebwe aho imiti yica udukoko ituruka n’aho ijya. Icya kabiri ni ugushyiraho no kunoza uburyo bwo kugura no kugurisha imiti yica udukoko kuri interineti, no gusobanura neza ko kugurisha imiti yica udukoko kuri interineti bigomba kubahiriza ingingo zijyanye no gucunga imiti yica udukoko. Icya gatatu ni ugusobanura neza ishami rishinzwe isuzuma ry’amakuru akoreshwa mu kwamamaza imiti yica udukoko, rivuga ko kwamamaza imiti yica udukoko bigomba gusuzumwa n’inzego z’ubuyobozi bw’akarere, akarere n’uturere twigenga tw’ubuhinzi n’icyaro mbere yuko bishyirwa ahagaragara, kandi ntibigomba gusohoka bitabanje gusuzumwa.
Ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko kuri interineti bwafunguye icyerekezo gishya
Mbere y'uko "Ingingo Zimwe Zishyirwa Hanze", imiti yose yica udukoko yinjira muri Hainan ntishobora kuba ubucuruzi bunini, kandi ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko kuri interineti ntibushobora kuvugwa.
Ariko, ingingo ya 10 y'"Ingingo nyinshi" ivuga ko abakora ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko binyuze kuri interineti n'izindi mbuga z'amakuru bagomba kubona uruhushya rw'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko hakurikijwe amategeko, kandi bagakomeza gutangaza impushya zabo z'ubucuruzi, impushya z'ubucuruzi bw'imiti yica udukoko n'andi makuru nyayo ajyanye n'ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi mu mwanya ugaragara ku rubuga rwabo rwa interineti cyangwa ku ipaji nyamukuru y'ibikorwa byabo by'ubucuruzi. Bigomba kuvugururwa ku gihe.
Ibi bivuze kandi ko ubucuruzi bw’imiti yica udukoko bwa elegitoroniki, bwari bwarabujijwe cyane, bwafunguye iki kibazo kandi bushobora kwinjira ku isoko rya Hainan nyuma ya tariki ya 1 Ukwakira 2023. Ariko, bikwiye kandi kumenyekana ko "Ingingo nyinshi" zisaba ko amatsinda n'abantu ku giti cyabo bagura imiti yica udukoko binyuze kuri interineti bagomba gutanga amakuru nyayo kandi afatika yo kugura. Ariko ntacyo bitwaye, kuko ubu, impande zombi z'ubucuruzi bw'imiti bujyanye na yo ni ukwiyandikisha cyangwa kwiyandikisha mu izina nyaryo.
Abatanga serivisi z'ubuhinzi bagomba gukora akazi keza mu guhindura ikoranabuhanga
Nyuma y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya “Ingingo Zimwe” ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2023, bivuze ko isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko i Hainan ryashyizeho uburyo bwo gucunga bujyanye n’uruhushya rw’igihugu rw’ubucuruzi bw’imiti yica udukoko, ni ukuvuga isoko ry’imiti ihuriweho. Hamwe n’ikurwaho ry’amategeko rya “Ingamba zo Gucunga Impushya z’Ubucuruzi bw’Imiti Idasanzwe yo mu Karere ka Hainan”, bivuze ko munsi y’isoko rinini ry’imiti ihuriweho, igiciro cy’imiti yica udukoko i Hainan kizagenwa cyane n’isoko.
Nta gushidikanya, igikurikiraho, hamwe n’iterambere ry’impinduka, ivugurura ry’isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko i Hainan rizakomeza kwihuta no kugabanuka mu bwinshi bw’imiti: inzira z’ubwinshi, ibiciro by’ubwinshi, serivisi z’ubwinshi.
Abahanga mu nganda bavuze ko nyuma y’uko imiterere y’ingufu za “buri wese” igabanutse, umubare w’abacuruzi b’imiti yica udukoko n’amaduka acuruza imiti i Hainan uziyongera buhoro buhoro, amasoko y’ibiciro azagenda ahinduka, kandi ikiguzi cyo kugura kizagabanuka uko bikwiye; Umubare w’ibicuruzwa n’ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa nabyo biziyongera cyane, kandi umwanya wo guhitamo ku bacuruzi bato n’abaciriritse, abacuruzi, n’abahinzi wo kugura imiti yica udukoko uziyongera, kandi ikiguzi cy’imiti ku bahinzi kizagabanuka uko bikwiye. Irushanwa ry’abakozi rirakomera, rihura no gukuraho cyangwa guhinduranya; Inzira zo kugurisha mu buhinzi zizaba ngufi, abakora ibicuruzwa bashobora kugera ku bahinzi/abahinzi barenze umucuruzi; Birumvikana ko irushanwa ku isoko rizaba rikaze cyane, intambara y’ibiciro izaba ikomeye cyane. Cyane cyane ku bacuruzi n’abacuruzi i Hainan, ipiganwa ry’ibanze rigomba kuva ku mutungo w’ibicuruzwa rijya mu cyerekezo cya serivisi za tekiniki, kuva ku kugurisha ibicuruzwa mu iduka kugera ku kugurisha ikoranabuhanga na serivisi mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi, kandi ni ikintu kidasubirwaho guhinduka umutanga serivisi za tekiniki.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Mata 2024