I Khowe, mu majyepfo ya Benin, hakozwe igerageza ry’igerageza rishingiye ku nzu, kugira ngo harebwe akamaro k’imiti mishya kandi yageragejwe mu murima mu kurwanya indwara za malariya ziterwa na pyrethrin. Inzitiramubu zakuwe mu ngo nyuma y’amezi 12, 24 na 36. Ibice byakuwe mu mashini zose byasesenguwe kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y’imiti n’ibizamini by’ibinyabuzima, kandi hakozwe isuzuma ry’uburyo imiti yica udukoko yahindukaga mu mibare y’abantu bakomoka muri Khowe.
Interceptor® G2 yarushije izindi ITN, yemeza ko inzitiramubu za pyrethroid na chlorfenapyr ari zo ziruta izindi nzitiramubu. Mu bicuruzwa bishya, ITN zose zo mu gisekuru gitaha zagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora kurusha Interceptor®; icyakora, ingano y'iyi ntambwe yagabanutse nyuma yo gusaza kw'imirima bitewe n'uko imvange zitari pyrethroid zidakomera cyane. Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ko hakenewe kunoza uburyo ITN zo mu gisekuru gitaha zikomeza kwica udukoko.
Udukoko twica udukokoInzitiramibu zavuwe (ITNs) zagize uruhare runini mu kugabanya indwara n'impfu za malariya mu myaka 20 ishize. Kuva mu 2004, ITNs zisaga miliyari 3 zakwirakwijwe ku isi yose, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bugaragaza ko 68% by'abandura malariya muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara byakuweho hagati ya 2000 na 2015. Ikibabaje ni uko ubudahangarwa bw'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa muri ITNs bwiyongereye cyane, bubangamira uburyo iyi gahunda y'ingenzi ikoreshwa. Muri icyo gihe, iterambere mu kurwanya malariya ryaragabanutse ku isi, aho ibihugu byinshi bifite imitwaro myinshi byiyongera kuva mu 2015. Iyi miterere yatumye habaho iterambere ry'ubwoko bushya bw'ibicuruzwa bishya bya ITN bigamije guhangana n'ikibazo cyo kudahangarwa kwa pyrethroid no gufasha kugabanya uyu mutwaro no kugera ku ntego zikomeye ku isi.
Kuri ubu hari imiti itatu mishya ya ITN iri ku isoko, buri imwe ihuza pyrethroid n'indi miti yica udukoko cyangwa ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara ya malariya. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hakozwe ibizamini byinshi byakozwe mu buryo butaziguye (RCTs) kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo izi miti zikora neza ugereranije n'imiti isanzwe ya pyrethroid gusa no gutanga ibimenyetso bikenewe kugira ngo hashyigikirwe inama z'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS). Inzitiramubu zihuza pyrethroid na piperonyl butoxide (PBO), ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara ya pyrethroid mu gukumira imisemburo yo gukuraho imibu, ni zo zabanje gutangwa na OMS nyuma y'uko ibicuruzwa bibiri (Olyset® Plus na PermaNet® 3.0) byagaragaje ingaruka nziza z'indwara ugereranije n'imitiramubu gusa mu igerageza ryakozwe mu buryo butaziguye muri Tanzaniya na Uganda. Ariko, hakenewe amakuru menshi kugira ngo hamenyekane agaciro k'imitiramubu ya pyrethroid-PBO ku buzima rusange muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, aho kurwanya cyane pyrethroid bishobora kugabanya inyungu zayo ugereranije n'imitiramubu gusa.
Ubusanzwe imiti yica udukoko ya ITN ikomeza gupimwa no gukusanya inzitiramibu mu baturage no kuzigerageza mu isuzuma rya laboratwari hakoreshejwe ubwoko bw'imibu yororerwamo udukoko. Nubwo ibi bipimo ari ingirakamaro mu kugaragaza uburyo imiti yica udukoko iboneka n'ubushobozi bw'imiti ku buso bw'imiti yo ku buriri uko igihe kigenda gihita, bitanga amakuru make ku buryo ubwoko butandukanye bw'imiti yo ku buriri bukurikira bushobora kugereranywa n'uburyo imiti yica udukoko irimo ikoreshwa. Igerageza ry'igerageza ry'inzu ni ubundi buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma uburyo inzitiramibu zavuwe n'imiti mu bushakashatsi burambye mu bihe bisa n'imikoranire isanzwe hagati y'imiti yo mu gasozi n'imiti yo mu rugo mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. Mu by'ukuri, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima udukoko mu makuru y'icyorezo bwagaragaje ko urupfu rw'imibu n'umuvuduko wo kugaburira byapimwe muri ibi bigeragezo bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhanura ingaruka za ITN ku bwiyongere bwa malariya no ku ikwirakwira rya RCTs z'amatsinda. Bityo, igerageza ryakozwe mu buryo bw’igerageza rishingiye ku nzu aho uduce twa lymphocyte twakusanyijwe mu murima dushyirwa muri RCTs z’amatsinda dushobora gutanga amakuru y’ingirakamaro ku bijyanye n’imikorere y’ibinyabuzima n’uburyo uduce twa lymphocyte twavuwe n’imiti dukomeza kwica udukoko mu gihe cy’ubuzima bwatwo buteganijwe, kandi bigafasha gusobanura ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku ndwara z’ibyorezo.
Ikizamini cy’igerageza ry’utuzu ni uburyo bwo gupima abantu busanzwe busabwa n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye wita ku Buzima kugira ngo harebwe akamaro k’inzitiramibu ziterwa umuti wica udukoko. Ibi bizamini byiganjemo imiterere y’ibintu nyabyo abarya imibu bahura na byo iyo bahuye n’inzitiramibu zo mu rugo, bityo bikaba ari uburyo bwiza cyane bwo gusuzuma imikorere y’inzitiramibu zakoreshejwe mu gihe cy’igihe ziteganijwe gukoreshwa.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye ubushobozi bw'udukoko mu miyoboro itatu itandukanye y'imiti yica udukoko mu mikurire mishya (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2) mu miterere y'ubutaka mu bigega by'igerageza, maze bugereranya n'imiti isanzwe ya pyrethrin gusa (Interceptor®). Iyi miti yose yavuwe n'imiti irimo imiti iri ku rutonde rwemewe na OMS rwo kugenzura ibinyabuzima. Ibiranga buri miti iratangwa hano hepfo:
Muri Werurwe 2020, hakozwe gahunda nini yo gukwirakwiza inzitiramibu zo mu murima mu midugudu y’utuzu two mu Ntara ya Zou, mu majyepfo ya Benin, kugira ngo hakoreshwe igerageza ry’inyitiramibu. Interceptor®, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2 zatoranijwe mu matsinda yatoranijwe mu buryo butunguranye mu turere twa Kove, Zagnanado na Ouinhi nk'igice cy'inyigo yo kwitegereza igihe kirekire yashyizwe mu itsinda rya RCT kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z'inzitiramibu ebyiri zavuwe umuti. Inzitiramibu za PermaNet® 3.0 zakusanyijwe mu mudugudu wa Avokanzun hafi y'umujyi wa Jija na Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) kandi zakwirakwijwe icyarimwe n'inzitiramibu zo mu itsinda rya RCT mu gihe cya gahunda y'igihugu yo kurwanya malariya yo mu 2020. Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza aho amatsinda y'ubushakashatsi/imidugudu yakusanyijwemo ubwoko butandukanye bwa ITN ugereranije n'ahantu h'igerageza ry'utuzu.
Igerageza ry’icyitegererezo ry’utuzu twa Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2 ITNs ryakozwe kugira ngo hagereranywe imikorere y’udukoko twa Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2 ITNs iyo twakuwe mu ngo mu mezi 12, 24 na 36 nyuma yo gukwirakwizwa. Kuri buri gihe cy’umwaka, imikorere y’utuzu twa ITNs twashaje mu murima yagereranywaga n’utuzu dushya, tudakoreshejwe twa buri bwoko n’utuzu twavuwe nk’uburyo bwo kugenzura nabi. Kuri buri gihe cy’umwaka, ingero 54 z’utuzu twa ITNs twashaje mu murima na ITNs 6 nshya za buri bwoko zageragejwe mu igerageza rimwe cyangwa abiri ry’utuzu dutandukanye hamwe n’uburyo bwo kuvura buri munsi. Mbere ya buri kizamini cy’utuzu, igipimo cy’impuzandengo cy’imisemburo y’utuzu twashaje twa buri bwoko bwa ITNs cyapimwe hakurikijwe inama za OMS. Kugira ngo bigane uburyo bwo kwangirika no gucika kw’ikoreshwa rya buri munsi, utuzu dushya twa ITNs n’utuzu twagenzuwe twatobowemo imyobo itandatu ya cm 4 x 4: ibiri muri buri gice kirekire cyo ku ruhande n’imwe muri buri gice kigufi cyo ku ruhande, hakurikijwe inama za OMS. Urusenda rw'imibu rwashyizwe mu nzu imbere mu gufata imigozi ku nkengero z'amabati yo hejuru y'inkuta z'inzu. Muri buri gerageza ry'inzu hasuzumwe uburyo bukurikira:
Inzitiramubu zo mu murima zasuzumwe mu mazu y’igerageza mu mwaka umwe ubwo inzitiramubu zakurwagaho. Igerageza ry’inzu ryakorewe ahantu hamwe kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Nzeri 2021, Mata kugeza Kamena 2022, na Gicurasi kugeza Nyakanga 2023, inzitiramubu zakuweho nyuma y’amezi 12, 24, na 36. Buri gerageza ryamaze igihe cy’ikizamini kimwe cy’ubuvuzi (amajoro 54 mu byumweru 9), uretse amezi 12, ubwo hakorwaga ubuvuzi bubiri bukurikiranye kugira ngo hongerwe ingano y’imibu. Nyuma y’igishushanyo mbonera cya kare cy’ikilatini, ubuvuzi bwazungurutswaga buri cyumweru hagati y’amazu y’igerageza kugira ngo hagenzurwe ingaruka z’aho inzu y’igerageza iherereye, mu gihe abakorerabushake bazungurutswaga buri munsi kugira ngo hagenzurwe itandukaniro mu gukurura imibu ku bantu. Imibu yakusanyijwe iminsi 6 mu cyumweru; ku munsi wa 7, mbere y’ikizamini gikurikiraho cyo gusimburanya, amazu yasukurwaga kandi agahumeka kugira ngo hirindwe kwandura.
Ingano z'ingenzi mu kuvura icyorezo cy'umubu urwanya imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya pyrethroid ndetse no kugereranya ITN yo mu gisekuru gitaha n'urushundura rwa Interceptor® rwonyine rwa pyrethroid ni:
Ingaruka z'inyongera ku miti yo mu rugo ikoreshwa mu kuvura imbu za Anopheles gambiae zirwanya pyrethroid zari izi zikurikira:
Gufata (%) – kugabanuka kw'igipimo cy'abinjira mu itsinda ryavuwe ugereranije n'itsinda ritavuwe. Imibare ni iyi ikurikira:
aho Tu ari umubare w'imibu iri mu itsinda rishinzwe kurwanya indwara zitavuwe, naho Tt ikaba umubare w'imibu iri mu itsinda ryavuwe.
Igipimo cy'imibu itera ububabare (%) – Igipimo cy'imibu itera ububabare giterwa n'uburibwe bushobora guterwa n'ubuvuzi, bugaragazwa n'igice cy'imibu itoranywa ku ibaraza.
Igipimo cyo guhosha amaraso (%) ni ukugabanuka k'umubare w'imibu yonka amaraso mu itsinda ryavuwe ugereranije n'itsinda ryagenzuwe ritavuwe. Uburyo bwo kubara ni ubu bukurikira: aho Bfu ari igipimo cy'imibu yonka amaraso mu itsinda ryagenzuwe ritavuwe, naho Bft ikaba igipimo cy'imibu yonka amaraso mu itsinda ryavuwe.
Kugabanuka k'uburumbuke (%) — kugabanuka k'umubare w'imibu ikura mu itsinda ryavuwe ugereranije n'iy'abayirwanya. Uburyo bwo kubara ni ubu bukurikira: aho Fu ari umubare w'imibu ikura mu itsinda ryavuwe, naho Ft ikaba umubare w'imibu ikura mu itsinda ryavuwe.
Mu rwego rwo gukurikirana impinduka mu miterere y’ubwirinzi bw’imiti ya Covè uko igihe cyagiye gihita, OMS yakoze isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima mu buryo bwa vitro no mu macupa mu mwaka umwe wa buri gerageza ry’igerageza ry’utuzu (2021, 2022, 2023) kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo kwandura indwara ya AI mu buryo bwa ITNs ziri kwigwa no kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo gusobanura ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu buryo bwa vitro, imibu yashyizwe mu mpapuro za filter zavuwe n’ingano ya alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) na deltamethrin (0.05%), no mu macupa atwikiriwe n’ingano ya CFP (100 μg/icupa) na PPF (100 μg/icupa) kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo kwandura iyi miti yica udukoko. Ubukana bw’uburinzi bwa pyrethroid bwakorewe ubushakashatsi hagaragazwa uburyo imibu ishobora gukubita imibu inshuro 5 (0.25%) n’inshuro 10 (0.50%) zitandukanye z’ingano ya α-cypermethrin na deltamethrin. Amaherezo, uruhare rw'ubufatanye bwa PBO n'ubwiyongere bwa cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) mu kurwanya pyrethroid byapimwe hifashishijwe imibu yabanje guhura n'ibipimo bitandukanye bya α-cypermethrin (0.05%) na deltamethrin (0.05%), ndetse no guhura na PBO (4%) mbere y'uko ikoreshwa. Impapuro ziyungurura zakoreshejwe mu isuzuma rya OMS zaguzwe muri Universiti Sains Malaysia. Uducupa tw'isuzuma rya OMS hakoreshejwe CFP na PPF twateguwe hakurikijwe inama za OMS.
Imibu yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma indwara yakuwe mu cyiciro cy’ibibyimba mu gihe cy’imisemburo ivanywe ahantu ho kororokera hafi y’aho ishashi igeragerezwa hanyuma ikaragirwa kugeza ku bantu bakuru. Kuri buri gihe, nibura imibu 100 yashyizwe muri buri muti mu gihe cy’iminota 60, aho hakozwe imibu 4 kuri buri muyoboro/icupa n’imibu 25 kuri buri muyoboro/icupa. Ku bijyanye n’indwara ya pyrethroid na CFP, hakoreshejwe imibu itaragaburirwa iminsi 3-5, mu gihe kuri PPF, imibu inyunyuza amaraso y’iminsi 5-7 yakoreshejwe kugira ngo itere imbaraga mu kongera imikorere y’uturemangingo no gusuzuma ingaruka za PPF ku kororoka kw’imibu. Guhura n’imibu mu buryo bunyuranye byakozwe hakoreshejwe impapuro ziyungurura za silicone, PBO nziza (4%), n’amacupa yasizwe acetone nk’uburyo bwo kugenzura. Mu gihe cyo guhura n’imibu, imibu yimurirwa mu bikoresho bitavuwe maze ishyirwa mu budodo bw’ipamba bwinjijwe mu gipimo cya glucose cya 10% (w/v). Impfu zagaragaye amasaha 24 nyuma yo guhura n’imibu na buri masaha 24 mu gihe cy’amasaha 72 nyuma yo guhura n’imibu ya CFP na PPF. Kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kwandura PPF, imibu yarokotse yahuye na PPF ndetse n'uburyo bwo kuyirwanya byagabanutse nyuma y'uko hamenyekanye ko yatinze gupfa, hagaragaye ko imikurire y'intanga ngore ikura hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi, kandi uburumbuke bwapimwe hakurikijwe icyiciro cya Christopher cyo gukura kw'intanga [28, 30]. Iyo amagi yakuze neza kugeza ku cyiciro cya V cya Christopher, imibu yashyizwe mu cyiciro cy'uburumbuke, kandi niba amagi atarakuze neza kandi akaguma ku cyiciro cya I-IV, imibu yashyizwe mu cyiciro cy'uburumbuke.
Mu gihe cyose cy’umwaka, ibice bya cm 30 × 30 byaciwe mu nshundura nshya kandi zakoreshejwe mu murima ahantu hagenwe mu nama za OMS [22]. Nyuma yo gutema, inshundura zashyizwemo ikirango, zipfunyikwa mu rupapuro rwa aluminiyumu hanyuma zibikwa muri firigo kuri 4 ± 2 °C kugira ngo hirindwe ko uburozi bw’ubukorano bwinjira mu mwenda. Hanyuma inshundura zoherejwe mu Kigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Buhinzi cya Walloon mu Bubiligi kugira ngo zikore isesengura ry’imiti kugira ngo hapimwe impinduka mu bipimo by’uburozi bw’ubukorano mu gihe cy’ubuzima bwazo. Uburyo bwo gusesengura bwakoreshejwe (bushingiye ku buryo bwasabwe na Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Ubufatanye mu Gusesengura Udukoko) bwavuzwe mbere [25, 31].
Ku bijyanye n'amakuru y'igerageza ry'utuzu tw'igerageza, umubare wose w'imibu mizima/ipfuye, iruma/itaruma, n'ifite uburumbuke/itabora mu bice bitandukanye by'utuzu tw'igerageza wakusanyijwe kuri buri buryo bwo kuvura muri buri buryo kugira ngo harebwe ibisubizo bitandukanye (impfu z'amasaha 72, kurumwa, ectoparasitism, net entrapment, uburumbuke) hamwe n'ibihe byabyo by'icyizere bya 95% (CIs). Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubuvuzi kuri ibi bisubizo by'ibi bipimo byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuvugurura, mu gihe itandukaniro ry'ibyavuye mu kubara ryasesenguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuvugurura bipimo bya binomial. Kubera ko hakorwaga imihango ibiri yo kuzunguruka kw'imiti buri mezi 12 kandi hari uburyo bwo kuvura bwageragejwe mu igerageza, isesengura ry'imiti yo kwinjira mu tuzu ryahinduwe hakurikijwe umubare w'iminsi buri buryo bwo kuvura bwageragejwe. ITN nshya kuri buri buryo nayo yasesenguwe kugira ngo haboneke igereranya rimwe ry'igihe cyose. Uretse uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura, buri buryo bwari burimo akazu, umusinzirizi, igihe cy'igerageza, igipimo cy'umuvuduko wa ITN, n'umunsi nk'ingaruka zihamye zo kugenzura ihinduka bitewe n'itandukaniro mu gukurura k'umuntu ku giti cye n'akazu, ibihe by'umwaka, imiterere y'urushundura, no gukwirakwira cyane. Isesengura rya regression ryatanze uburyo bwo gusuzuma amahirwe (ORs) hamwe n'icyizere cya 95% bihuye kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka za ITN y'ikigero gishya ugereranije na Interceptor®, pyrethroid gusa, ku ngaruka z'ibanze z'impfu z'imibu n'uburumbuke bw'imibu. Agaciro ka P kavuye muri ubwo buryo kakoreshejwe mu gushyiraho inyuguti nto zigaragaza akamaro k'imibare ku rwego rwa 5% ku igereranya ryose ry'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bw'ibanze n'ubwa kabiri. Isesengura ryose rya regression ryakozwe muri verisiyo ya 18 ya Stata.
Kuba abantu bakomoka kuri Covese bafatwa n’icyorezo byasobanuwe hashingiwe ku rupfu n’uburumbuke bwagaragaye mu buryo bwa vitro no mu isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima mu macupa nk’uko byasabwe n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima. Ibisubizo by’isesengura ry’imiti byatanze ibikubiye mu bipimo bya ITN, byakoreshejwe mu kubara igipimo cyo kubika AI mu miyoboro yakoreshejwe mu murima ugereranije n’imiyoboro mishya kuri buri gihe buri mwaka. Amakuru yose yanditswe n’intoki ku buryo busanzwe hanyuma ashyirwa kabiri muri database ya Microsoft Excel.
Komite z’Imyitwarire myiza za Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ya Benin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMMT/CNERS/SA), Ishuri ry’Isuku n’Ubuvuzi bwo mu Ntara ya London (LSHTM) (No. 16237) n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima (No. ERC.0003153) bemeje igeragezwa ry’igerageza ry’akazu k’igerageza ryakorewemo abakorerabushake. Mbere yo kwitabira ubushakashatsi, abakorerabushake bose bahawe imiti igabanya ubukana bwa malariya ku buntu, kandi umuforomo yari ku kazi mu gihe cyose cy’igerageza kugira ngo apime umukorerabushake wese wagaragaje ibimenyetso by’umuriro cyangwa ingaruka mbi ku gicuruzwa cyapimwe.
Ibisubizo byuzuye byavuye mu mazu y’igerageza, bikubiyemo umubare w’imibu mizima/abapfuye, inzara/abarya amaraso, n’iy’uburumbuke/ifite ubwandu kuri buri tsinda ry’igerageza, ndetse n’imibare isobanura ibyayo igaragazwa nk’inyongera (Imbonerahamwe S1).
Mu kazu k’igerageza kabereye i Kowa, muri Benin, hagabanyijwe amaraso y’imibu yo mu gasozi yitwa Anopheles gambiae idashobora guterwa na pyrethroid. Amakuru yavuye mu miyoboro itavuwe n’inshundura nshya yakusanyijwe mu igerageza kugira ngo haboneke isuzuma rimwe ry’imikorere. Hashingiwe ku isesengura rya logistic regression, inkingi zifite inyuguti zisanzwe ntizari zitandukanye cyane ku rwego rwa 5% (p > 0.05). Utudomo tw’amakosa tugaragaza 95% by’ibihe by’icyizere.
Imfu z'imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya pyrethroid yo mu gasozi yinjira mu kazu k'igerageza i Kowa, muri Benin. Amakuru yavuye mu miyoboro itavuwe n'inshundura nshya yakusanyijwe mu igerageza kugira ngo haboneke isuzuma rimwe ry'ubushobozi. Dukoresheje isesengura rya logistic regression, inkingi zifite inyuguti zisanzwe ntizari zitandukanye cyane ku rwego rwa 5% (p > 0.05). Uduce tw'amakosa tugaragaza 95% by'ibihe by'icyizere.
Igipimo cy’amahirwe gisobanura itandukaniro mu rupfu rw’inzitiramibu zo mu bwoko bushya ugereranije n’inzitiramibu zo mu bwoko bwa pyrethroid gusa. Umurongo w’utudomo ugaragaza igipimo cy’amahirwe cya 1, nta tandukaniro ry’impfu. Igipimo cy’amahirwe > 1 kigaragaza impfu nyinshi zo mu bwoko bushya bw’inzitiramibu. Amakuru y’inzitiramibu zo mu bwoko bushya yakusanyijwe mu bigeragezo kugira ngo haboneke igereranya rimwe ry’imikorere. Uduce tw’amakosa tugaragaza 95% by’ibihe by’icyizere.
Nubwo Interceptor® yagaragaje impfu nke cyane ugereranyije n’izindi ITN zose zapimwe, gusaza kw’imiti mu murima ntibyagize ingaruka mbi ku ngaruka zayo ku rupfu rw’abatera imiyoboro. Mu by’ukuri, Interceptor® nshya yateje impfu 12%, mu gihe inzitiramubu zo mu murima zagaragaje iterambere rito mu mezi 12 (17%, p = 0.006) n’amezi 24 (17%, p = 0.004), mbere yo gusubira ku rugero rusa n’urw’imiyoboro mishya mu mezi 36 (11%, p = 0.05). Mu buryo bunyuranye, igipimo cy’impfu ku miyoboro ikurikiraho yavuwe n’imiti yica udukoko cyaragabanutse buhoro buhoro nyuma yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa. Igabanuka ryagaragaye cyane muri Interceptor® G2, aho impfu zagabanutse kuva kuri 58% hamwe n’imiyoboro mishya kugera kuri 36% mu mezi 12 (p< 0.001), 31% ku mezi 24 (p< 0.001), na 20% ku mezi 36 (p< 0.001). PermaNet® 3.0 nshya yatumye umubare w'impfu ugabanuka kugera kuri 37%, byanagabanutse cyane bigera kuri 20% mu mezi 12 (p< 0.001), 16% ku mezi 24 (p< 0.001), na 18% ku mezi 36 (p< 0.001). Ingendo nk'iyo yagaragaye kuri Royal Guard®, aho uburyo bushya bwagabanyije impfu ku kigero cya 33%, hagakurikiraho kugabanuka gukomeye kugera kuri 21% mu mezi 12 (p).< 0.001), 17% ku mezi 24 (p< 0.001) na 15% ku mezi 36 (p< 0.001).
Kugabanuka k'ubwinshi bw'imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya pyrethroid yo mu gasozi yinjira mu kazu k'igerageza muri Kwa, muri Benin. Amakuru yavuye mu miyoboro yavuwe n'inshundura nshya yakusanyijwe mu igerageza kugira ngo haboneke isuzuma rimwe ry'ubushobozi. Utubari dufite inyuguti zisanzwe ntabwo twari dutandukanye cyane ku rwego rwa 5% (p > 0.05) hakoreshejwe isesengura rya logistic regression. Utubari tw'amakosa tugaragaza 95% by'ibihe by'icyizere.
Ibipimo by'amahirwe bivuga itandukaniro mu burumbuke ugereranije n'inzitiramibu zo mu bwoko bushya ugereranije n'inzitiramibu zo mu bwoko bwa pyrethroid gusa. Umurongo w'utudomo ugaragaza igipimo cya 1, ugaragaza ko nta tandukaniro riri mu burumbuke. Ibipimo by'amahirwe< 1 bigaragaza igabanuka rikomeye ry'uburumbuke hakoreshejwe inzitiramubu zo mu gihe gishya. Amakuru ku nzitiramubu zo mu gihe gishya yakusanyijwe mu bushakashatsi kugira ngo haboneke isuzuma rimwe ry'uko imikorere yazo ihagaze. Uduce tw'amakosa tugaragaza 95% by'igihe cy'icyizere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-17-2025