Igeragezwa ry’indege zishingiye ku kazu ryakorewe i Khowe, mu majyepfo ya Bénin, kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima by’inzitiramubu nshya kandi zapimwe n’inzitiramubu zikomoka ku nzitiramubu zirwanya pyrethrin. Urushundura rumaze imyaka rwakuwe mu ngo nyuma y'amezi 12, 24 na 36. Urubuga rwaciwe na ITN zose rwasesenguwe kugirango habeho imiti kandi bioassay yanduye yakozwe muri buri kigeragezo kugirango harebwe impinduka zatewe no kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko mu baturage ba vectori ya Khowe.
Interceptor® G2 yarushije izindi ITN, yemeza ko urushundura rwa pyrethroid na chlorfenapyr rusumba ubundi bwoko bwa net. Mubicuruzwa bishya, ITNs yose izakurikiraho yerekanye bioefficacy nziza kuruta Interceptor®; icyakora, ubunini bwiri terambere bwaragabanutse nyuma yo gusaza kumurima bitewe nigihe gito cyimiti itari pyrethide. Ibisubizo birerekana ko ari ngombwa kunoza udukoko twica udukoko twa ITNs.
Umuti wica udukoko-inzitiramubu zakozwe (ITNs) zagize uruhare runini mukugabanya indwara ya malariya nimpfu mumyaka 20 ishize. Kuva mu 2004, ITN zirenga miliyari 3 zatanzwe ku isi hose, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekana ko 68% by’abanduye malariya muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara byakumiriwe hagati ya 2000 na 2015. Kubwamahirwe, kurwanya virusi ya malariya kuri pyrethroide (icyiciro gisanzwe cy’udukoko twica udukoko dukoreshwa muri ITN) cyiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, kibangamira ingaruka z’iki gikorwa cyingenzi. Muri icyo gihe kandi, iterambere mu kurwanya malariya ryaragabanutse ku isi yose, aho ibihugu byinshi bifite imitwaro myinshi bifite ubwiyongere bwa malariya kuva mu 2015. Izi mpinduka zateye imbere mu gisekuru gishya cy’ibicuruzwa bishya bya ITN bigamije gukemura ikibazo cyo kurwanya pyrethroide no gufasha kugabanya uyu mutwaro no kugera ku ntego zikomeye ku isi.
Kuri ubu ku isoko hari ibisekuru bitatu bishya kuri ITNs, buri kimwe gihuza pyrethroide nindi miti yica udukoko cyangwa synergiste ishoboye gutsinda pyrethroide irwanya malariya. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hakozwe ibigeragezo byinshi byateganijwe (RCTs) kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z’ibyorezo by’urushundura ugereranije n’urushundura rusanzwe rwa pyrethroide no gutanga ibimenyetso nkenerwa byo gushyigikira ibyifuzo by’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi (OMS). Urushundura rwo kuryama ruhuza pyrethroide na piperonyl butoxide (PBO), synergiste yongerera imbaraga za pyrethroide mu guhagarika imisemburo yangiza imibu, ni bo babanje kwemezwa na OMS nyuma y’ibicuruzwa bibiri (Olyset® Plus na PermaNet® 3.0) byagaragaje ingaruka zikomeye z’ibyorezo ugereranije n’igitanda cya pyrethroide. Nyamara, amakuru menshi arakenewe kugirango hamenyekane agaciro k'ubuzima rusange bw'urushundura rwa pyrethroide-PBO muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, aho kurwanya pyrethroide bishobora kugabanya inyungu zabo ugereranije n'inshundura za pyrethroide gusa.
Kuba udukoko twica udukoko twangiza ITN mubisanzwe bisuzumwa no gukusanya inshundura ziva mubaturage no kuzipimisha muri bioassay ya laboratoire ukoresheje imibu yororerwa nudukoko. Mugihe ibi bisobanuro ari ingirakamaro mu kuranga bioavailability na efficacy yudukoko twica udukoko hejuru yigitanda mugihe, batanga amakuru make kubijyanye no kugereranya kwubwoko butandukanye bwigitanda kizaza kuko uburyo nuburyo imibu ikoreshwa bigomba guhuzwa nuburyo bwo gukora udukoko turimo. Igeragezwa ryigituba nubundi buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mugusuzuma ugereranije imikorere yinzitiramubu zatewe nudukoko twica udukoko mu bushakashatsi burambye mu bihe bigana imikoranire karemano iri hagati y’inzitiramubu n’inzitiramubu mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. Mu byukuri, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwifashishije surogate ya entomologiya ku makuru y’ibyorezo byerekanye ko impfu z’imibu n’igaburo ry’ibiryo byapimwe muri ibi bigeragezo bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhanura ingaruka za ITN ku ndwara ya malariya no gukwirakwizwa muri cluster RCTs. Niyo mpamvu, ibigeragezo bishingiye ku kazu aho ubushakashatsi bwakusanyirijwe mu murima bwakorewe mu bwoko bwa lymph node bwinjizwa muri cluster RCTs bushobora gutanga amakuru yingirakamaro kuri bioefficacy igereranya no gukomeza kwica udukoko twica udukoko twica udukoko twica udukoko twangiza ubuzima bwabo, kandi bigafasha gusobanura ibyavuye muri epidemiologiya yubushakashatsi.
Ikizamini cy’igituba cy’ubushakashatsi ni uburyo busanzwe bwo guturamo bw’abantu bwasabwe n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi kugira ngo hamenyekane akamaro k’inzitiramubu zivura udukoko. Ibi bizamini byigana imiterere-nyayo yisi imibu ihura nazo mugihe ikorana ninshundura zo murugo bityo rero nuburyo bukwiye cyane bwo gusuzuma imikorere yibinyabuzima byinshundura zikoreshwa mubuzima bwabo buteganijwe.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye imikorere ya entomologiya y'ubwoko butatu bw'inzitiramubu yica udukoko twica udukoko (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2) mu bihe by’imirima mu bigega by’ubushakashatsi kandi ubigereranya n’urusobe rusanzwe rwa pyrethrin (Interceptor®). Izi nzitiramubu zivura imiti yica udukoko ziri mu rutonde rwa OMS rwujuje ibyangombwa byo kurwanya inzitizi. Ibiranga birambuye kuri buri nzitiramubu bitangwa hepfo:
Muri Werurwe 2020, ubukangurambaga bunini bwo gukwirakwiza inzitiramubu zimaze imyaka mu murima bwakorewe mu midugudu y’abahutu yo muri perefegitura ya Zou, mu majyepfo ya Bénin, kugira ngo iburanishwe ry’indege mu kazu. Interceptor®, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2 inshundura zo mu buriri zatoranijwe mu matsinda yatoranijwe ku bushake mu makomine ya Kove, Zagnanado na Ouinhi mu rwego rwo kwiga ubushakashatsi burambye bwashyizwe mu gice cya RCT kugira ngo hamenyekane icyorezo cya epidemiologi y’inzitiramubu zivura udukoko twangiza. Inzitiramubu ya PermaNet® 3.0 yakusanyirijwe mu mudugudu wa Avokanzun hafi y’umujyi wa Jija na Bohicon (7 ° 20 ′ N, 1 ° 56 ′ E) kandi ikwirakwizwa icyarimwe n’inzitiramubu za RCT mu gihe cyo kwiyamamaza kwa 2020 muri gahunda y’igihugu yo kurwanya malariya. Igicapo 1 kirerekana aho amatsinda yo kwiga / imidugudu yakusanyirijwemo ubwoko butandukanye bwa ITN ugereranije nibibanza byigeragezwa.
Hakozwe igeragezwa ryigituba cyakozwe kugirango ugereranye imikorere ya Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® na Interceptor® G2 ITNs iyo yakuwe mu ngo kumezi 12, 24 na 36 nyuma yo gukwirakwizwa. Kuri buri gihe cyigihe, imikorere ya ITN ishaje mumurima yagereranijwe ninshundura nshya, zidakoreshwa muri buri bwoko hamwe ninshundura zitavuwe nkigenzura ribi. Kuri buri gihe cyigihe, abantu 54 bigana ingero za ITN zimaze imyaka hamwe na ITN 6 nshya ya buri bwoko bwageragejwe muri 1 cyangwa 2 bigana ibigeragezo byigituba hamwe no guhinduranya imiti buri munsi. Mbere ya buri kigeragezo cyigituba, impuzandengo ya porosity yerekana inshundura zashaje za buri bwoko bwa ITN zapimwe nkurikije ibyifuzo bya OMS. Kugira ngo bigereranye kwambara no kurira bivuye ku mikoreshereze ya buri munsi, ITN nshya zose hamwe n’urushundura rutavuwe neza byasobekeshejwe imyobo itandatu ya cm 4 x 4: bibiri muri buri kibaho kirekire kandi kimwe muri buri gice kigufi, hakurikijwe ibyifuzo bya OMS. Urushundura rw'umubu rwashyizwe imbere mu kazu mu guhambira impande z'impapuro z'igisenge hamwe n'umugozi ku nzara mu mfuruka zo hejuru z'urukuta rw'igituba. Ubuvuzi bukurikira bwasuzumwe muri buri kigeragezo:
Urushundura rwashaje rwasuzumiwe mu kazu k'igeragezwa mu mwaka umwe inshundura zavanyweho. Ibigeragezo by'Abahutu byakorewe ku rubuga rumwe kuva Gicurasi kugeza Nzeri 2021, Mata kugeza Kamena 2022, na Gicurasi kugeza Nyakanga 2023, inshundura zavanyweho nyuma y'amezi 12, 24, na 36. Buri kigeragezo cyamaze igihe kimwe cyo kuvura (amajoro 54 mu byumweru 9), usibye amezi 12, igihe hakurikiranwe uburyo bubiri bukurikirana bwo kuvura kugira ngo ubunini bw’imibu bwiyongere. Dukurikije igishushanyo mbonera cy’ikilatini, ubuvuzi bwazengurukaga buri cyumweru hagati y’igituba cy’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo hagenzurwe ku ngaruka z’ahantu, mu gihe abakorerabushake bazengurukaga buri munsi kugira ngo bagenzure itandukaniro riri hagati y’imiterere y’imibu yabakiriye. Umubu wakusanyirijwe iminsi 6 mu cyumweru; kumunsi wa 7, mbere yikizunguruka gikurikiraho, utuzu twarasukuwe kandi duhumeka kugirango twanduze.
Ibikorwa byibanze byibanze kubuvuzi bwigeragezwa bwo kurwanya imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya pyrethroide no kugereranya ibisekuruza bizaza ITN hamwe na pyrethroide gusa ya Interceptor® net yari:
Icyiciro cya kabiri cyanyuma cyo kuvura igituba cyo kugerageza kurwanya imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya pyrethroide yari iteye itya:
Ibirimo (%) - kugabanya igipimo cyo kwinjira mumatsinda yavuwe ugereranije nitsinda ritavuwe. Kubara ni ibi bikurikira:
aho Tu numubare w imibu ishyirwa mumatsinda yo kugenzura itavuwe, naho Tt numubare winzitiramubu zashyizwe mumatsinda yavuwe.
Igipimo cya Churn (%) - Igipimo cya Churn bitewe nuburakari bushobora guterwa no kuvurwa, bigaragazwa nkigipimo cy imibu yakusanyirijwe kuri bkoni.
. Coefficient yo kumena amaraso (%) nigabanuka ryikigereranyo cyimibu yica amaraso mumatsinda yavuwe ugereranije nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura ritavuwe. Uburyo bwo kubara nuburyo bukurikira: aho Bfu ari igipimo cyimibu yica amaraso mumatsinda yo kugenzura itavuwe, naho Bft ni igipimo cy imibu yamena amaraso mumatsinda yavuwe.
Kugabanuka k'uburumbuke (%) - kugabanuka k'umubare w'imibu irumbuka mu itsinda rivuwe ugereranije no kutavurwa. Uburyo bwo kubara nuburyo bukurikira: aho Fu ni igipimo cy imibu irumbuka mumatsinda yo kugenzura itavuwe, naho Ft ni igipimo cy imibu irumbuka mumatsinda yavuwe.
Kugenzura impinduka mu mwirondoro w’abaturage ba Covè vector mu gihe cyagenwe, OMS yakoze muri vitro na bioassay mu mwaka umwe wa buri geragezwa ry’igituba cy’igeragezwa (2021, 2022, 2023) kugira ngo hamenyekane niba indwara ya AI ishobora kwanduzwa na ITNs irimo kwigwa no kumenyesha ibisobanuro byatanzwe. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na vitro, imibu yagaragaye ku mpapuro ziyungurura zivuwe hamwe na alfa-cypermethrine (0,05%) na deltamethrine (0,05%), hamwe n’amacupa yashizwemo n’ubusobanuro bwa CFP (100 μg / icupa) na PPF (100 μg / icupa) kugira ngo hamenyekane kwandura iyi miti yica udukoko. Imbaraga zo kurwanya pyrethroid zakozweho ubushakashatsi hifashishijwe imibu inshuro 5 (0,25%) hamwe ninshuro 10 (0,50%) itandukanye ya α-cypermethrine na deltamethrine. Hanyuma, uruhare rwa PBO synergy na cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) gukabya gukabije kurwanya pyrethroide byasuzumwe mbere yo kwerekana imibu yibitekerezo bitandukanye bya α-cypermethrine (0.05%) na deltamethrine (0.05%), no guhura na PBO (4%). Akayunguruzo gakoreshwa mu kizamini cya OMS yaguzwe muri Universiti Sains Maleziya. OMS y'ibizamini bya bioassay ikoresheje CFP na PPF byateguwe ukurikije ibyifuzo bya OMS.
Umubu wakoreshwaga kuri bioassay wakusanyirijwe murwego rwo hejuru rwororerwa hafi y’ahantu ho kugeragezwa hanyuma ukororerwa ku bantu bakuru. Kuri buri mwanya, byibuze imibu 100 yagaragaye kuri buri muti mu minota 60, hamwe na 4 ikoporora kuri tube / icupa hamwe n’umubu hafi 25 kuri buri muyoboro / icupa. Kubireba pyrethroid na CFP, hakoreshejwe imibu imaze iminsi 3-5 idafunguye, mugihe kuri PPF, imibu imaze iminsi 5-7 imena amaraso yakoreshejwe mugukangura oogenezi no gusuzuma ingaruka PPF yororoka. Kuringaniza kwerekanwe kwakozwe hifashishijwe amavuta ya silicone yatewe muyungurura impapuro, PBO nziza (4%), hamwe nuducupa twa acetone twabigenzuye. Iyo imurikagurisha rirangiye, imibu yimuriwe mu bikoresho bitavuwe kandi ihura n’ubwoya bw’ipamba bwinjijwe mu gipimo cya glucose 10% (w / v). Urupfu rwanditsweho 24 h nyuma ya pyrethroid na buri 24 h kuri 72 h nyuma ya CFP na PPF. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ko PPF ishobora kwandura, imibu irokoka ya PPF hamwe n’ubugenzuzi bubi bwakuweho nyuma y’impfu zitinze zanditswe, iterambere ry’intanga ngore ryagaragaye hakoreshejwe microscope, kandi uburumbuke bwarasuzumwe hakurikijwe icyiciro cya Christophers cyo gukura amagi [28, 30]. Niba amagi yarakuze neza kugeza kuri Christophers icyiciro cya V, imibu yashyizwe mubikorwa byuburumbuke, kandi niba amagi atarakura neza kandi akaguma kumurongo wa I - IV, imibu yashyizwe mubikorwa nka sterile.
Kuri buri gihe cyumwaka, ibice 30 × 30 cm byaciwe mu rushundura rushya kandi rumaze imyaka mu murima ahantu hagaragajwe na OMS [22]. Nyuma yo gukata, inshundura zashyizweho ikimenyetso, zizingirwa muri fayili ya aluminium hanyuma zibikwa muri firigo kuri 4 ± 2 ° C kugirango birinde AI kwimuka mu mwenda. Urushundura rwoherejwe mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi cya Walloon mu Bubiligi kugira ngo rusesengure imiti kugira ngo rupime impinduka ziri mu bigize AI mu buzima bwabo. Uburyo bwo gusesengura bwakoreshejwe (bushingiye ku buryo bwasabwe na komite mpuzamahanga ya koperative ishinzwe gusesengura imiti yica udukoko) byasobanuwe mbere [25, 31].
Kubyerekeranye nigeragezwa ryigituba, umubare rusange w imibiri nzima / yapfuye, kuruma / kutaruma, hamwe n imibu irumbuka / sterile mubice bitandukanye byigituba byegeranijwe kuri buri muti muri buri kigeragezo kugirango babaze ibizagerwaho bitandukanye (impfu zamasaha 72, kuruma, ectoparasitism, kwinjirira net, uburumbuke) hamwe nintera zingana na 95% (CIs). Itandukaniro riri hagati yubuvuzi bwibisubizo byombi byagereranijwe byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe gusubira inyuma, mugihe itandukaniro ryibisubizo byatanzwe ryasesenguwe hakoreshejwe gusubira inyuma. Kubera ko uburyo bubiri bwo kuvura bwakoreshwaga buri mezi 12 kandi hakaba harageragejwe uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwakorewe ibizamini, isesengura ry’imibu ryahinduwe ku minsi iminsi buri muti wapimwe. ITN nshya kuri buri gisubizo nayo yarasesenguwe kugirango ibone igereranyo kimwe kumanota yose. Usibye impinduka nyamukuru zisobanura zivurwa, buri cyitegererezo cyarimo igituba, ibitotsi, igihe cyikigereranyo, indangagaciro ya ITN aperture, numunsi nkingaruka zifatika zo kugenzura itandukaniro bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gusinzira nigituba cyumuntu ku giti cye, ibihe, imiterere yinzitiramubu, no gutatana birenze. Isesengura ryisubiramo ryatanze ibipimo byagereranijwe (ORs) hamwe nintera ihwanye na 95% kugirango bagereranye ingaruka za ITN nshya-igereranije na net ya pyrethroide gusa, Interceptor®, kubisubizo byambere byimpfu zumubu nubusembwa. Indangagaciro za P na moderi nazo zakoreshejwe mugushiraho inyuguti zegeranye zerekana akamaro k'imibare kurwego rwa 5% kubigereranyo byombi ugereranije nibisubizo byibanze nayisumbuye. Isesengura ryose ryo gusubira inyuma ryakozwe muri verisiyo ya 18.
Ubwiyongere bw'abaturage ba vectori ya Covese bwasobanuwe hashingiwe ku rupfu n'ubudahwema bigaragara muri vitro na icupa bioassay ukurikije ibyifuzo by’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi. Ibisubizo byisesengura ryimiti byatanze ibisobanuro byose bya AI mubice bya ITN, byakoreshejwe mukubara igipimo cyo kugumana AI murushundura rumaze imyaka ugereranije nurushundura rushya kuri buri mwanya buri mwaka. Amakuru yose yandikishijwe intoki kumpapuro zisanzwe hanyuma yinjizwa kabiri mububiko bwa Microsoft Excel.
Komite zishinzwe imyitwarire ya minisiteri y’ubuzima ya Bénin (No 6/30 / MS / DC / DRFMT / CNERS / SA), Ishuri ry’Ubuvuzi bw’isuku n’ubuvuzi bw’i Londere (LSHTM) (No 16237) n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi (No ERC.0003153) bemeje ko hakorwa igeragezwa ry’akazu k’abakorerabushake. Uruhushya rwanditse rwabonetse kubushake bose mbere yo kwitabira kwiga. Abakorerabushake bose bahawe imiti ya chemoprophylaxis ku buntu kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo kurwara malariya, kandi umuforomokazi yari ku kazi mu gihe cyose cy’ibizamini kugira ngo asuzume umukorerabushake wese wagaragaje ibimenyetso by’umuriro cyangwa ingaruka mbi ku bicuruzwa.
Ibisubizo byuzuye bivuye mu kazu k'igeragezwa, mu ncamake umubare rusange w'abantu bazima / bapfuye, bishwe n'inzara / bagaburiwe n'amaraso, hamwe n'imibu yera / sterile kuri buri tsinda ry'ubushakashatsi, kimwe n'imibare isobanura bitangwa nk'ibikoresho byiyongera (Imbonerahamwe S1).
Mu kazu k'ubushakashatsi kari i Kowa, muri Bénin, kugaburira amaraso imibu ya pyrethroide yo mu gasozi irwanya Anopheles gambiae imibu yarahagaritswe. Amakuru aturuka kubugenzuzi butavuwe hamwe nurushundura rushya byahujwe mubigeragezo kugirango bitange igereranyo kimwe. Ukoresheje isesengura ryisubiramo, inkingi zifite inyuguti zisanzwe ntabwo zitandukanye cyane kurwego rwa 5% (p> 0.05). Utubari twibeshya twerekana 95% intera intera.
Urupfu rw'imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya pyrethroid yinjira mu kazu k'ubushakashatsi i Kowa, muri Bénin. Amakuru aturuka kubugenzuzi butavuwe hamwe nurushundura rushya byahujwe mubigeragezo kugirango bitange igereranyo kimwe cyingirakamaro. Ukoresheje isesengura ryisubiramo, inkingi zifite inyuguti zisanzwe ntabwo zitandukanye cyane kurwego rwa 5% (p> 0.05). Utubari twibeshya twerekana 95% intera intera.
Ikigereranyo kidasanzwe gisobanura itandukaniro ryimpfu ninzitane nshya yinzitiramubu ugereranije ninzitiramubu gusa pyrethroid. Umurongo utudomo ugereranya ikigereranyo cya 1, byerekana ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati yimfu. Ikigereranyo kidasanzwe> 1 cyerekana impfu nyinshi hamwe ninzitiramubu-yinzitiramubu. Imibare yinzitiramubu-yinzitiramubu yakusanyirijwe hamwe kugirango igerageze gutanga umusaruro umwe. Utubari twibeshya twerekana 95% intera intera.
Nubwo Interceptor® yerekanye impfu nke za ITN zose zapimwe, gusaza kumurima ntabwo byagize ingaruka mbi ku rupfu rwa vector. Mubyukuri, Interceptor® nshya yatumye abantu bapfa 12%, mugihe inshundura zashaje zagaragaje iterambere rito mumezi 12 (17%, p = 0.006) n'amezi 24 (17%, p = 0.004), mbere yo gusubira murwego rusa nurushundura rushya mumezi 36 (11%, p = 0.05). Ibinyuranye na byo, umubare w'impfu ku gisekuru kizaza cy’inzitiramubu zivura udukoko twaragabanutse buhoro buhoro nyuma yo koherezwa. Kugabanuka byagaragaye cyane hamwe na Interceptor® G2, aho impfu zagabanutse ziva kuri 58% hamwe na meshes nshya zigera kuri 36% mumezi 12 (p<0.001), 31% mu mezi 24 (p<0.001), na 20% mu mezi 36 (p<0.001). PermaNet® 3.0 nshya yatumye impfu zigabanuka kugera kuri 37%, nazo zagabanutse cyane kugera kuri 20% mumezi 12 (p<0.001), 16% mu mezi 24 (p<0.001), na 18% mu mezi 36 (p<0.001). Ibintu nk'ibi byagaragaye hamwe na Royal Guard®, hamwe na meshi nshya bigatuma igabanuka ry’imfu 33%, hakurikiraho kugabanuka cyane kugera kuri 21% mu mezi 12 (p<0.001), 17% mu mezi 24 (p<0.001) na 15% mu mezi 36 (p<0.001).
Kugabanuka mubwiza bwimisozi ya pyrethroid irwanya Anopheles gambiae imibu yinjira mu kazu k’ubushakashatsi i Kwa, muri Bénin. Amakuru aturuka kubugenzuzi butavuwe hamwe nurushundura rushya byahujwe mubigeragezo kugirango bitange igereranyo kimwe cyingirakamaro. Utubari dufite inyuguti zisanzwe ntabwo twatandukanye cyane kurwego rwa 5% (p> 0.05) nisesengura ryisubiramo. Utubari twibeshya twerekana 95% intera intera.
Ikigereranyo cya Odds gisobanura itandukaniro ryuburumbuke hamwe ninzoka nshya yinzitiramubu ugereranije ninzitiramubu ya pyrethroid gusa. Umurongo utudomo ugereranya ikigereranyo cya 1, byerekana ko nta tandukaniro riri muburumbuke. Ikigereranyo cya Odds<1 herekana kugabanuka kwinshi muburumbuke hamwe ninshundura-inshundura. Imibare yinzitiramubu-yinzitiramubu yakusanyirijwe hamwe kugirango igerageze gutanga umusaruro umwe. Utubari twibeshya twerekana 95% intera intera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-17-2025