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Fungiside ikoreshwa mugihe cyo kurabyo kwimbuto zibiti kandi irashobora kubangamira ibyonnyi byangiza. Nyamara, ntabwo bizwi cyane kubyerekeranye nuburyo butangiza inzuki (urugero, inzuki zonyine, Osmia cornifrons) zitabira guhura na fungiside ya sisitemu ikunze gukoreshwa kuri pome mugihe cyo kurabyo. Ikinyuranyo cyubumenyi kigabanya ibyemezo byubuyobozi bigena kwibanda kumutekano nigihe cyo gutera fungiside. Twasuzumye ingaruka ziterwa na fungicide (capan na mancozeb) hamwe na bine interlayer / phytosystem fungicides (ciprocycline, myclobutanil, pyrostrobin na trifloxystrobin). Ingaruka ku kongera ibiro byinshi, kubaho, kugereranya igitsina no gutandukana kwa bagiteri. Isuzumabumenyi ryakozwe hifashishijwe bioassay yo mu kanwa idakira aho imiti yavurirwaga mu byiciro bitatu hashingiwe ku kigero cyasabwe gukoreshwa mu murima (1X), kimwe cya kabiri (0.5X) na dose nkeya (0.1X). Ingano zose za mancozeb na pyritisoline byagabanije cyane uburemere bwumubiri no kubaho kwinshi. Twahise dukurikirana gene 16S kugirango turanga bacteriome ya mancozeb, fungiside ishinzwe impfu nyinshi. Twasanze ubudasa bwa bagiteri nubwinshi bwaragabanutse cyane muri livre zigaburirwa na mancozeb ivura intanga. Ibisubizo bya laboratoire byerekana ko gutera zimwe muri izo fungiside mugihe cyo kurabyo byangiza cyane ubuzima bwa O. cornifrons. Aya makuru afite akamaro kubyemezo byubuyobozi bizaza bijyanye no gukoresha mu buryo burambye ibicuruzwa birinda imbuto kandi bibera ishingiro ryibikorwa bigamije kurinda ibyangiza.
Inzuki ya mason yonyine ya Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) yagejejwe muri Amerika kuva mu Buyapani mu mpera za za 1970 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, kandi ubwo bwoko bwagize uruhare runini mu kwanduza ibidukikije byacunzwe kuva icyo gihe. Abenegihugu bafite ubu bwoko bwinzuki bagize amoko agera kuri 50 yinzuki zo mu gasozi zuzuza inzuki zanduza amande nimboga za pome muri Amerika2,3. Inzuki za Mason zihura n’ibibazo byinshi, harimo gucamo ibice, indwara ziterwa na pesticide3,4. Mu dukoko twica udukoko, fungiside igabanya kongera ingufu, kurisha5 no gutunganya umubiri6,7. Nubwo ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko ubuzima bwinzuki za Mason buterwa cyane na mikorobe isanzwe na ectobactique, 8,9 kubera ko bagiteri n ibihumyo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mirire ndetse n’ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ingaruka ziterwa na fungiside ku mikorobe itandukanye y’inzuki za Mason zitangiye kuba yize.
Fungiside yingaruka zinyuranye (contact na sisitemu) ziterwa mumirima mbere no mugihe cyindabyo kugirango zivure indwara nka pome ya pome, kubora gusharira, kubora kwijimye na powdery mildew10,11. Fungiside ifatwa nkaho itangiza ibyangiza, bityo birasabwa abahinzi borozi mugihe cyindabyo; Kumenyekanisha no gufata izo fungiside ninzuki birazwi cyane, kuko biri mubikorwa byo kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije ndetse n’ibindi bigo byinshi bigenzura igihugu12,13,14. Nyamara, ingaruka za fungicide zidafite inzuki ntizwi cyane kuko zidakenewe mumasezerano yo kwamamaza muri Amerika15. Byongeye kandi, muri rusange nta protocole isanzwe yo gupima inzuki imwe 16,17, kandi kubungabunga coloni zitanga inzuki zo kwipimisha biragoye18. Ibigeragezo byinzuki zicungwa biragenda bikorwa muburayi no muri Amerika kugirango bige ku ngaruka ziterwa nudukoko twangiza inzuki zo mu gasozi, kandi protocole isanzwe iherutse gukorwa kuri O. cornifrons19.
Inzuki zihembe ni monocytes kandi zikoreshwa mubucuruzi mubihingwa bya karpi nk'inyongera cyangwa gusimbuza inzuki. Izi nzuki zigaragara hagati ya Werurwe na Mata, hamwe n’igitsina gabo kibyara iminsi itatu cyangwa ine mbere y’igitsina gore. Nyuma yo gushyingiranwa, igitsina gore gikusanya cyane amabyi na nectar kugirango itange urukurikirane rw'uturemangingo twororoka mu cyondo cya nest tubari (naturel cyangwa artificiel) 1,20. Amagi ashyirwa kumitsi imbere muri selile; igitsina gore noneho yubaka urukuta rwibumba mbere yo gutegura selile ikurikira. Ibinyomoro byambere bya instar bifunze muri chorion kandi bigaburira amavuta yo gusama. Kuva ku ya kabiri kugeza ku ya gatanu instar (prepupa), livre igaburira amabyi22. Amashanyarazi amaze kugabanuka burundu, liswi ikora coco, pope hanyuma igaragara nkabantu bakuru mubyumba bimwe byororoka, mubisanzwe mu mpeshyi20,23. Abakuze bagaragara mu mpeshyi ikurikira. Kubaho kw'abantu bakuru bifitanye isano no kongera ingufu (kwiyongera ibiro) bishingiye ku gufata ibiryo. Kubwibyo, ubwiza bwimirire yintanga, kimwe nibindi bintu nkikirere cyangwa guhura nudukoko twangiza udukoko, ni byo bigena ubuzima nubuzima24.
Imiti yica udukoko hamwe na fungiside ikoreshwa mbere yindabyo zirashobora kwimuka muri vasculature yikimera kugera kurwego rutandukanye, kuva translaminar (urugero, irashobora kuva hejuru yububabi bwamababi ikajya hejuru, nka fungicide zimwe) 25 kugirango igere kuri sisitemu. , ishobora kwinjira mu ikamba kuva mu mizi, irashobora kwinjira mu mazi yindabyo za pome26, aho zishobora kwica abakuze O. cornifrons27. Imiti yica udukoko nayo yinjira mu mitsi, bigira ingaruka ku mikurire y’ibigori kandi bigatera urupfu19. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko fungiside zimwe zishobora guhindura cyane imyitwarire yicyari cyubwoko bujyanye na O. lignaria28. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire hamwe n’umurima bigereranya ibintu byica udukoko (harimo na fungicide) byagaragaje ko imiti yica udukoko igira ingaruka mbi kuri physiologiya 22 morphologie 29 no kubaho kwinzuki zinzuki hamwe ninzuki zimwe. Imiti itandukanye ya fungicidal ikoreshwa muburyo butaziguye kugirango indabyo zifungure mugihe cyo kurabyo zirashobora kwanduza amabyi yakusanyijwe nabakuze kugirango bakure neza, ingaruka zayo zikaba zigikomeza kwigwa30.
Bimaze kumenyekana ko iterambere ryinshi ryatewe nudusimba na mikorobe ya sisitemu yigifu. Microbiome ya honeybee igira ingaruka nkibipimo byumubiri31, impinduka za metabolike22 no kwandura virusi32. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwasuzumye ingaruka ziterambere, intungamubiri, nibidukikije kuri microbiome yinzuki zonyine. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekanye isano iri hagati yimiterere nubwinshi bwa mikorobe nini na mikorobe 33, hamwe na bagiteri ikunze kwibasira Pseudomonas na Delftia, mubwoko bwinzuki bwonyine. Nubwo, nubwo fungicide ifitanye isano ningamba zo kurengera ubuzima bwinzuki, ingaruka za fungicide kuri microbiota ya livre binyuze mumagambo ataziguye iracyashakishwa.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ingaruka ziterwa na dosiye nyayo itandatu ikoreshwa cyane mu bwoko bwa fungiside yanditswe kugira ngo ikoreshwe ku mbuto z’ibiti muri Amerika, harimo guhura na fungiside ya sisitemu yatanzwe mu kanwa ku bigori by’amahembe y’ibigori biva mu biribwa byanduye. Twabonye ko guhura na fungicide ya sisitemu byagabanije kongera ibiro byinzuki no kongera imfu, hamwe ningaruka zikomeye zijyanye na mancozeb na pyrithiopide. Twahise tugereranya mikorobe itandukanye ya livre yagaburiwe nimirire ya mancozeb ivurwa nintungamubiri hamwe nimirire yo kugenzura. Turaganira ku buryo bushoboka bushingiye ku rupfu n'ingaruka ziterwa no kurwanya udukoko twangiza no kwanduza (IPPM) gahunda 36.
Abakuze O. ibigori bikonje bikonje mu nkoko byakuwe mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku mbuto, Biglerville, PA, kibikwa kuri −3 kugeza kuri 2 ° C (± 0.3 ° C). Mbere yubushakashatsi (600 cocoons yose hamwe). Muri Gicurasi 2022, 100 O. ibigori bya Cornifrons byimurwaga buri munsi mubikombe bya pulasitike (coco 50 kuri buri gikombe, DI 5 cm × cm 15 z'uburebure) hanyuma guhanagura bishyirwa mubikombe kugirango biteze imbere kandi bitange insimburangingo, bigabanya guhangayika kumabuye. inzuki37. Shira ibikombe bibiri bya pulasitike birimo coco mu kato k’udukoko (30 × 30 × 30 cm, BugDorm MegaView Science Co. Ltd., Tayiwani) hamwe na ml 10 zigaburira 50% za sucrose kandi ubike iminsi ine kugirango ufunge kandi uhuze. 23 ° C, ubushuhe bugereranije 60%, Photoperiod 10 l (ubukana buke): iminsi 14. Abagore 100 bahuje igitsina gabo n'abagabo bararekuwe buri gitondo muminsi itandatu (100 kumunsi) mubyari bibiri byubukorikori mugihe cyo kumera kwa pome (icyari cyumutego: ubugari 33.66 × uburebure 30.48 × uburebure bwa cm 46,99; Ishusho yinyongera 1). Bishyizwe muri Arboretum ya Pennsylvania, hafi ya kireri (Prunus cerasus 'Eubank' Sweet Cherry Pie ™), pach (Prunus persica 'Contender'), Prunus persica 'PF 27A' Flamin Fury®), amapera (Pyrus perifolia 'Olympic', Pyrus perifoliya 'Shinko', Pyrus perifolia 'Shinseiki'), coronaria igiti cya pome (Malus coronaria) nubwoko butandukanye bwibiti bya pome (Malus coronaria, Malus), igiti cya pome murugo 'Co-op 30 ′ Enterprises ™, igiti cya pome cya Malus' Co-Op 31 ′ Winecrisp ™, begonia 'Ubwisanzure', Begoniya 'Biraryoshe Zahabu', Begoniya 'Nova Intasi'). Buri nyoni yubururu ya plastike yubururu ihuye hejuru yisanduku zibiti. Buri gasanduku k'icyari karimo 800 yubusa yubukorikori (gufungura umuzenguruko, cm 0.8 ID × 15 cm L) (Jonesville Paper Tube Co, Michigan) byinjijwe mu miyoboro ya opaque selileophane (0.7 OD reba ibyuma bya plastiki (ibyuma bya T-1X) bitanga ibibanza byo guturamo .
Udusanduku twombi twari twerekeje iburasirazuba kandi twari twometseho uruzitiro rwubusitani rwicyatsi kibisi (Moderi ya Everbilt # 889250EB12, gufungura ubunini bwa cm 5 × 5, 0,95 m × 100 m) kugirango birinde inzoka ninyoni kandi bigashyirwa hejuru yubutaka kuruhande rwubutaka bwicyari. agasanduku. Agasanduku k'icyari (Ishusho y'inyongera 1a). Amagi y'ibigori yakusanyirizwaga buri munsi mu kwegeranya imiyoboro 30 mu cyari no kuyijyana muri laboratoire. Ukoresheje imikasi, kata kumpera yigituba, hanyuma usibangure umuyoboro uzenguruka kugirango ugaragaze ingirabuzimafatizo. Amagi kugiti cye hamwe nintanga zabo byavanyweho hakoreshejwe spatula igoramye (ibikoresho bya Microslide ibikoresho, BioQuip Products Inc., California). Amagi yashyizwe ku mpapuro zungurura kandi ashyirwa mu isahani ya Petri amasaha 2 mbere yo gukoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwacu (Ishusho yinyongera 1b-d).
Muri laboratoire, twasuzumye uburozi bwo mu kanwa bwa fungiside esheshatu zashyizwe mbere no mu gihe cyo kurabya kwa pome kuri bitatu (0.1X, 0.5X, na 1X, aho 1X ari cyo kimenyetso gikoreshwa kuri litiro 100 z'amazi / hegitari. mu murima). , Imbonerahamwe 1). Buri kwibandaho byagarutsweho inshuro 16 (n = 16). Babiri bahura na fungiside (Imbonerahamwe S1: mancozeb 2696.14 ppm na capan 2875.88 ppm) hamwe na fungiside enye (Imbonerahamwe S1: pyrithiostrobin 250.14 ppm; trifloxystrobin 110.06 ppm; myclobutanil azole 75 .12 ppm; imbuto za cyprodinil 280.845 ppm); . Twahurije hamwe amabyi dukoresheje urusyo, twimurira 0,20 g ku iriba (24-iriba rya Falcon Plate), hanyuma twongeramo kandi tuvanga 1 μL yumuti wa fungiside kugirango dukore amabyi ya piramide hamwe n’iriba rya mm 1 zashyizwemo amagi. Shyira ukoresheje mini spatula (Ishusho yinyongera 1c, d). Isahani ya Falcon yabikwaga ku bushyuhe bwicyumba (25 ° C) nubushyuhe bwa 70%. Twabagereranije na livre yo kugenzura yagaburiye indyo yuzuye ya pologene ivangwa namazi meza. Twanditse imfu kandi dupima uburemere bwa livi buri munsi kugeza igihe livage igeze kumyaka yo gutangira dukoresheje impagarike yo gusesengura (Fisher Scientific, ukuri = 0.0001 g). Hanyuma, igipimo cyimibonano mpuzabitsina cyapimwe mugukingura coco nyuma y'amezi 2.5.
ADN yakuwe muri lisiti ya O. cornifrons yose (n = 3 kuri buri kibazo cyo kuvura, imiti ya mancozeb ivurwa kandi itavuwe) kandi twakoze isesengura ry’imiterere ya mikorobe kuri izo ngero, cyane cyane ko muri mancozeb impfu nyinshi zagaragaye muri liswi. kwakira MnZn. ADN yarongerewe, isukurwa hifashishijwe ibikoresho bya ADNZymoBIOMICS®-96 MagBead (ibikoresho bya Zymo, Irvine, CA), hanyuma bikurikirana (cycle 600) kuri Illumina® MiSeq ™ ukoresheje v3 kit. Intego zikurikirana za bagiteri 16S ribosomal RNA zakozwe hifashishijwe Byihuta-16S ™ NGS Library Prep Kit (Ubushakashatsi bwa Zymo, Irvine, CA) hakoreshejwe primers yibasiye akarere ka V3-V4 ka gen 16S rRNA. Byongeye kandi, 18S ikurikiranye yakozwe hakoreshejwe 10% ya PhiX, kandi amplification yakozwe hakoreshejwe primer couple 18S001 na NS4.
Kuzana no gutunganya byombi bisomwe 39 ukoresheje umuyoboro wa QIIME2 (v2022.11.1). Ibi bisomwa byaragabanijwe kandi birahuzwa, hanyuma ibihe bya chimeric byakuweho ukoresheje plugin ya DADA2 muri QIIME2 (qiime dada2 guhuza urusaku) 40. Inshingano zo mu cyiciro cya 16S na 18S zakozwe hifashishijwe ikintu cyo gushyira mu byiciro plugin Itondekanya-sklearn hamwe na silva-138-99-nb-itondekanya.
Amakuru yubushakashatsi yose yagenzuwe kugirango asanzwe (Shapiro-Wilks) hamwe nuburinganire bwibintu bitandukanye (ikizamini cya Levene). Kuberako amakuru yashyizweho atujuje ibyifuzo byo gusesengura ibipimo kandi impinduka zananiwe kugereranya ibisigisigi, twakoze ANOVA yuburyo bubiri (Kruskal-Wallis) hamwe nibintu bibiri [igihe (icyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya 2, 5, na 8) umwanya wigihe) hamwe na fungiside] kugirango basuzume ingaruka zokuvura kuburemere bushya, hanyuma ugereranya hoc nonparametric couple ikigereranyo ikoresheje ikizamini cya Wilcoxon. Twifashishije icyerekezo rusange (GLM) hamwe no gukwirakwiza Poisson kugirango tugereranye ingaruka ziterwa na fungicide ku mibereho yibice bitatu bya fungiside 41,42. Kubisesengura ryubwinshi butandukanye, umubare wimpinduka zikurikirana za amplicon (ASVs) waguye kurwego rwubwoko. Kugereranya ubwinshi butandukanye hagati yitsinda ukoresheje 16S (urwego rwa genus) na 18S ugereranije ubwinshi bwakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo rusange bwo kongeramo imyanya, umwanya, nubunini (GAMLSS) hamwe na beta zero-yuzuye (BEZI) umuryango wagabanijwe, wagereranijwe kuri macro. . muri Microbiome R43 (v1.1). 1). Kuraho ubwoko bwa mitochondrial na chloroplast mbere yo gusesengura itandukaniro. Kubera urwego rutandukanye rwa 18S, gusa urwego rwo hasi rwa buri tagisi rwakoreshejwe mubisesengura bitandukanye. Isesengura mibare yose ryakozwe hakoreshejwe R (umurongo wa 3.4.3., Umushinga CRAN) (Ikipe 2013).
Guhura na mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, na trifloxystrobin byagabanije cyane kwiyongera k'umubiri muri O. cornifrons (Ishusho 1). Izi ngaruka zagaragaye buri gihe kuri dosiye uko ari eshatu zapimwe (Ishusho 1a - c). Cyclostrobin na myclobutanil ntabwo byagabanije cyane uburemere bwa livre.
Impuzandengo yuburemere bushya bwa livre stem borer yapimwe kumwanya wigihe bitatu munsi yubuvuzi bune bwimirire (ibiryo byitwa homogeneous pollen feed + fungicide: kugenzura, 0.1X, 0.5X na dosiye 1X). (a) Igipimo gito (0.1X): umwanya wambere (umunsi wa 1): χ2: 30.99, DF = 6; P <0.0001, umwanya wa kabiri (umunsi wa 5): 22.83, DF = 0.0009; ubugira gatatu; ingingo (umunsi wa 8): χ2: 28.39, DF = 6; (b) icya kabiri (0.5X): umwanya wambere (umunsi wa 1): χ2: 35.67, DF = 6; P <0.0001, umwanya wa kabiri (umunsi wa mbere). ): χ2: 15.98, DF = 6; P = 0.0090; umwanya wa gatatu (umunsi wa 8) χ2: 16.47, DF = 6; (c) Urubuga cyangwa igipimo cyuzuye (1X): umwanya wambere (umunsi wa 1) χ2: 20.64, P = 6; P = 0.0326, umwanya wa kabiri (umunsi wa 5): χ2: 22.83, DF = 6; P = 0.0009; umwanya wa gatatu (umunsi wa 8): χ2: 28.39, DF = 6; isesengura ridasanzwe ryitandukaniro. Utubari tugereranya ± SE yo kugereranya byombi (α = 0.05) (n = 16) * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.001, *** P ≤ 0.0001.
Ku gipimo gito cyane (0.1X), uburemere bwumubiri bwagabanutseho 60% hamwe na trifloxystrobin, 49% hamwe na mancozeb, 48% hamwe na myclobutanil, na 46% hamwe na pyrithistrobine (Ishusho 1a). Iyo ihuye na kimwe cya kabiri cyumurima (0.5X), uburemere bwumubiri wa livo ya mancozeb yagabanutseho 86%, pyrithiostrobin 52% na trifloxystrobine 50% (Ishusho 1b). Igipimo cyuzuye cyumurima (1X) cya mancozeb cyagabanije uburemere bwa livre ku kigero cya 82%, pyrithiostrobin 70%, na trifloxystrobin, myclobutanil na sangard hafi 30% (Ishusho 1c).
Urupfu rwabaye rwinshi muri liswi yagaburiwe mancozeb ivura amabyi, ikurikirwa na pyrithiostrobin na trifloxystrobin. Impfu ziyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwa mancozeb na pyritisoline (Ishusho 2; Imbonerahamwe 2). Nyamara, ibigori byica ibigori byiyongereyeho gato uko kwibanda kwa trifloxystrobin byiyongereye; cyprodinil na capan ntabwo byongereye cyane impfu ugereranije no kuvura.
Impfu za bore ziguruka zagereranijwe nyuma yo gufata amabyi kugiti cye bivurwa na fungicide esheshatu zitandukanye. Mancozeb na pentopyramide barushijeho kumva umunwa wibigori (GLM: χ = 29.45, DF = 20, P = 0.0059) (umurongo, umusozi = 0.29, P <0.001; ahahanamye = 0.24, P <0.00)).
Ugereranije, mu buvuzi bwose, 39.05% by'abarwayi bari abagore naho 60,95% ni abagabo. Mu buvuzi bwo kugenzura, umubare w’abagore wari 40% mu bushakashatsi buke (0.1X) na kimwe cya kabiri (0.5X), na 30% mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na dose (1X). Ku gipimo cya 0.1X, muri liswi yagaburiwe n'intanga zavuwe na mancozeb na myclobutanil, 33.33% by'abantu bakuru bari igitsina gore, 22% by'abakuze bari igitsina gore, 44% by'inzara zikuze zari igitsina gore, 44% by'inzara zikuze zari igitsina gore. igitsina gore, 41% by'inzara zikuze zari igitsina gore, naho kugenzura byari 31% (Ishusho 3a). Inshuro 0.5 ikinini, 33% yinyo zikuze mumatsinda ya mancozeb na pyrithiostrobin bari igitsina gore, 36% mumatsinda ya trifloxystrobin, 41% mumatsinda ya myclobutanil, na 46% mumatsinda ya cyprostrobin. Iyi mibare yari 53% mu itsinda. mu itsinda rya capan na 38% mu itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura (Ishusho 3b). Ku gipimo cya 1X, 30% by'itsinda rya mancozeb bari abagore, 36% by'itsinda rya pyrithiostrobin, 44% by'itsinda rya trifloxystrobin, 38% by'itsinda rya myclobutanil, 50% by'itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura ni abagore - 38.5% (Ishusho 3c) .
Ijanisha ryabagore nabagabo nyuma yo kwandura fungiside. (a) Igipimo gito (0.1X). (b) Igice cya kabiri (0.5X). (c) Igipimo cyumurima cyangwa igipimo cyuzuye (1X).
Isesengura ryikurikiranya rya 16S ryerekanye ko itsinda rya bagiteri ritandukanye hagati yinzoka zigaburirwa nimbuto zivuwe na mancozeb na liswi zigaburirwa n’intanga zitavuwe (Ishusho 4a). Indangagaciro ya mikorobe ya livi itavuwe yagaburiwe ku mitsi yari hejuru kuruta iy'ibinyomoro bigaburirwa n'intanga zivuwe na mancozeb (Ishusho 4b). Nubwo itandukaniro ryagaragaye mubukire hagati yitsinda ritari rifite imibare ihambaye, ryaragabanutse cyane kurenza uko byagaragaye kuri liswi zirisha amabyi atavuwe (Ishusho 4c). Ubwinshi bugereranije bwerekanaga ko microbiota yinzoka yagaburiwe kumitsi yanduye yari itandukanye cyane niy'ibinyomoro bigaburirwa na lisiti ivurwa na mancozeb (Ishusho 5a). Isesengura ryerekana ryerekanye ko hari genera 28 zigenzura hamwe n’intangarugero zavuwe na mancozeb (Ishusho 5b). c Isesengura ukoresheje 18S ikurikiranye ryagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rikomeye (Ishusho yinyongera 2).
SAV imyirondoro ishingiye kuri 16S ikurikiranye yagereranijwe nubukire bwa Shannon kandi byagaragaye ubukire kurwego rwa phylum. . Buri data point yerekana icyitegererezo cyihariye. PCoA yabazwe ikoresheje intera ya Bray-Curtis intera yo gukwirakwiza t. Ovals yerekana 80% urwego rwicyizere. (b) Agasanduku, amakuru ya Shannon mbisi (ingingo) na c. Ubutunzi bugaragara. Agasanduku kerekana agasanduku k'umurongo wo hagati, intera hagati (IQR), na 1.5 × IQR (n = 3).
Ibigize mikorobe ya liswi igaburirwa na mancozeb ivurwa kandi itavuwe. (a) Ubwinshi bwa mikorobe ya genera isoma muri livre. (b) Shyushya ikarita yabaturage ba mikorobe bamenyekanye. Delftia (ikigereranyo kidasanzwe (OR) = 0,67, P = 0.0030) na Pseudomonas (OR = 0.3, P = 0.0074), Microbacterium (OR = 0,75, P = 0.0617) (OR = 1.5, P = 0.0060); Ubushyuhe bw'ikarita umurongo bukusanyirijwe hamwe ukoresheje intera ihuza kandi ugereranije.
Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko guhura kumunwa (mancozeb) hamwe na sisitemu (pyrostrobin na trifloxystrobin) fungicide, ikoreshwa cyane mugihe cyo kurabyo, byagabanije cyane kwiyongera kwibiro ndetse nimpfu ziterwa nibigori. Byongeye kandi, mancozeb yagabanije cyane ubudasa nubukire bwa microbiome mugihe cyo kwitegura. Myclobutanil, ubundi buryo bwa fungiside sisitemu, yagabanije cyane kwiyongera kwibiro byumubiri kuri dosiye uko ari eshatu. Ingaruka yagaragaye kumwanya wa kabiri (umunsi wa 5) nuwa gatatu (umunsi wa 8). Ibinyuranye, cyprodinil na capan ntabwo byagabanije cyane kongera ibiro cyangwa kubaho ugereranije nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura. Nkuko tubizi, iki gikorwa nicyambere cyo kumenya ingaruka zumurima wa fungiside zitandukanye zikoreshwa mukurinda ibihingwa byibigori binyuze mumasoko ataziguye.
Ubuvuzi bwose bwa fungiside bwagabanije cyane kwiyongera k'umubiri ugereranije no kuvura. Mancozeb yagize uruhare runini mu kongera ibiro byumubiri hamwe no kugabanuka kwa 51%, hagakurikiraho pyrithiostrobin. Ariko, ubundi bushakashatsi ntabwo bwerekanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa na dosiye ya fungicide kumyanya myinshi. Nubwo biocide ya dithiocarbamate byagaragaye ko ifite uburozi bukabije 45, Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCS) nka mancozeb irashobora kwangirika kuri urea Ethylene sulfide. Urebye ingaruka za mutagenic mu zindi nyamaswa, iki gicuruzwa gishobora kwangirika ku ngaruka zagaragaye 46,47. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko imiterere ya Ethylene thiourea iterwa nimpamvu nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru48, urwego rwubushuhe 49 nuburebure bwibicuruzwa50. Uburyo bukwiye bwo kubika biocide burashobora kugabanya izo ngaruka. Byongeye kandi, ikigo cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi gishinzwe umutekano w’ibiribwa cyagaragaje impungenge z’uburozi bwa pyrithiopide, byagaragaye ko ari kanseri itera sisitemu yo gusya y’andi matungo51.
Ubuyobozi bwo mu kanwa bwa mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, na trifloxystrobin byongera impfu za livre y'ibigori. Ibinyuranye, myclobutanil, ciprocycline na capan ntacyo byagize ku rupfu. Ibisubizo bitandukanye nibya Ladurner nabandi.52, berekanye ko capan yagabanije cyane ubuzima bwabantu bakuru O. lignaria na Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apisidae). Byongeye kandi, fungicide nka capan na boscalid byagaragaye ko zitera impfu nyinshi 52,53,54 cyangwa guhindura imyitwarire yo kugaburira55. Izi mpinduka, nazo, zishobora kugira ingaruka kumirire yintungamubiri kandi amaherezo imbaraga ziyongera mubyiciro byinshi. Urupfu rwagaragaye mu itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura rwahujwe n’ubundi bushakashatsi 56,57.
Umubare w'igitsina gabo ukunda abagabo ugaragara mubikorwa byacu ushobora gusobanurwa nimpamvu nko guhuza ibitsina bidahagije hamwe nikirere kibi mugihe cyindabyo, nkuko byavuzwe mbere na O. cornuta na Vicens na Bosch. Nubwo igitsina gore nigitsina gabo mubushakashatsi bwacu cyari gifite iminsi ine yo gushyingiranwa (igihe muri rusange gifatwa nkigihagije kugirango umuntu abane neza), twagabanije nkana ubukana bwurumuri kugirango tugabanye imihangayiko. Ariko, iri hinduka rishobora kubangamira kubushake inzira yo gushyingiranwa61. Byongeye kandi, inzuki zihura niminsi itari mike ikirere kibi, harimo imvura nubushyuhe buke (<5 ° C), bishobora no kugira ingaruka mbi kubitsindira4,23.
Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwacu bwibanze kuri microbiome yose, ibisubizo byacu bitanga ubushishozi mubusabane bushobora kubaho hagati ya bagiteri zishobora kuba ingenzi kumirire yinzuki no kwandura fungiside. Kurugero, livre yagaburiraga mancozeb ivura amabyi yagabanije cyane imiterere yabaturage ya mikorobe nubwinshi ugereranije na livre yagaburiwe intanga zitavuwe. Muri livre zirya amabyi atavuwe, amatsinda ya bagiteri Proteobacteria na Actinobacteria yari yiganje kandi yari yiganjemo icyogajuru cyangwa ubuhanga bwa aerobic. Bagiteri ya Delft, ubusanzwe ifitanye isano nubwoko bwinzuki bwonyine, izwiho kugira ibikorwa bya antibiotique, byerekana uruhare rushobora gukingira virusi. Ubundi bwoko bwa bagiteri, Pseudomonas, bwari bwinshi muri livre zagaburiwe amabyi atavuwe, ariko yagabanutse cyane muri lisiti ivurwa na mancozeb. Ibisubizo byacu bishyigikira ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekana Pseudomonas nkimwe muri genera nyinshi muri O. bicornis35 nizindi wasps wenyine. Nubwo ibimenyetso byubushakashatsi byerekana uruhare rwa Pseudomonas mubuzima bwa O. cornifrons bitigeze byigwa, iyi bagiteri yerekanwe mugutezimbere uburozi bukingira inyenzi Paederus fuscipes no guteza imbere metabolisme ya arginine muri vitro 35, 65. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko uruhare rushoboka mukwirinda virusi na bagiteri mugihe cyiterambere rya O. cornifrons larvae. Microbacterium nubundi bwoko bwagaragaye mubushakashatsi bwacu buvugwa ko buhari cyane mubisirikare byabirabura biguruka mugihe cyinzara66. Muri O. cornifrons larvae, microbacteria irashobora kugira uruhare mukuringaniza no kwihanganira mikorobe yo munda mubihe bigoye. Byongeye kandi, Rhodococcus iboneka muri O. cornifrons larvae kandi izwiho ubushobozi bwo kwangiza 67. Ubu bwoko buboneka no munda ya A. florea, ariko mubwinshi cyane68. Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko hariho itandukanyirizo rishingiye ku gitsina ryinshi muri tagisi nyinshi za mikorobe zishobora guhindura imikorere ya metabolike muri livre. Ariko, gusobanukirwa neza imikorere itandukanye ya O. cornifrons irakenewe.
Muri make, ibisubizo byerekana ko mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, na trifloxystrobin byagabanije kongera ibiro byumubiri kandi byongera impfu ziterwa na livre y'ibigori. Nubwo hari impungenge zigenda zitera ingaruka ziterwa na fungiside zangiza, hakenewe gusobanukirwa neza ningaruka za metabolite zisigaye zibi bintu. Ibi bisubizo birashobora kwinjizwa mubyifuzo bya gahunda ihuriweho yo kurwanya umwanda ifasha abahinzi kwirinda gukoresha fungiside zimwe na zimwe mbere y’igihe cy’ibiti by’imbuto bahitamo fungiside kandi bagahindura igihe cyo kuyisaba, cyangwa bagashishikariza gukoresha ubundi buryo butangiza nabi 36. Aya makuru ni ngombwa mugutezimbere ibyifuzo. ku miti yica udukoko, nko guhindura gahunda ya spray ihari no guhindura igihe cyo gutera mugihe uhitamo fungiside cyangwa guteza imbere ikoreshwa ryizindi nzira mbi. Ubundi bushakashatsi burakenewe ku ngaruka mbi ziterwa na fungicide ku mibonano mpuzabitsina, imyitwarire yo kugaburira, mikorobe yo mu nda, hamwe na molekulike zishingiye ku kugabanuka kw'ibigori no gupfa.
Inkomoko yamakuru 1, 2 na 3 mubishushanyo 1 na 2 byashyizwe mububiko bwamakuru ya figshare DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24996245 na https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.24996233. Urutonde rwasesenguwe mu bushakashatsi burimo (Isanamu 4, 5) uraboneka mu bubiko bwa NCBI SRA munsi ya PRJNA1023565.
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