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Ihuriro ry’ibimera biva mu bimera bishobora kwerekana imikoranire cyangwa kurwanya kurwanya udukoko.Bitewe n’ikwirakwizwa ryihuse ry’indwara ziterwa n’umubu wa Aedes hamwe n’ukwiyongera kw’abaturage b’umubu wa Aedes kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko, hashyizweho kandi makumyabiri n'umunani bivangwa na terpene bivanze n’amavuta y’ibimera by’ibimera byakozwe kandi bipimwa ku ntera nini kandi ikuze ya Aedes aegypti.Amavuta atanu yibihingwa (EOs) yabanje gusuzumwa kubikorwa bya larvicidal hamwe nabakuze-bakuze, kandi ibice bibiri byingenzi byagaragaye muri buri EO hashingiwe kubisubizo bya GC-MS.Ibikoresho nyamukuru byamenyekanye byaguzwe, aribyo diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol n'umubu alpha-pinene.Binary ikomatanya yibi bikoresho noneho yateguwe hifashishijwe dosiye ya sublethal kandi ingaruka zazo zo guhuza no kurwanya antagonistique zarageragejwe kandi ziramenyekana.Ibihimbano byiza bya larvicidal biboneka mukuvanga limonene na diallyl disulfide, kandi ibihimbano byiza byabantu bakuze biboneka mukuvanga carvone na limonene.Ibicuruzwa byakoreshwaga mu bucuruzi byitwa Temphos hamwe nibiyobyabwenge bikuze Malathion byapimwe bitandukanye kandi muburyo bwa binary hamwe na terpenoide.Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko guhuza temephos na diallyl disulfide na malathion na eudesmol aribwo buryo bwiza bwo guhuza.Izi mbaraga zikomeye zifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha kurwanya Aedes aegypti.
Amavuta yingenzi yibihingwa (EOs) ni metabolite ya kabiri irimo ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bya bioactive kandi bigenda birushaho kuba ingirakamaro muburyo bwo kwica udukoko twangiza udukoko.Ntabwo ari ibidukikije gusa kandi byangiza abakoresha, ariko kandi ni uruvange rwibintu bitandukanye bioactive, binagabanya amahirwe yo kwandura ibiyobyabwenge1.Bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya GC-MS, abashakashatsi basuzumye ibigize amavuta y’ibanze y’ibimera kandi bamenya ibice birenga 3.000 biva mu bimera bya aromati 17.500, ibyinshi muri byo bikaba byarageragejwe ku miti yica udukoko kandi bivugwa ko bifite ingaruka z’udukoko 3.4.Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko uburozi bwibintu nyamukuru bigize uruganda ari kimwe cyangwa kinini kuruta icya okiside ya Ethylene.Ariko ikoreshwa ryibintu byihariye birashobora kongera gusiga umwanya witerambere ryokurwanya, nkuko bimeze kumiti yica udukoko 5,6.Kubwibyo rero, icyibandwaho muri iki gihe ni ugutegura imvange y’ibinyabuzima bishingiye kuri Ethylene kugirango hongerwe imbaraga imiti yica udukoko no kugabanya amahirwe yo guhangana n’udukoko twangiza.Ibintu bikora ku giti cye biboneka muri EOs birashobora kwerekana ingaruka zoguhuza cyangwa kurwanya antagonistique muguhuza kwerekana ibikorwa rusange bya EO, ikintu cyashimangiwe cyane mubushakashatsi bwakozwe nabashakashatsi bambere7,8.Gahunda yo kugenzura vector nayo irimo EO nibiyigize.Igikorwa cy imibu cyamavuta yingenzi cyizwe cyane kumubu wa Culex na Anopheles.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagerageje guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko duhuza ibihingwa bitandukanye nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko kugirango twongere uburozi muri rusange kandi bigabanye ingaruka9.Ariko ubushakashatsi bwibintu nkibi birwanya Aedes aegypti bikomeje kuba gake.Iterambere mu bumenyi bw'ubuvuzi no guteza imbere ibiyobyabwenge n'inkingo byafashije kurwanya indwara zimwe na zimwe ziterwa na virusi.Ariko kuba hari serotipi zitandukanye za virusi, zanduzwa n'umubu wa Aedes aegypti, byatumye gahunda yo gukingira inanirwa.Kubwibyo, iyo indwara nkizo zibaye, gahunda yo kugenzura vector niyo nzira yonyine yo gukumira ikwirakwizwa ryindwara.Muri iki gihe, kugenzura Aedes aegypti ni ingenzi cyane kuko ni vector yingenzi ya virusi zitandukanye hamwe na serotipi zabo zitera umuriro wa dengue, Zika, dengue hemorhagie, umuriro wumuhondo, nibindi. Ikintu kigaragara cyane ni uko umubare w’umubare Indwara ziterwa na virusi zose zanduye Aedes ziyongera buri mwaka muri Egiputa kandi ziriyongera kwisi yose.Niyo mpamvu, muri urwo rwego, hakenewe byihutirwa gushyiraho ingamba zangiza ibidukikije kandi zifatika zo kugenzura abaturage ba Aedes aegypti.Abashobora kuba abakandida muriki kibazo ni EOs, ibiyigize, hamwe.Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bwagerageje kumenya uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ibimera byingenzi biva mu bimera bitanu bifite imiti yica udukoko (urugero, mint, ibase ryera, Eucalyptus yagaragaye, Allium sulfure na melaleuca) kurwanya Aedes aegypti.
EOs zose zatoranijwe zerekanye ibikorwa bya larvicidal kurwanya Aedes aegypti hamwe na 24-h LC50 kuva kuri 0.42 kugeza 163.65 ppm.Igikorwa kinini cya larvicidal cyanditswe kuri peppermint (Mp) EO ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 0.42 ppm kuri 24h, ikurikirwa na tungurusumu (As) ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 16.19 ppm kuri 24h (Imbonerahamwe 1).
Usibye Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, izindi enye zose zerekanwe EOs zerekanye ingaruka zigaragara za allercidal, hamwe nagaciro ka LC50 kuva 23.37 kugeza 120.16 ppm mugihe cyamasaha 24.Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO yagize uruhare runini mu kwica abantu bakuru bafite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 23.37 ppm mu masaha 24 yerekanwe, ikurikirwa na Eucalyptus maculata (Em) yari ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 101.91 ppm (Imbonerahamwe 1).Ku rundi ruhande, agaciro ka LC50 kuri Os ntikiramenyekana kuko umubare munini w'abantu bapfa bangana na 53% wanditswe ku kigero kinini (Ishusho y'inyongera 3).
Ibintu bibiri byingenzi bigize ibice muri buri EO byamenyekanye kandi byatoranijwe hashingiwe kubisubizo byububiko bwibitabo bwa NIST, ijanisha rya GC chromatogramu, hamwe nibisubizo bya MS (Imbonerahamwe 2).Kuri EO Nk, ibice byingenzi byagaragaye ni diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide;kuri EO Mp ibice nyamukuru byagaragaye ni carvone na limonene, kuri EO Em ibice nyamukuru byagaragaye ni eudesmol na eucalyptol;Kuri EO Os, ibice by'ingenzi byagaragaye ni eugenol na methyl eugenol, naho kuri EO Cl, ibice nyamukuru byagaragaye ni eugenol na α-pinene (Ishusho 1, Ishusho y'inyongera 5-8, Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera 1-5).
Ibisubizo bya mass spectrometrie ya terpenoide nyamukuru yamavuta yatoranijwe (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole; R-eudamol);
Ibintu icyenda byose hamwe (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) byagaragaye nkibintu bifatika bigize ibice bigize EO kandi buri muntu ku giti cye bioassayide kuri Aedes aegypti kuri larval. ibyiciro..Ifumbire ya eudesmol yari ifite ibikorwa byinshi bya larvicidal ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 2.25 ppm nyuma yamasaha 24 yerekanwe.Imvange ya diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide nayo yasanze ifite ingaruka zishobora kwandura, hamwe na dosiye ya sublethal iri hagati ya 10-20 ppm.Igikorwa giciriritse cyongeye kugaragara kubintu bya eugenol, limonene na eucalyptol bifite LC50 bifite agaciro ka 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm.na 181.33 ppm nyuma yamasaha 24, (Imbonerahamwe 3).Nyamara, nta bushobozi bukomeye bwa liviside ya methyl eugenol na carvone bwabonetse no ku kigero cyo hejuru, bityo agaciro ka LC50 ntikabazwe (Imbonerahamwe 3).Sintetike ya larvicide Temephos yari ifite impuzandengo yica 0.43 ppm irwanya Aedes aegypti mumasaha 24 yerekanwe (Imbonerahamwe 3, Imbonerahamwe 6).
Ibintu birindwi (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene na carvone) byagaragaye ko ari ibintu nyamukuru bigize EO ikora neza kandi byapimwe ku giti cyabyo kurwanya imibu ikuze yo mu Misiri Aedes.Dukurikije isesengura ry’ibibazo, Eudesmol yasanze ifite amahirwe menshi afite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 1.82 ppm, ikurikirwa na Eucalyptol ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 17.60 ppm mu masaha 24 yo kwerekana.Ibice bitanu bisigaye byapimwe byangiritse muburyo bukuze kubantu bakuze bafite LC50s kuva kuri 140.79 kugeza 737.01 ppm (Imbonerahamwe 3).Malathion ya sintetike ya organophosifore ntiyari ifite imbaraga nke ugereranije na eudesmol kandi irenze iyindi mvange esheshatu, ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 5.44 ppm mugihe cyamasaha 24 yo kumurika (Imbonerahamwe 3, Imbonerahamwe 6).
Ibintu birindwi bikomeye byifashishwa mu kuyobora hamwe na organophosifore tamephosate byatoranijwe kugirango bikore binini ihuza dosiye ya LC50 ku kigereranyo cya 1: 1.Hafi ya binary 28 zose hamwe zarateguwe kandi zipimwa kubikorwa byazo bya Livicidal kurwanya Aedes aegypti.Ihuriro icyenda wasangaga rihuza, 14 guhuza byari antagonistique, naho bitanu ntabwo byari byinshi.Mu guhuza imbaraga, guhuza diallyl disulfide na temofol nibyo byagize ingaruka nziza, impfu 100% zagaragaye nyuma yamasaha 24 (Imbonerahamwe 4).Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imvange ya limonene na diallyl disulfide na eugenol hamwe na thymetphos byagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza hamwe n’impfu zagaragaye zingana na 98.3% (Imbonerahamwe 5).Ibice 4 bisigaye, aribyo eudesmol wongeyeho eucalyptol, eudesmol wongeyeho limonene, eucalyptol wongeyeho alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene wongeyeho temephos, na byo byagaragaje ingaruka zikomeye za larvicidal, aho byagaragaye ko impfu zirenga 90%.Umubare w'impfu ziteganijwe uri hafi 60-75%.(Imbonerahamwe 4).Ariko, guhuza limonene na α-pinene cyangwa eucalyptus byerekanaga antagonistique reaction.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imvange ya Temephos na eugenol cyangwa eucalyptus cyangwa eudesmol cyangwa diallyl trisulfide byagaragaye ko bifite ingaruka mbi.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide hamwe no guhuza kimwe muri ibyo bice hamwe na eudesmol cyangwa eugenol birwanya ibikorwa byabo bya livicidal.Antagonism nayo yavuzwe hamwe no guhuza eudesmol na eugenol cyangwa α-pinene.
Mu mvange zose uko ari 28 zapimwe kubikorwa bya acide ikuze, 7 byahujwe, 6 ntacyo byagize, naho 15 byari antagonistique.Uruvange rwa eudesmol hamwe na eucalyptus na limonene na karvone byagaragaye ko ari byiza cyane kuruta ubundi buryo bwo guhuza imbaraga, aho abapfa bapfa amasaha 24 ya 76% na 100%, (Imbonerahamwe 5).Malathion yagaragaye yerekana ingaruka zoguhuza hamwe nibintu byose bivanze usibye limonene na tallyulfide ya diallyl.Ku rundi ruhande, antagonism yabonetse hagati ya diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide no guhuza kimwe muri byo na eucalyptus, cyangwa eucalyptol, cyangwa carvone, cyangwa limonene.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza α-pinene na eudesmol cyangwa limonene, eucalyptol hamwe na carvone cyangwa limonene, na limonene na eudesmol cyangwa malathion byerekanaga ingaruka za antivantique.Kubindi bitandatu bisigaye, nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryari hagati yimfu ziteganijwe kandi zagaragaye (Imbonerahamwe 5).
Hashingiwe ku ngaruka ziterwa na dosiye ya sublethal, uburozi bwabo bwa larvicidal kurwanya umubare munini w’imibu ya Aedes aegypti amaherezo yaratoranijwe kandi irageragezwa.Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko impfu zagaragaye zagaragaye hifashishijwe binini ikomatanya eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene na diallyl disulfide-timephos yari 100%, mu gihe ibiteganijwe ko impfu ziteganijwe zari 76.48%, 72.16% na 63.4% (Imbonerahamwe 6)..Ihuriro rya limonene na eudesmol ntago ryagenze neza, aho 88% bapfa bapfuye byagaragaye mugihe cyamasaha 24 (Imbonerahamwe 6).Muncamake, bine byatoranijwe byombi byerekanwe kandi ingaruka ziterwa na lardicidal kurwanya Aedes aegypti iyo ikoreshejwe murwego runini (Imbonerahamwe 6).
Ibintu bitatu bihuza byatoranijwe kugirango bioassay ikuze igenzure abantu benshi bakuze Aedes aegypti.Guhitamo ibiteranyo byo kugerageza kuri koloni nini nini, twabanje kwibanda kubintu bibiri byiza bihuza terpene bihuza, aribyo carvone wongeyeho limonene na eucalyptol wongeyeho eudesmol.Icya kabiri, guhuza neza kwiza byatoranijwe kuva murwego rwa synthique organophosphate malathion na terpenoide.Twizera ko guhuza malathion na eudesmol aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kwipimisha kuri koloni nini z’udukoko bitewe n’imfu nyinshi zagaragaye ndetse n’agaciro gake cyane LC50 yibigize abakandida.Malathion yerekana ubufatanye bufatanije na α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone na eudesmol.Ariko iyo turebye indangagaciro za LC50, Eudesmol ifite agaciro gake (2.25 ppm).Ibiciro bya LC50 byabazwe bya malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol na carvone byari 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 na 140.79 ppm.bikurikiranye.Indangagaciro zerekana ko guhuza malathion na eudesmol aribwo buryo bwiza bwo guhuza kubijyanye na dosiye.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko guhuza karvone hiyongereyeho limonene na eudesmol wongeyeho malathion byagaragaye ko 100% byapfuye ugereranije n’impfu ziteganijwe ko 61% kugeza 65%.Ubundi buryo, eudesmol wongeyeho eucalyptol, bwerekanye ko impfu zingana na 78.66% nyuma yamasaha 24 zimaze kugaragara, ugereranije n’impfu ziteganijwe kugera kuri 60%.Byose uko ari bitatu byatoranijwe byerekanaga ingaruka zoguhuza nubwo byakoreshejwe murwego runini kurwanya Aedes aegypti ukuze (Imbonerahamwe 6).
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibihingwa byatoranijwe EOs nka Mp, As, Os, Em na Cl byagaragaje ingaruka zica zica kuri livre na bakuru bakuze ba Aedes aegypti.Mp EO yari ifite ibikorwa byinshi bya larvicidal ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 0.42 ppm, ikurikirwa na As, Os na Em EOs ifite LC50 ifite agaciro katarenze 50 ppm nyuma ya 24 h.Ibisubizo birahuye nubushakashatsi bwibanze bw imibu nandi masazi yibiza10,11,12,13,14.Nubwo imbaraga za larvicidal ya Cl ziri munsi yandi mavuta yingenzi, hamwe na LC50 ifite agaciro ka 163.65 ppm nyuma yamasaha 24, ubushobozi bwabantu bakuru nibwinshi hamwe na LC50 ifite agaciro ka 23.37 ppm nyuma yamasaha 24.Mp, As na Em EOs nabo bagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza bwa allercidal hamwe nagaciro ka LC50 murwego rwa 100-120 ppm kuri 24h zijoro, ariko byari bike ugereranije nibikorwa bya larvicidal.Kurundi ruhande, EO Os yerekanye ingaruka zidasanzwe za allercidal ndetse no murwego rwo hejuru rwo kuvura.Rero, ibisubizo byerekana ko uburozi bwa okiside ya Ethylene ku bimera bushobora gutandukana bitewe niterambere ry imibu15.Biterwa kandi n’igipimo cyo kwinjira muri EO mu mubiri w’udukoko, imikoranire yabo na enzymes yihariye igamije, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo kwangiza imibu kuri buri cyiciro cyiterambere16.Umubare munini wubushakashatsi werekanye ko ibice byingenzi bigize ibice ari ikintu cyingenzi mubikorwa byibinyabuzima bya okiside ya Ethylene, kubera ko igizwe nubwinshi bwibintu byose hamwe 3,12,17,18.Kubwibyo, twasuzumye ibice bibiri byingenzi muri buri EO.Hashingiwe ku bisubizo bya GC-MS, disallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide byagaragaye nkibintu nyamukuru bigize EO As, ibyo bikaba bihuye na raporo zabanjirije 19,20,21.Nubwo raporo zabanjirije iyi zerekanaga ko menthol ari kimwe mu bintu byingenzi byingenzi, carvone na limonene byongeye kugaragara nkibintu nyamukuru bya Mp EO22,23.Umwirondoro wa Os EO werekanye ko eugenol na methyl eugenol aribyo bintu nyamukuru, bisa nubushakashatsi bwakozwe nabashakashatsi 16,24.Eucalyptol na eucalyptol byavuzwe nkibintu nyamukuru biboneka mu mavuta y’ibabi rya Em, ibyo bikaba bihuye n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na bamwe mu bashakashatsi 25.26 ariko binyuranye n’ibyavuzwe na Olalade n’abandi.27.Ubwiganze bwa cineole na α-pinene bwagaragaye mu mavuta ya melaleuca, asa nubushakashatsi bwabanje 28,29.Itandukaniro ridasobanutse mu bigize no kwibanda ku mavuta y’ibanze yakuwe mu bwoko bumwe bw’ibimera ahantu hatandukanye byagaragaye kandi byagaragaye no muri ubu bushakashatsi, buterwa n’imiterere y’imikurire y’ibimera, igihe cyo gusarura, icyiciro cy’iterambere, cyangwa imyaka y’ibimera.isura ya chemotypes, nibindi 22,30,31,32.Urufunguzo rwamenyekanye rwahise rugurwa hanyuma rusuzumwa ingaruka zazo ziterwa ningaruka n'ingaruka ku mibu ikuze ya Aedes aegypti.Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ibikorwa bya larvicidal ya diallyl disulfide byagereranywa nibikorwa bya EO As.Ariko ibikorwa bya diallyl trisulfide birenze EO As.Ibisubizo bisa nibyabonetse na Kimbaris n'abandi.33 kuri Culex philippines.Nyamara, ibyo bice byombi ntabwo byagaragaje ibikorwa byiza bya autocidal kurwanya imibu yagenewe, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibisubizo bya Plata-Rueda et 34 kuri molitori ya Tenebrio.Os EO ikora neza murwego rwo hejuru rwa Aedes aegypti, ariko ntabwo irwanya urwego rwabantu bakuru.Bimaze kugaragara ko ibikorwa bya larvicidal yibintu nyamukuru byingenzi biri munsi yibyo Os EO itavanze.Ibi bisobanura uruhare rwibindi bikoresho hamwe n’imikoranire yabyo muri okiside ya Ethylene.Methyl eugenol yonyine ifite ibikorwa bidakwiye, mugihe eugenol yonyine ifite ibikorwa bya livicidal biciriritse.Uyu mwanzuro uremeza, kuruhande rumwe, 35,36, kurundi ruhande, uvuguruza imyanzuro yabashakashatsi bambere 37,38.Itandukaniro mumatsinda yimikorere ya eugenol na methyleugenol rishobora kuvamo uburozi butandukanye kumukoko umwe 39.Limonene wasangaga ifite ibikorwa bya liviside biciriritse, mugihe ingaruka za carvone zitari nke.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uburozi buke bwa limonene ku dukoko dukuze hamwe n'uburozi bwinshi bwa karvone bishyigikira ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere40 ariko bivuguruza ibindi41.Kuba hari imigozi ibiri kumyanya yombi ya intracyclic na exocyclic irashobora kongera inyungu zibi bikoresho nka larvicides3,41, mugihe carvone, ketone ifite alfa ituzuye hamwe na karubone ya beta, irashobora kwerekana ubushobozi bwinshi bwuburozi kubantu bakuru42.Nyamara, ibiranga umuntu kugiti cya limonene na carvone biri munsi cyane ya EO Mp yose (Imbonerahamwe 1, Imbonerahamwe 3).Muri terpenoide yapimwe, eudesmol wasangaga ifite ibikorwa byinshi bya larvicidal hamwe nabakuze bifite agaciro ka LC50 munsi ya 2.5 ppm, bigatuma iba ikigo cyiza cyo kurwanya imibu ya Aedes.Imikorere yayo iruta iy' EO Em yose, nubwo ibi bidahuye n'ibyavuye muri Cheng et 40.Eudesmol ni sesquiterpene ifite ibice bibiri bya isoprene bidahindagurika cyane kuruta monoterpène ya ogisijeni nka eucalyptus bityo ikaba ifite amahirwe menshi yo kwica udukoko.Eucalyptol ubwayo ifite abantu bakuru kuruta ibikorwa bya larvicidal, kandi ibisubizo bivuye mubushakashatsi bwambere byombi bishyigikira kandi bivuguruza ibi 37,43,44.Igikorwa cyonyine kiragereranywa nicyo cya EO Cl yose.Indi gare ya monoterpene, α-pinene, ntigira ingaruka nke zabantu bakuru kuri Aedes aegypti kuruta ingaruka za larvicidal, ibyo bikaba bitandukanye ningaruka za EO Cl yuzuye.Muri rusange ibikorwa byica udukoko twa terpenoide biterwa na lipofilique, guhindagurika, ishami rya karubone, agace ka projection, ubuso bwubuso, amatsinda akorera hamwe n imyanya yabo 45,46.Izi mvange zirashobora gukora mugusenya kwirundanya kwingirabuzimafatizo, guhagarika ibikorwa byubuhumekero, guhagarika ihererekanyabubasha ryimyanya ndangagitsina, nibindi 47 Utala48.Ibikorwa byabantu bakuru ba sintetike ya organophosifore malathion byavuzwe kuri 5.44 ppm.Nubwo ibi binyabuzima byombi byagaragaje ibisubizo byiza birwanya laboratoire ya Aedes aegypti, byagaragaye ko kurwanya imibu kuri ibyo bice byagaragaye mu bice bitandukanye byisi 49.Nyamara, nta raporo isa n’iterambere ry’imiti yo kurwanya imiti yabonetse50.Niyo mpamvu, ibimera bifatwa nkibishobora gukoreshwa mu miti yica udukoko twangiza imiti muri gahunda yo kurwanya inzitizi.
Ingaruka ya larvicidal yageragejwe kuri 28 ikomatanya (1: 1) yateguwe kuva terpenoide ikomeye na terpenoide hamwe na thymetphos, naho 9 byahujwe byagaragaye ko bihuza, 14 birwanya na 5 birwanya.Nta ngaruka.Ku rundi ruhande, muri bioassay yimbaraga zikuze, wasangaga guhuza 7 byagaragaye ko bihuza, 15 byahujwe birwanya, naho 6 byavuzwe ko nta ngaruka bifite.Impamvu ituma guhuza bimwe bitanga ingaruka zingirakamaro bishobora guterwa nuburinganire bwabakandida bukorera icyarimwe munzira zitandukanye, cyangwa kubuza gukurikiranya imisemburo itandukanye yingenzi yinzira yibinyabuzima 51.Ihuriro rya limonene na diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus cyangwa eugenol wasangaga bihuza haba mu bito bito kandi binini (Imbonerahamwe 6), mu gihe guhuza kwayo na eucalyptus cyangwa α-pinene byagaragaye ko bifite ingaruka mbi kuri liswi.Ugereranije, limonene isa nkaho ihuza neza, bishoboka bitewe nuko hariho amatsinda ya methyl, kwinjira neza muri stratum corneum, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa 52,53.Byari byavuzwe mbere ko limonene ishobora gutera ingaruka z'uburozi yinjira mu dukoko twangiza udukoko (toxicity contact), ikagira ingaruka kuri sisitemu y'ibiryo (antifeedant), cyangwa ikagira ingaruka ku myanya y'ubuhumekero (ibikorwa bya fumigation), 54 mu gihe fenylpropanoide nka eugenol ishobora kugira ingaruka ku misemburo ya metabolike 55. Kubwibyo, guhuza ibice hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa bishobora kongera ingaruka zica zivanze.Eucalyptol wasangaga ihuza na diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus cyangwa α-pinene, ariko ubundi guhuza hamwe nibindi bikoresho byari bitari larvicidal cyangwa antagonistique.Ubushakashatsi bwambere bwerekanye ko eucalyptol ifite ibikorwa byo guhagarika acetylcholinesterase (AChE), hamwe na octaamine na reseptor ya GABA56.Kubera ko cyclic monoterpène, eucalyptol, eugenol, nibindi bishobora kugira uburyo bumwe bwibikorwa nkibikorwa byabo bya neurotoxic, 57 bityo bikagabanya ingaruka zabyo hamwe binyuze mukubuza.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza Temephos na diallyl disulfide, α-pinene na limonene wasangaga bihuza, bigashyigikira raporo zabanjirije iyi zerekana ingaruka ziterwa n’ibicuruzwa by’ibimera na organifosifike ya sintetike 58.
Ihuriro rya eudesmol na eucalyptol wasangaga bigira ingaruka zingirakamaro kuri livre na bakuru bakuze ba Aedes aegypti, birashoboka bitewe nuburyo bwabo butandukanye bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwimiti.Eudesmol (sesquiterpene) irashobora kugira ingaruka ku myanya y'ubuhumekero 59 na eucalyptol (monoterpene) ishobora kugira ingaruka kuri acetylcholinesterase 60.Gufatanya kwerekana ibiyigize kurubuga ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi kurubuga rushobora kuzamura ingaruka zica muri rusange.Mubintu bikuze bioassays, malathion wasangaga ihuza na carvone cyangwa eucalyptol cyangwa eucalyptol cyangwa diallyl disulfide cyangwa α-pinene, byerekana ko bihujwe no kongeramo limonene na di.Abakandida beza ba allercide ya syncistic kuri portfolio yose yimvange ya terpene, usibye allyl trisulfide.Thangam na Kathiresan61 nabo bavuze ibisubizo bisa byingaruka ziterwa na malathion hamwe nibikomoka ku bimera.Iki gisubizo gishobora gukoreshwa bitewe ningaruka ziterwa nuburozi bwa malathion na phytochemicals kuri enzymes zangiza udukoko.Organophosphates nka malathion muri rusange ikora mukubuza cytochrome P450 esterase na monooxygenase 62,63,64.Kubwibyo, guhuza malathion hamwe nuburyo bwibikorwa na terpene hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa bishobora kongera ingaruka zica imibu.
Kurundi ruhande, antagonism yerekana ko ibice byatoranijwe bidakora cyane muguhuza kuruta buri kigo cyonyine.Impamvu yo kurwanya muburyo bumwe ishobora kuba nuko uruganda rumwe ruhindura imyitwarire yurundi ruganda uhindura igipimo cyo kwinjiza, gukwirakwizwa, metabolism, cyangwa gusohoka.Abashakashatsi bo hambere babonaga ko arintandaro yo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge.Molekules Uburyo bushoboka 65. Muri ubwo buryo, Impamvu zishobora gutera antagonism zishobora kuba zifitanye isano nuburyo bumwe bwibikorwa, guhatanira ibice bigize reseptor imwe cyangwa urubuga.Rimwe na rimwe, kutabuza irushanwa poroteyine yagenewe nabyo bishobora kubaho.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibice bibiri bya organosulfur, diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide, byagaragaje ingaruka zo kurwanya, bishoboka ko biterwa no guhatanira urubuga rumwe.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibyo bintu byombi bya sulferi byerekanaga ingaruka za antagonistique kandi nta ngaruka byagize iyo bihujwe na eudesmol na α-pinene.Eudesmol na alpha-pinene ni cycle muri kamere, mugihe diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide ari alifatique muri kamere.Ukurikije imiterere yimiti, guhuza ibyo bikoresho bigomba kongera ibikorwa byica muri rusange kubera ko aho bagenewe usanga bitandukanye 34,47, ariko mubigeragezo twasanze antagonism, ishobora guterwa nuruhare rwibi binyabuzima mubinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe bitazwi muri vivo.sisitemu nkigisubizo cyimikoranire.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza cineole na α-pinene byatanze ibisubizo birwanya antagonistique, nubwo abashakashatsi mbere bavuze ko ibyo bice byombi bifite intego zitandukanye zikorwa 47,60.Kubera ko ibyo bikoresho byombi ari cyclic monoterpène, hashobora kubaho imbuga zimwe zishobora guhurizwa hamwe kugirango zihuze kandi zigire ingaruka kuburozi rusange bwibintu byombi byizwe.
Hashingiwe ku ndangagaciro za LC50 no kureba impfu, hatoranijwe ibice bibiri byiza bya synpistic terpene bihujwe, aribyo bibiri bya carvone + limonene na eucalyptol + eudesmol, hamwe na malathion ya synthèque organique fosifore hamwe na terpene.Uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ibice bya malathion + Eudesmol byapimwe muri bioassay ikuze.Itegereze udukoko twinshi tw’udukoko kugirango tumenye niba ibyo bintu bifatika bishobora kurwanya umubare munini wabantu ku mwanya munini ugereranije.Ibyo byose hamwe byerekana ingaruka zifatika zirwanya udukoko twinshi.Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse kubintu byiza bya synergiste ya larvicidal ikomatanyije yageragejwe kubantu benshi ba Aedes aegypti larvae.Niyo mpamvu, twavuga ko guhuza imbaraga za larvicidal na adulticidal guhuza ibimera bya EO ni umukandida ukomeye urwanya imiti isanzwe kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mugucunga abaturage ba Aedes aegypti.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza uburyo bwiza bwa liviside ya sintetike cyangwa abantu bakuze hamwe na terpene birashobora kandi gukoreshwa kugirango ugabanye urugero rwa thymetphos cyangwa malathion yahawe imibu.Izi mikoreshereze ikomeye irashobora gutanga ibisubizo byubushakashatsi buzaza ku ihindagurika ry’imiti irwanya imibu ya Aedes.
Amagi ya Aedes aegypti yakusanyirijwe mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buvuzi mu karere, Dibrugarh, mu Nama y’Ubushakashatsi bw’Ubuvuzi kandi agashyirwa mu bushyuhe (28 ± 1 ° C) n’ubushuhe (85 ± 5%) mu ishami ry’ibinyabuzima, kaminuza ya Gauhati munsi ya ibintu bikurikira: Arivoli yasobanuwe nabandi.Nyuma yo kumera, livre zagaburiwe ibiryo byinshyi (ifu ya biscuit yimbwa numusemburo mukigereranyo cya 3: 1) naho abantu bakuru bagaburirwa glucose 10%.Guhera kumunsi wa 3 nyuma yo kugaragara, imibu yabagore bakuze yemerewe kunyunyuza amaraso yimbeba za albino.Shira impapuro muyungurura mumazi mubirahure hanyuma ubishyire mu kato.
Ibyitegererezo by'ibimera byatoranijwe aribyo amababi ya eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), ibase ryera (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) hamwe na alibumu (Amaryllidaceae).Byakusanyirijwe muri Guwahati kandi bigaragazwa n’ishami rya Botany, kaminuza ya Gauhati.Ingero z’ibihingwa zegeranijwe (500 g) zatewe hydrodistillation hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya Clevenger mu masaha 6.EO yakuweho yakusanyirijwe mu byombo bisukuye kandi ibikwa kuri 4 ° C kugirango ikore ubushakashatsi.
Uburozi bwa Larvicidal bwakozweho ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwahinduwe n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi 67.Koresha DMSO nka emulifier.Buri cyerekezo cya EO cyageragejwe bwa mbere kuri 100 na 1000 ppm, kigaragaza lisiti 20 muri buri kopi.Hashingiwe ku bisubizo, hashyizweho intera yo kwibandaho kandi impfu zanditswe kuva ku isaha 1 kugeza ku masaha 6 (ku isaha 1), no ku masaha 24, amasaha 48 n'amasaha 72 nyuma yo kuvurwa.Kwibanda kwa Sublethal (LC50) byagenwe nyuma yamasaha 24, 48 na 72.Buri cyerekezo cyasuzumwe muri bitatu hamwe no kugenzura nabi (amazi gusa) hamwe no kugenzura neza (amazi yatunganijwe na DMSO).Niba pupation ibaye kandi hejuru ya 10% ya livre yitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura ipfa, ubushakashatsi burasubirwamo.Niba igipimo cy'imfu mu itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura kiri hagati ya 5-10%, koresha uburyo bwo gukosora Abbott 68.
Uburyo bwasobanuwe na Ramar n'abandi.69 yakoreshejwe kuri bioassay ikuze irwanya Aedes aegypti ikoresheje acetone nkumuti.Buri EO yabanje kwipimisha imibu ikuze ya Aedes aegypti yibanda kuri 100 na 1000 ppm.Koresha ml 2 ya buri gisubizo cyateguwe kuri numero ya Whatman.Igice 1 cyo kuyungurura (ubunini bwa 12 x 15 cm2) hanyuma ureke acetone ihumeke muminota 10.Akayunguruzo kavuwe hamwe na ml 2 gusa ya acetone yakoreshejwe nkigenzura.Acetone imaze guhumeka, impapuro zayungurujwe hamwe nimpapuro zo kugenzura zishyirwa mumiyoboro ya silindrike (cm 10 zubujyakuzimu).Imyaka icumi kugeza ku minsi 4-y-iminsi itagaburira imibu yimuriwe kuri bitatu bya buri kwibanda.Hashingiwe ku bisubizo by'ibizamini bibanza, ibipimo bitandukanye by'amavuta yatoranijwe byarageragejwe.Urupfu rwanditswe ku isaha 1, amasaha 2, amasaha 3, amasaha 4, amasaha 5, amasaha 6, amasaha 24, amasaha 48 n'amasaha 72 nyuma yo kurekura imibu.Kubara LC50 indangagaciro kumwanya wo kwerekana amasaha 24, amasaha 48 namasaha 72.Niba igipimo cyimpfu zubugenzuzi kirenze 20%, subiramo ikizamini cyose.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba igipimo cy'imfu ziri mu itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura kirenze 5%, hindura ibisubizo ku ngero zavuwe ukoresheje formula ya Abbott68.
Gazi ya chromatografiya (Agilent 7890A) hamwe na mass spectrometrie (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) byakozwe kugirango isesengure ibice bigize amavuta yatoranijwe.GC yari ifite disiketi ya FID hamwe n'inkingi ya capillary (HP5-MS).Gazi yabatwara yari helium, umuvuduko wa 1 ml / min.Gahunda ya GC ishyira Allium sativum kuri 10: 80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M na Ocimum Sainttum kuri 10: 80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 - 280, kuri mint 10: 80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, kuri eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, naho umutuku Kubice igihumbi ni bo 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Ibintu nyamukuru bigize buri EO byagaragaye hashingiwe ku ijanisha ryakarere ryabazwe uhereye kuri GC chromatogramu ya GC hamwe nibisubizo rusange (byerekanwe kuri base ya NIST 70).
Ibintu bibiri byingenzi muri buri EO byatoranijwe hashingiwe kubisubizo bya GC-MS hanyuma bigurwa muri Sigma-Aldrich kuri 98-99% byera kugirango bioassay ikomeze.Ibicuruzwa byageragejwe kugirango bishoboke kandi bikuze kuri Aedes aegypti nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru.Byakoreshejwe cyane muri sintetike ya larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) hamwe na malathion yibiyobyabwenge bikuze (Sigma Aldrich) byasesenguwe kugirango bigereranye imikorere yabyo hamwe na EO byatoranijwe, bikurikiza inzira imwe.
Binary ivanze yimvange ya terpene hamwe nubutaka bwa terpene hiyongereyeho ubucuruzi bwa organofosifate yubucuruzi (tilephos na malathion) byateguwe mukuvanga dose ya LC50 ya buri mukandida mukigereranyo cya 1: 1.Ihuriro ryateguwe ryageragejwe kuri larval na bakuru ba Aedes aegypti nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru.Buri bioassay yakorewe muri bitatu kuri buri guhuza hamwe no muri bitatu kubintu bitandukanye biboneka muri buri guhuza.Urupfu rw'udukoko twandikiwe rwanditswe nyuma y'amasaha 24.Kubara igipimo giteganijwe cyo gupfa kubiri bivanze ukoresheje formula ikurikira.
aho E = igipimo cyimpfu zitezwe n imibu ya Aedes aegypti mugusubiza ibisubizo byombi, ni ukuvuga guhuza (A + B).
Ingaruka ya buri binini ivanze yanditseho ko ihuza, irwanya, cyangwa nta ngaruka ishingiye ku gaciro ka calculated2 ibarwa nuburyo bwasobanuwe na Pavla52.Kubara χ2 agaciro kuri buri guhuza ukoresheje formula ikurikira.
Ingaruka zo guhuriza hamwe zasobanuwe nkubufatanye mugihe agaciro kabaruwe χ2 agaciro karenze agaciro kameza kumpamvu zijyanye nubwisanzure (95% intera intera) kandi niba impfu zagaragaye zirenze impfu ziteganijwe.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba ibarwa χ2 yabazwe ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose irenze agaciro k’imbonerahamwe hamwe n’urwego runaka rw’ubwisanzure, ariko impfu zagaragaye ziri munsi y’impfu ziteganijwe, ubuvuzi bufatwa nk'uburwanya.Niba kandi muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose agaciro kabaruwe ka χ2 kari munsi yimbonerahamwe yimbonerahamwe ijyanye nubwisanzure, guhuza bifatwa nkibidafite ingaruka.
Batatu kugeza kuri bane bashobora guhuza imbaraga (livre 100 na 50 larvicidal na 50 ibikorwa byudukoko dukuze) byatoranijwe kugirango bipimishe udukoko twinshi.Abakuze) komeza nkuko byavuzwe haruguru.Hamwe nuruvange, ibice byihariye biboneka muruvange rwatoranijwe nabyo byageragejwe kumibare ingana ya Aedes aegypti na bakuru.Ikigereranyo cyo guhuza ni igice kimwe LC50 igipimo cyumukandida umwe hamwe nigice cya LC50 yikindi gice kigize.Mubikorwa byabantu bakuru bioassay, ibice byatoranijwe byashongeshejwe muri acetone yumuti hanyuma bigashyirwa kumpapuro zungurura zipfunyitse muri cm 1300 ya silindrike.Acetone yahumutse muminota 10 abantu bakuru bararekurwa.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, muri bioassay ya larvicidal, dosiye y’abakandida ba LC50 yabanje gushonga mu bunini bungana na DMSO hanyuma ivangwa na litiro 1 y’amazi yabitswe mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki 1300 cc, hanyuma liswi irekurwa.
Isesengura ryibibazo byamakuru 71 yapfuye byakozwe hifashishijwe SPSS (verisiyo ya 16) na software ya Minitab kubara indangagaciro za LC50.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-01-2024