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Uruvange rw'imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku bimera rushobora kugaragaza uburyo bwo guhuza cyangwa kurwanya udukoko. Bitewe n'ikwirakwira ryihuse ry'indwara ziterwa n'imibu ya Aedes no kwiyongera k'ubudahangarwa bw'imiti yica udukoko gakondo, hakozwe kandi hageragezwa uruvange rwa terpene rushingiye ku mavuta y'ingenzi y'ibimera rushingiye ku mavuta y'ingenzi y'ibimera n'ay'abantu bakuru ba Aedes aegypti. Amavuta atanu y'ingenzi y'ibimera (EOs) yabanje gupimwa kugira ngo amenye akamaro kayo ko kwica udukoko no gukoresha abantu bakuru, kandi habonetsemo ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi muri buri EO hashingiwe ku bisubizo bya GC-MS. Ibice by'ingenzi byagaragaye byaraguzwe, ari byo diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol na mosquito alpha-pinene. Uruvange rw'ibi bimera rwateguwe hakoreshejwe dose zica kandi ingaruka zabyo zo guhuza no kurwanya zapimwe kandi zigapimwa. Imiti myiza cyane ivura indwara ya larvicide iboneka binyuze mu kuvanga limonene na diallyl disulfide, naho imiti myiza cyane ivura indwara ya larvicide iboneka binyuze mu kuvanga carvone na limonene. Umuti wa larvicide ukoreshwa mu bucuruzi witwa Temphos n'umuti w'abantu bakuru witwa Malathion byageragejwe ukwabyo kandi mu buryo bw'ibice bibiri hamwe na terpenoids. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko kuvanga temephos na diallyl disulfide na malathion na eudesmol ari byo byagize akamaro cyane. Iyi miti ikomeye ishobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya Aedes aegypti.
Amavuta y’ingenzi y’ibimera (EOs) ni metabolites ebyiri zirimo ibintu bitandukanye bivura indwara kandi zigenda zirushaho kuba ingenzi nk’uburyo bwo gusimbura imiti yica udukoko. Ntabwo ari ingirakamaro ku bidukikije gusa kandi ni nziza ku bakoresha, ahubwo ni n’uruvange rw’ibintu bitandukanye bivura indwara, binagabanya amahirwe yo kugira ubudahangarwa ku miti1. Bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya GC-MS, abashakashatsi basuzumye ibintu bigize amavuta y’ingenzi y’ibimera bitandukanye maze bamenya ibintu birenga 3.000 bivuye mu bimera 17.500 bihumura2, byinshi muri byo byageragejwe ku miterere yo kwica udukoko kandi bivugwa ko bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’udukoko3,4. Hari ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko uburozi bw’igice cy’ingenzi cy’ibimera ari kimwe cyangwa kinini kuruta ubwo oxide ya ethylene. Ariko gukoresha ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora kongera gusiga umwanya wo kugira ubudahangarwa, nk’uko bimeze ku miti yica udukoko5,6. Kubwibyo, intego iriho ubu ni ugutegura uruvange rw’ibintu bikomoka kuri ethylene oxide kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo kwica udukoko no kugabanya amahirwe yo kudahangarwa ku dukoko twibasiwe. Ibinyabutabire bikora ku giti cyabyo bishobora kugaragaza ingaruka zihuriweho cyangwa zirwanya mu buryo bugaragara mu mikorere rusange ya EO, ikintu cyashimangiwe cyane mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abashakashatsi babanje7,8. Gahunda yo kugenzura ibinyabuzima ikubiyemo EO n'ibiyigize. Umurimo w'amavuta y'ingenzi wo kwica imibu wizewe cyane ku mibu ya Culex na Anopheles. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagerageje guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi binyuze mu guhuza ibimera bitandukanye n'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi kugira ngo byongere uburozi muri rusange kandi bigabanye ingaruka mbi9. Ariko ubushakashatsi ku bintu nk'ibyo birwanya Aedes aegypti buracyari gake. Iterambere mu buvuzi no mu iterambere ry'imiti n'inkingo byafashije mu kurwanya zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n'ibinyabuzima. Ariko kuba hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa virusi, yanduzwa n'umubu wa Aedes aegypti, byatumye gahunda zo gukingira zinanirwa. Kubwibyo, iyo indwara nk'izo zibayeho, gahunda zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo gukumira ikwirakwira ry'indwara. Muri iki gihe, kurwanya Aedes aegypti ni ingenzi cyane kuko ari yo ntandaro y’ingenzi ya virusi zitandukanye n’uturemangingo twazo bitera indwara ya dengue, Zika, indwara yo kuva amaraso ya dengue, umuriro w’umuhondo, nibindi. Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane ni uko umubare w’indwara hafi ya zose zandurira muri Aedes ziterwa n’udukoko ziyongera buri mwaka mu Misiri kandi ziyongera ku isi yose. Kubwibyo, muri uru rwego, hakenewe byihutirwa gushyiraho ingamba zo kurwanya ibidukikije kandi zinoze ku baturage ba Aedes aegypti. Abashobora kubazwa muri uru rwego ni EOs, imvange yazo, n’uruvange rwazo. Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bwagerageje kugaragaza uruvange rwiza rw’imvange y’ibimera by’ingenzi bya EO biva mu bimera bitanu bifite ubushobozi bwo kwica udukoko (urugero: ment, basil yera, Eucalyptus spotted, Allium sulfur na melaleuca) mu kurwanya Aedes aegypti.
EO zose zatoranijwe zagaragaje ko zishobora kwica udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Aedes aegypti hakoreshejwe LC50 y'amasaha 24 kuva kuri 0.42 kugeza 163.65 ppm. Igikorwa cyo kwica udukoko two mu bwoko bwa larvici cyagaragaye kuri peppermint (Mp) EO ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 0.42 ppm mu masaha 24, hagakurikiraho tungurusumu (As) ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 16.19 ppm mu masaha 24 (Imbonerahamwe ya 1).
Uretse Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, izindi EO enye zose zasuzumwe zagaragaje ingaruka zigaragara z’ubwivumbure, aho agaciro ka LC50 kari hagati ya 23.37 na 120.16 ppm mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 yo gukubitwa. Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO yagize akamaro cyane mu kwica abantu bakuru ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 23.37 ppm mu masaha 24 yo gukubitwa, hagakurikiraho Eucalyptus maculata (Em) yari ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 101.91 ppm (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Ku rundi ruhande, agaciro ka LC50 kuri Os ntikaramenyekana kuko igipimo cy’impfu cya 53% cyagaragaye ku gipimo cyo hejuru (Ishusho y’inyongera ya 3).
Ibinyabutabire bibiri by'ingenzi bigize buri EO byatoranijwe kandi bitoranywa hashingiwe ku bisubizo bya NIST bitangwa muri database, ijanisha ry'ubuso bwa GC chromatogram, n'ibisubizo bya MS spectra (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Kuri EO As, ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi byatoranijwe ni diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide; kuri EO Mp ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi byatoranijwe ni carvone na limonene, kuri EO Em ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi byatoranijwe ni eudesmol na eucalyptol; Kuri EO Os, ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi byatoranijwe ni eugenol na methyl eugenol, naho kuri EO Cl, ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi byatoranijwe ni eugenol na α-pinene (Ishusho ya 1, Ishusho z'inyongera 5–8, Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera 1–5).
Ibisubizo bya spectrometry y'ubwinshi bwa terpenoids z'ingenzi z'amavuta y'ingenzi yatoranijwe (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole; R-eudamol).
Ibinyabutabire icyenda (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) byagaragaye ko ari ibinyabutabire bikora neza ari byo bigize EO kandi byapimwe ku giti cyabyo kuri Aedes aegypti mu gihe cy’ibinyabutabire. . Ikinyabutabire cya eudesmol cyari gifite imikorere myinshi yo kwica ibinyabutabire aho gifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 2.25 ppm nyuma y’amasaha 24 yo kwangirika. Ibinyabutabire bya diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide nabyo byagaragaye ko bifite ingaruka zo kwica ibinyabutabire, aho ingano y’ibinyabutabire iri hagati ya 10–20 ppm. Umurimo wo kwica ibinyabutabire wongeye kugaragara ku binyabutabire bya eugenol, limonene na eucalyptol bifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. na 181.33 ppm nyuma y'amasaha 24, uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Ariko, nta bushobozi bunini bwa methyl eugenol na carvone bwo kwica larvicidal bwabonetse nubwo haba hari doze nyinshi, bityo agaciro ka LC50 ntikabazwe (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Larvicide ya synthetic Temephos yari ifite impuzandengo y'uburozi ya 0.43 ppm ugereranije na Aedes aegypti mu masaha 24 yo gukubitwa (Imbonerahamwe ya 3, Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 6).
Ibinyabutabire birindwi (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene na carvone) byagaragaye ko ari byo bintu by'ingenzi bigize EO kandi byapimwe ukwabyo ku mibu ikuze yo mu Misiri yitwa Aedes. Dukurikije isesengura rya Probit regression, Eudesmol yagaragaye ko ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru cyane ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 1.82 ppm, ikurikirwa na Eucalyptol ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 17.60 ppm mu masaha 24 yo kwibasirwa. Ibinyabutabire bitanu bisigaye byapimwe byagize ingaruka mbi ku bantu bakuru bafite LC50 kuva kuri 140.79 kugeza 737.01 ppm (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Malathion y’ubukorano ya organophosphorus yari ifite imbaraga nke ugereranyije na eudesmol kandi yari hejuru ugereranyije n’ibindi binyabutabire bitandatu, ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 5.44 ppm mu gihe cyo kwibasirwa mu masaha 24 (Imbonerahamwe ya 3, Imbonerahamwe y’inyongera ya 6).
Ibinyabutabire birindwi bikomeye bya lead na organophosphorus tamefosate byatoranijwe kugira ngo bikore imvange y’ibinyabutabire bya LC50 ku gipimo cya 1: 1. Hateguwe imvange 28 z’ibinyabutabire kandi byapimwe kugira ngo harebwe niba birwanya Aedes aegypti. Imvange icyenda zagaragaye ko zihuza, imvange 14 zari zirwanya, naho imvange eshanu ntizihuza. Mu mvange zihuza, imvange ya diallyl disulfide na temofol niyo yagize akamaro cyane, aho impfu zabonetse 100% nyuma y’amasaha 24 (Imbonerahamwe ya 4). Mu buryo nk’ubwo, imvange ya limonene na diallyl disulfide na eugenol hamwe na thymetphos yagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza, aho imfu zagaragaye ko ari 98.3% (Imbonerahamwe ya 5). Uduce 4 dusigaye, ari two eudesmol hamwe na eucalyptol, eudesmol hamwe na limonene, eucalyptol hamwe na alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene hamwe na temephos, na two twagaragaje ubushobozi bugaragara bwo kwica larvicateur, aho impfu zagaragaye zirenga 90%. Igipimo cy’impfu cyari giteganijwe kiri hafi ya 60-75%. (Imbonerahamwe ya 4). Ariko, uruvange rwa limonene na α-pinene cyangwa eucalyptus rwagaragaje ingaruka zo kurwanya. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, uruvange rwa Temephos hamwe na eugenol cyangwa eucalyptus cyangwa eudesmol cyangwa diallyl trisulfide byagaragaye ko bifite ingaruka zo kurwanya. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, uruvange rwa diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide hamwe n’uruvange rw’ibi bintu na eudesmol cyangwa eugenol birarwanya mu mikorere yabyo yo kwica larvicateur. Urwango rwagaragaye kandi hamwe na eudesmol hamwe na eugenol cyangwa α-pinene.
Mu bivange 28 byose byapimwe kugira ngo harebwe imikorere y’aside ku bantu bakuru, ibivange 7 byari bifitanye isano, 6 nta ngaruka byagize, naho 15 byari bifitanye isano. Uruvange rwa eudesmol hamwe na eucalyptus na limonene hamwe na carvone byagaragaye ko bifite akamaro kurusha ibindi bivange bifitanye isano, aho igipimo cy’impfu cya 76% na 100% mu masaha 24, uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 5). Malathion byagaragaye ko igaragaza ingaruka zifitanye isano mu bivange byose by’ibinyabutabire uretse limonene na diallyl trisulfide. Ku rundi ruhande, hagaragaye ko habayeho ihangana hagati ya diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide n’imvange ya kimwe muri byo hamwe na eucalyptus, cyangwa eucalyptol, cyangwa carvone, cyangwa limonene. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, uruvange rwa α-pinene na eudesmol cyangwa limonene, eucalyptol hamwe na carvone cyangwa limonene, na limonene hamwe na eudesmol cyangwa malathion byagaragaje ingaruka zirwanya larvicating. Ku bindi biteranyo bitandatu bisigaye, nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye hagati y’impfu zitezwe n’izibonetse (Imbonerahamwe ya 5).
Hashingiwe ku ngaruka zihuza amoko n’ibipimo by’uburozi, uburozi bwazo mu mibu ya Aedes aegypti bwatoranyijwe kandi bunageragezwa. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko impfu zagaragaye mu mibu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa binary combinations eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene na diallyl disulfide-timephos zari 100%, mu gihe impfu zari zitezwe mu mibu zari 76.48%, 72.16% na 63.4%, uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 6). . Uruvange rwa limonene na eudesmol ntirwagize ingaruka nziza cyane, aho 88% by’impfu za mibu byagaragaye mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 yo kwibasirwa (Imbonerahamwe ya 6). Muri make, uruvange rune rwatoranijwe rw’imibu ya binary rwagaragaje ingaruka zihuza amoko ya mibu ya Aedes aegypti iyo ikoreshejwe ku rugero runini (Imbonerahamwe ya 6).
Hatoranijwe uburyo butatu bwo guhuza ibintu kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwoko bwinshi bw’udukoko twa Aedes aegypti. Kugira ngo duhitemo uburyo bwo kugerageza udukoko duto, twabanje kwibanda ku buryo bubiri bwiza bwo guhuza udukoko twa terpene, ari bwo carvone hamwe na limonene na eucalyptol hamwe na eudesmol. Ubwa kabiri, uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ibintu bwatoranijwe mu guhuza organophosphate malathion na terpenoids. Twizera ko guhuza malathion na eudesmol ari bwo buryo bwiza bwo gupima udukoko duto bitewe n’impfu nyinshi zagaragaye ndetse n’agaciro ka LC50 gato cyane k’ibice byakagombye kubamo. Malathion igaragaza uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu hamwe na α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone na eudesmol. Ariko iyo turebye ku gaciro ka LC50, Eudesmol ifite agaciro gato (2.25 ppm). Agaciro ka LC50 ka malathion, α-pinene, disulfide ya diallyl, eucalyptol na carvone kari kuri 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 na 140.79 ppm. uko bikurikirana. Izi ngamba zerekana ko uruvange rwa malathion na eudesmol arirwo ruvange rwiza mu bijyanye n'ingano. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko uruvange rwa carvone hamwe na limonene na eudesmol hamwe na malathion rwagize impfu 100% ugereranije n'impfu zari zitezwe kuva kuri 61% kugeza kuri 65%. Indi ruvange, eudesmol hamwe na eucalyptol, yagaragaje igipimo cy'impfu cya 78.66% nyuma y'amasaha 24 yo kwandura, ugereranije n'igipimo cy'impfu cyari gitezwe kuva kuri 60%. Uruvange rwose uko ari rutatu rwatoranijwe rwagaragaje ingaruka nziza ndetse no mu gihe rwakoreshejwe ku rugero runini ku ndwara ya Aedes aegypti ikuze (Imbonerahamwe ya 6).
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibimera byatoranijwe nka Mp, As, Os, Em na Cl byagaragaje ingaruka zica ku bimera bya Aedes aegypti, ndetse n’ibimera bikuze. Mp EO yagize ingaruka nyinshi ku bimera bikuze, ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 0.42 ppm, ikurikirwa na As, Os na Em EO zifite agaciro ka LC50 kari munsi ya 50 ppm nyuma y’amasaha 24. Ibi bisubizo birahuye n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere ku mibu n’izindi nsazi zikomoka ku mikorobe10,11,12,13,14. Nubwo imbaraga za Cl zo kwica ibimera ziri hasi ugereranyije n’andi mavuta y’ingenzi, ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 163.65 ppm nyuma y’amasaha 24, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukura ni bwo bwinshi cyane, ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 23.37 ppm nyuma y’amasaha 24. Mp, As na Em EOs na zo zagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya allercide hamwe n’agaciro ka LC50 kari hagati ya 100–120 ppm mu masaha 24 yo kwangirika, ariko zari nke ugereranyije n’ubushobozi bwazo bwo kwica larvicidal. Ku rundi ruhande, EO Os yagaragaje ingaruka nke cyane zo kurwanya allercidal ndetse no ku gipimo cyo kuvura kiri hejuru cyane. Bityo, ibisubizo bigaragaza ko uburozi bwa ethylene oxide ku bimera bushobora gutandukana bitewe n’urwego rw’imibu15. Biterwa kandi n’umuvuduko w’ibyinjira bya EOs mu mubiri w’udukoko, uburyo bikorana na enzymes zihariye, ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’umubu bwo gukura mu mubiri muri buri cyiciro cy’imikurire16. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko igice cy’ingenzi cy’ibice ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu mikorere ya ethylene oxide, kuko ari yo igize igice kinini cy’ibice 3,12,17,18. Kubwibyo, twasuzumye ibice bibiri by’ingenzi muri buri EO. Hashingiwe ku byavuye muri GC-MS, diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide byagaragaye nk'ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi bya EO As, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibyatangajwe mbere yabyo19,20,21. Nubwo raporo zabanjirije iyi zagaragaje ko menthol ari imwe mu binyabutabire byayo by'ingenzi, carvone na limonene byongeye kugaragara nk'ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi bya Mp EO22,23. Imiterere ya Os EO yagaragaje ko eugenol na methyl eugenol ari byo binyabutabire by'ingenzi, bisa n'ibyavumbuwe n'abashakashatsi ba mbere16,24. Eucalyptol na eucalyptol byavuzwe ko ari byo binyabutabire by'ingenzi biboneka mu mavuta y'amababi ya Em, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibyavumbuwe n'abashakashatsi bamwe25,26 ariko bitandukanye n'ibyavumbuwe na Olalade et al.27. Kwiganje kwa cineole na α-pinene byagaragaye mu mavuta y'ingenzi ya melaleuca, bisa n'ubushakashatsi bwabanje28,29. Itandukaniro ryihariye mu miterere n'ubwinshi bw'amavuta y'ingenzi akurwa mu bwoko bumwe bw'ibimera ahantu hatandukanye ryaragaragaye kandi ryagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi, buterwa n'imiterere y'ibimera, igihe cyo gusarura, icyiciro cyo gukura, cyangwa imyaka y'ibimera. Isura ya chemotypes, nibindi.22,30,31,32. Ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi byabonetse byaguzwe kandi bipimwa ingaruka zabyo ku mibu ya Aedes aegypti ikuze n'ingaruka zayo ku mibu ikuze ya Aedes aegypti. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko imikorere ya diallyl disulfide yica imibu ingana n'iya EO As isanzwe. Ariko imikorere ya diallyl trisulfide iri hejuru kurusha EO As. Ibi bisubizo bisa n'ibyabonetse na Kimbaris et al. 33 kuri Culex philippines. Ariko, ibi binyabutabire bibiri ntibyagaragaje imikorere myiza ya autocidal ku mibu yibasiwe, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibyavuye muri Plata-Rueda et al 34 kuri Tenebrio molitor. Os EO ikora neza ku cyiciro cy'imibu ya Aedes aegypti, ariko ntabwo ikora ku cyiciro cy'imibu ikuze. Byagaragaye ko imikorere y’uturemangingo tw’ingenzi mu kwica udukoko iri hasi ugereranyije n’iya Os EO. Ibi bivuze uruhare rw’izindi ngirabuzimafatizo n’imikoranire yazo muri okiside ya ethylene. Methyl eugenol yonyine ifite imikorere mike, mu gihe eugenol yonyine ifite imikorere iri hagati mu kwica udukoko. Uyu mwanzuro uremeza, ku ruhande rumwe, 35,36, kandi ku rundi ruhande, uvuguruza imyanzuro y’abashakashatsi ba mbere 37,38. Itandukaniro mu matsinda y’imikorere ya eugenol na methyleugenol rishobora gutera uburozi butandukanye ku dukoko twibasiwe 39. Limonene yagaragaye ko ifite imikorere iri hagati mu kwica udukoko, mu gihe ingaruka za carvone zitari nini. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, uburozi buke bwa limonene ku dukoko tukuze n’uburozi bwinshi bwa carvone bishyigikira ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwabanje 40 ariko bivuguruza ubundi 41. Kuba hari imigozi ibiri ku myanya ya intracyclic na exocyclic bishobora kongera inyungu z'iyi miti nka larvicides3,41, mu gihe carvone, ari yo ketone ifite alpha na beta carbones zidafite ubushyuhe, ishobora kugaragaza ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gutera uburozi ku bantu bakuru42. Ariko, imiterere ya limonene na carvone iri hasi cyane ugereranyije na EO Mp yose (Imbonerahamwe ya 1, Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Muri terpenoids zapimwe, eudesmol yagaragaye ko ifite imikorere myiza cyane yo kwica larvicidal no ku bantu bakuru ifite agaciro ka LC50 kari munsi ya 2.5 ppm, bigatuma iba ikintu cyiza cyo kurwanya imibu ya Aedes. Imikorere yayo iruta iya EO Em yose, nubwo ibi bidahuye n'ibyavumbuwe na Cheng et al.40. Eudesmol ni sesquiterpene ifite ibice bibiri bya isoprene bidahindagurika cyane ugereranyije na monoterpenes zifite ogisijeni nka eucalyptus bityo ikaba ifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kwica udukoko. Eucalyptol ubwayo ifite ibikorwa byo kwica udukoko mu gihe cy’imyaka ikuze kurusha iy’udukoko, kandi ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bishyigikira kandi bikabyamagana37,43,44. Igikorwa cyonyine kigera ku rugero rungana n’urwa EO Cl yose. Indi monoterpene ya bicyclic, α-pinene, igira ingaruka nke ku bantu bakuru kuri Aedes aegypti kurusha ingaruka zo kwica udukoko mu gihe cy’imyaka ikuze, ibi bikaba bitandukanye n’ingaruka za EO Cl yuzuye. Ibikorwa byo kwica udukoko muri rusange bya terpenoids bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bwazo, guhinduka kw’uturemangingo, amashami ya karuboni, agace kayo, ubuso, amatsinda imikorere n’aho ziherereye45,46. Ibi bintu bishobora gukora mu gusenya ingirabuzimafatizo, kubuza ibikorwa byo guhumeka, guhagarika ihererekanya ry’imitsi, nibindi.47 Organophosphate y’ubukorano Temephos yagaragaye ko ifite ibikorwa byo kwica udukoko mu gihe cy’imyaka ikuze ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 0.43 ppm, ibi bikaba bihuye n’amakuru ya Lek -Utala48. Ibikorwa by’abantu bakuru bya organophosphorus malathion y’ubukorano byagaragaye kuri 5.44 ppm. Nubwo izi organophosphates ebyiri zagaragaje ko zirwanya ubwoko bwa Aedes aegypti bwo muri laboratwari, ubudahangarwa bw'imibu kuri izi miti bwagaragaye mu bice bitandukanye by'isi49. Ariko, nta raporo zisa nazo zerekana iterambere ry'ubudahangarwa bw'imiti ikomoka ku bimera zabonetse50. Bityo, ibimera bifatwa nk'ibindi bishobora gusimbura imiti yica udukoko muri gahunda zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima.
Ingaruka zo kwica udukoko twageragejwe ku bivange 28 bya binary (1:1) byakozwe muri terpenoids zikomeye na terpenoids hamwe na thymetphos, kandi byagaragaye ko bivange 9 bihuza, 14 bihuza na 5 bihuza. Nta ngaruka. Ku rundi ruhande, mu isuzuma ry’ubushobozi bw’umuntu mukuru, byagaragaye ko bihuza 7 bihuza, 15 bihuza, naho 6 bihuza byavuzwe ko nta ngaruka bigira. Impamvu ituma bivange bimwe bitanga ingaruka zo guhuza bishobora kuba biterwa n’ibinyabutabire bikorana icyarimwe mu nzira zitandukanye z’ingenzi, cyangwa ku gukumira enzymes zitandukanye z’ingenzi z’inzira runaka y’ibinyabuzima51. Guhuza limonene na diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus cyangwa eugenol byagaragaye ko bihuza haba mu buryo buto n’ubunini (Imbonerahamwe ya 6), mu gihe guhuza kwayo na eucalyptus cyangwa α-pinene byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka zo kurwanya imisemburo. Ugereranyije, limonene isa nkaho ari ingirakamaro mu guhuza ibintu, bishoboka ko biterwa no kuba hari amatsinda ya methyl, kwinjira neza mu gice cya corneum, n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora52,53. Byavuzwe mbere ko limonene ishobora guteza ingaruka z'uburozi mu kwinjira mu dukoko (uburozi bw'udukoko), bigira ingaruka ku buryo bw'igogora (anti-feeding), cyangwa bigira ingaruka ku buryo bw'ubuhumekero (fumigation activity),54 mu gihe phenylpropanoide nka eugenol zishobora kugira ingaruka ku misemburo ya metabolism 55. Kubwibyo, guhuza ibintu bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora bishobora kongera ingaruka mbi z'uruvange muri rusange. Eucalyptol byagaragaye ko ikorana na diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus cyangwa α-pinene, ariko ubundi buryo bwo guhuza n'ibindi bintu ntibwari burwanya larvicidal cyangwa burwanya. Ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwagaragaje ko eucalyptol ifite imikorere yo gukumira acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ndetse na octamine na GABA receptors56. Kubera ko monoterpenes zikora ku buryo bw'ikirere, eucalyptol, eugenol, n'izindi zishobora kugira uburyo bumwe n'imikorere yazo nk'uburozi bw'imitsi, 57 bityo bikagabanya ingaruka zabyo hamwe binyuze mu gukumirana. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uruvange rwa Temephos na diallyl disulfide, α-pinene na limonene byagaragaye ko bihuza, bishyigikira raporo zabanje z'ingaruka zihuza ibikomoka ku bimera na organophosphates zikoze58.
Guhuza eudesmol na eucalyptol byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka ku buryo buhuriweho ku ntangangore n'iz'ubukure za Aedes aegypti, bishoboka ko biterwa n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora bitewe n'imiterere yazo itandukanye ya shimi. Eudesmol (sesquiterpene) ishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo bw'ubuhumekero 59 naho eucalyptol (monoterpene) ishobora kugira ingaruka kuri acetylcholinesterase 60. Guhurira hamwe kw'ibikubiye mu bikoresho ahantu habiri cyangwa henshi bishobora kongera ingaruka mbi z'ubuhumekero. Mu isuzuma ry'ibintu by'abantu bakuru, malathion yagaragaye ko ihuza na carvone cyangwa eucalyptol cyangwa eucalyptol cyangwa diallyl disulfide cyangwa α-pinene, bigaragaza ko ihuza hamwe no kongeramo limonene na di. Ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo guhuza allercide ku rutonde rwose rw'ibinyabutabire bya terpene, usibye allyl trisulfide. Thangam na Kathiresan61 nabo batangaje ibisubizo bisa by’ingaruka za malathion hamwe n’ibikomoka ku bimera. Iyi ngaruka ishobora guterwa n’ingaruka z’uburozi bwa malathion n’ibinyabutabire bya phytochemicals bihuriweho ku misemburo ikuraho udukoko. Organophosphates nka malathion muri rusange zigira uruhare mu gukumira esterases za cytochrome P450 na monooxygenases62,63,64. Kubwibyo, guhuza malathion n’izi nzira z’imikorere na terpenes hamwe n’uburyo butandukanye bw’imikorere bishobora kongera ingaruka z’ubwicanyi ku mibu muri rusange.
Ku rundi ruhande, antagonism igaragaza ko ibintu byatoranijwe bidakora cyane mu buryo buvanze kurusha buri kintu kimwe. Impamvu yo antagonism mu buryo bumwe na bumwe ishobora kuba ari uko ikintu kimwe gihindura imyitwarire y'ikindi kintu binyuze mu guhindura umuvuduko wo kwinjiza, gukwirakwira, metabolism, cyangwa gusohora. Abashakashatsi ba mbere batekereje ko ibi ari byo bitera antagonism mu buryo buvanze imiti. Molecules Uburyo bushoboka 65. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, impamvu zishobora gutera antagonism zishobora kuba zifitanye isano n'uburyo bumwe bwo gukora, ipiganwa ry'ibintu bigize receptor imwe cyangwa aho bikorerwa. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, hashobora kubaho kandi kudahangana kwa poroteyine. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibintu bibiri bya organosulfur, diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide, byagaragaje ingaruka zo guhangana, bishoboka ko biterwa no guhangana n'aho bikorerwa. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibi bintu bibiri bya sulfure byagaragaje ingaruka zo guhangana kandi nta ngaruka byagize iyo bihujwe na eudesmol na α-pinene. Eudesmol na alpha-pinene ni cyclic mu buryo, mu gihe diallyl disulfide na diallyl trisulfide ari aliphatic mu buryo. Hashingiwe ku miterere y’ibinyabutabire, guhuza ibi bintu bigomba kongera imikorere y’ibice muri rusange kubera ko aho byibasiwe akenshi haba hatandukanye34,47, ariko mu igerageza twasanze antagonism, ishobora guterwa n’uruhare rw’ibi bintu mu binyabuzima bimwe na bimwe bitazwi mu mubiri bitewe n’imikoranire. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, guhuza cineole na α-pinene byatanze ibisubizo by’amakimbirane, nubwo abashakashatsi batangaje mbere ko ibi bintu byombi bifite intego zitandukanye47,60. Kubera ko ibyo bintu byombi ari monoterpenes zikora ku buryo bw’ikirere, hashobora kubaho ahantu hamwe hahurira abantu bashobora guhatana kugira ngo bafatanye kandi bagire ingaruka ku burozi rusange bw’ibice by’abafatanyabikorwa byizweho.
Hashingiwe ku gaciro ka LC50 n'impfu zagaragaye, hatoranijwe uruvange rubiri rwiza rwa terpene ruhuza amoko, ari rwo carvone + limonene na eucalyptol + eudesmol, ndetse na organophosphorus malathion ikora hamwe na terpenes. Uruvange rwiza rwa malathion + Eudesmol ruhuza amoko rwageragejwe mu isuzuma ry’udukoko tw’inkoko tw’inkoko. Hibandwa ku dukoko tunini kugira ngo hemezwe niba uruvange rwiza rushobora gukora ku mubare munini w’udukoko ahantu hanini ho kwibasirwa. Urwo ruvange rwose rugaragaza ingaruka nziza ku dukoko twinshi. Ibisubizo nk'ibyo byabonetse ku ruvange rwiza rwa terpene ruhuza amoko menshi y’udukoko twa Aedes aegypti. Bityo, bishobora kuvugwa ko uruvange rwiza rwa terpene rurwanya amoko y’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Aedes aegypti ruhuza amoko y’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Aedes aegypti rurwanya amoko y’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Aedes aegypti. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uruvange rwiza rw'imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti cyangwa imiti yica udukoko hamwe na terpenes rushobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kugabanya urugero rwa thymetphos cyangwa malathion ihabwa imibu. Iyi miti ikomeye ishobora gutanga ibisubizo ku bushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza ku miku ya Aedes irwanya imiti.
Amagi ya Aedes aegypti yakusanyijwe mu Kigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Buvuzi cy’Akarere, Dibrugarh, Inama y’Ubuhinde y’Ubushakashatsi ku Buvuzi kandi abikwa ku bushyuhe bugenzurwa (28 ± 1 °C) n’ubushuhe (85 ± 5%) mu Ishami ry’Inyamaswa, Kaminuza ya Gauhati mu buryo bukurikira: Arivoli n’abandi basobanuwe. Nyuma yo gusohora, inyoni zagaburirwaga ibiryo by’inyoni (ifu y’ibisuguti by’imbwa n’umusemburo ku gipimo cya 3:1) naho inyoni nini zigaburirwa umuti wa glucose wa 10%. Guhera ku munsi wa 3 nyuma yo kumera, inyoni nini z’ingore zemerewe kunyunyuza amaraso y’imbeba z’aba albino. Shyira impapuro ziyungurura mu mazi mu kirahuri hanyuma uzishyire mu kirahuri cyo gutera amagi.
Ingero z'ibimera byatoranijwe ni ukuvuga amababi ya eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil yera (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) n'utubuto twa allium (Amaryllidaceae). Byakusanyijwe muri Guwahati kandi byagaragajwe n'Ishami ry'Ibimera, Kaminuza ya Gauhati. Ingero z'ibimera byakusanyijwe (500 g) byashyizwe mu mazi hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya Clevenger mu gihe cy'amasaha 6. EO yakuwemo yakusanyijwe mu ducupa tw'ibirahuri byiza kandi bibikwa kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugira ngo bikomeze gukorerwa inyigo.
Uburozi bw’udukoko twangiza ingirabuzima bwigwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bw’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima 67. Koresha DMSO nk'umusemburo. Buri gipimo cya EO cyabanje gupimwa kuri 100 na 1000 ppm, hagaragara udukoko 20 muri buri gipimo. Hashingiwe ku bisubizo, hashyizweho urugero rw’igipimo maze hafatwa imfu kuva ku isaha 1 kugeza ku masaha 6 (mu gihe cy’isaha 1), no mu masaha 24, amasaha 48 n’amasaha 72 nyuma yo kuvurwa. Igipimo cy’udukoko (LC50) cyagenwe nyuma y’amasaha 24, 48 na 72 yo kwandura. Buri gipimo cyapimwe mu buryo butatu hamwe n’igipimo kimwe cyo kurwanya (amazi gusa) n’igipimo kimwe cyo kurwanya (amazi yavuwe na DMSO). Iyo habayeho gukwirakwira kw’udukoko kandi abarenga 10% by’udukoko two mu itsinda ry’abagenzurwa bagapfa, igerageza rirasubirwamo. Niba igipimo cy’impfu mu itsinda ry’abagenzurwa kiri hagati ya 5-10%, koresha formula yo gukosora ya Abbott 68.
Uburyo bwasobanuwe na Ramar et al. 69 bwakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma indwara y’umurwayi mukuru Aedes aegypti hakoreshejwe asetone nk'umusemburo. Buri EO yabanje gupimwa ku murwayi mukuru Aedes aegypti ku gipimo cya 100 na 1000 ppm. Shyira mililitiro 2 za buri gisubizo cyateguwe kuri Whatman nomero. Agapapuro 1 k’urupapuro rw’urufunguzo (ingano ya 12 x 15 cm2) hanyuma ureke asetone ihinduke mu minota 10. Impapuro z’urufunguzo zavuwe na mililitiro 2 gusa za asetone zakoreshejwe nk'uburyo bwo kugenzura. Iyo asetone imaze gushonga, impapuro z’urufunguzo zavuwe n’impapuro z’urufunguzo zishyirwa mu muyoboro w’ubudodo (cm 10 z’ubujyakuzimu). Imibu icumi y’iminsi 3 kugeza kuri 4 idatanga amaraso yimuwe mu byiciro bitatu bya buri gipimo. Hashingiwe ku bisubizo by’ibizamini by’ibanze, hapimwe ubwoko butandukanye bw’amavuta yatoranijwe. Impfu zanditswe mu isaha 1, amasaha 2, amasaha 3, amasaha 4, amasaha 5, amasaha 6, amasaha 24, amasaha 48 n'amasaha 72 nyuma yo kurekura umubu. Barura agaciro ka LC50 urebe igihe cyo guhura n'umubu mu masaha 24, amasaha 48 n'amasaha 72. Niba igipimo cy'impfu mu itsinda rigenzura kirenze 20%, subiramo ikizamini cyose. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba igipimo cy'impfu mu itsinda rigenzura kirenze 5%, hindura ibisubizo by'ingero zavuwe ukoresheje formula ya Abbott68.
Gupima gaze (Agilent 7890A) na mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) byakozwe kugira ngo hasesengurwe ibintu bigize amavuta y’ingenzi yatoranijwe. GC yari ifite icyuma gipima FID n’icyuma gipima imiyoboro y’amaraso (HP5-MS). Gaze yari helium, umuvuduko w’amazi wari 1 ml/min. Gahunda ya GC ishyira Allium sativum kuri 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M na Ocimum Sainttum kuri 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 - 280, kuri mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, kuri eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, naho ku ibara ry'umutuku. Ku byiciro igihumbi, ni 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi bya buri EO byagaragajwe hashingiwe ku ijanisha ry'ubuso ryabazwe mu bisubizo bya GC chromatogram na mass spectrometry (byashingiwe ku bubiko bw'amakuru bwa NIST 70).
Ibinyabutabire bibiri by’ingenzi muri buri EO byatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bisubizo bya GC-MS maze bigurwa muri Sigma-Aldrich ku buziranenge bwa 98–99% kugira ngo hakorwe ibindi bipimo by’ubuzima. Ibinyabutabire byageragejwe kugira ngo harebwe niba birwanya ibinyabutabire n’ubushobozi bw’abantu bakuru kuri Aedes aegypti nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. Ibinyabutabire bya synthetic larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) n’umuti mukuru malathion (Sigma Aldrich) byasesenguwe kugira ngo bigereranye ubushobozi bwabyo n’ibinyabutabire bya EO byatoranijwe, hakurikijwe uburyo bumwe.
Uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire bya terpene byatoranijwe n’ibinyabutabire bya terpene hamwe n’ibinyabutabire by’ubucuruzi (tilephos na malathion) byateguwe hakoreshejwe kuvanga dose ya LC50 ya buri kintu cyatoranijwe mu gipimo cya 1: 1. Uruvange rwateguwe rwageragejwe ku byiciro bya Aedes aegypti y’ibinyabutabire n’ibyiciro by’abantu bakuru nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. Buri suzuma ry’ibinyabuzima ryakozwe mu byiciro bitatu kuri buri ruvange no mu byiciro bitatu kuri buri kintu kimwe kiri muri buri ruvange. Urupfu rw’udukoko twakoreweho rwanditswe nyuma y’amasaha 24. Gerageza kubara igipimo cy’urupfu rw’ibinyabutabire bya kabiri ukoresheje formula ikurikira.
aho E = igipimo cy’impfu zitezwe ku mibu ya Aedes aegypti bitewe n’uruvange rw’imibu ibiri, ni ukuvuga isano (A + B).
Ingaruka za buri mvange y’ibice bibiri zanditswe nk’ingaruka zihuza, zirwanya, cyangwa nta ngaruka zishingiye ku gaciro ka χ2 kabazwe n’uburyo bwasobanuwe na Pavla52. Gerageza kubara agaciro ka χ2 kuri buri mvange ukoresheje formula ikurikira.
Ingaruka z'uruvange zasobanuwe nk'izihuza iyo agaciro ka χ2 kabazwe kari hejuru y'agaciro k'imbonerahamwe ku bipimo by'ubwisanzure bihuye (intera y'icyizere ya 95%) kandi niba urupfu rwagaragaye rwagaragaye rurenze urupfu rwari rwitezwe. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba agaciro ka χ2 kabazwe ku ruvange urwo arirwo rwose karenze agaciro k'imbonerahamwe hamwe n'ibipimo bimwe by'ubwisanzure, ariko urupfu rwagaragaye rukaba ruri hasi y'urupfu rwari rwitezwe, uburyo bwo kuvura bufatwa nk'uburwanya. Kandi niba mu ruvange urwo ari rwo rwose agaciro ka χ2 kabazwe kari munsi y'agaciro k'imbonerahamwe mu bipimo by'ubwisanzure bihuye, ruvange rufatwa nk'aho nta ngaruka rufite.
Hatoranijwe uruvange rutatu kugeza kuri rune rushobora guhuza (udusimba 100 n'udukoko 50 twica udukoko n'udukoko tw'inkoko) kugira ngo bipimwe udukoko twinshi. Abantu bakuru) bakomeza nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru. Hamwe n'uruvange, uruvange rumwe ku rundi ruri mu ruvange rwatoranijwe narwo rwageragejwe ku mubare ungana wa Aedes aegypti larvae n'abantu bakuru. Igipimo cy'uruvange ni igice kimwe cya LC50 cy'umuvange umwe n'igice cya LC50 cy'ikindi gice cy'uruvange. Mu isuzuma ry'ibikorwa by'abantu bakuru, uruvange rwatoranyijwe rwashongeshejwe muri acetone y'umushongi maze rushyirwa ku rupapuro rw'uruvange rupfunyitse mu gikoresho cya pulasitiki gifite uburebure bwa cm3. Acetone yashongeshejwe mu minota 10 maze abantu bakuru bararekurwa. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, mu isuzuma ry'ibintu by'inkoko, uruvange rw'uruvange rwa LC50 rwabanje gushongeshwa mu ngano zingana za DMSO hanyuma ruvangwa na litiro 1 y'amazi abikwa mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki bya cc 1300, maze uruvange rurarekurwa.
Isesengura ry’ibyashobokaga ku makuru 71 y’impfu yanditswe ryakozwe hakoreshejwe SPSS (version ya 16) na porogaramu ya Minitab kugira ngo harebwe agaciro ka LC50.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-01-2024