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Imiti yica udukoko ikunze gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'indabyo z'ibiti kandi ishobora guteza ingaruka ku dukoko dutera udukoko. Ariko, nta byinshi bizwi ku buryo udukoko tudatera udukoko (urugero: inzuki zonyine, Osmia cornifrons) twitabira imiti yica udukoko ikunze gukoreshwa ku mbuto z'amapera mu gihe cyo kurabya. Iri tandukaniro ry'ubumenyi rigabanya ibyemezo by'amategeko bigena ingano nziza n'igihe cyo gutera imiti yica udukoko. Twasuzumye ingaruka z'imiti ibiri yica udukoko (captan na mancozeb) n'imiti ine irwanya udukoko (ciprocycline, myclobutanil, pyrostrobin na trifloxystrobin). Ingaruka ku kwiyongera k'ibiro by'udukoko, kubaho, uburinganire n'ubusumbane bwa bagiteri. Isuzuma ryakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo buhoraho bwo gusuzuma indwara aho impongo yavuwe mu doze eshatu hashingiwe ku doze isabwa gukoreshwa mu murima (1X), doze ya kimwe cya kabiri (0.5X) n'doze nto (0.1X). Doze zose za mancozeb na pyritisoline zagabanyije cyane ibiro by'umubiri n'ubuzima bw'udukoko. Hanyuma twakoze urutonde rw'uturemangingo twa 16S kugira ngo tumenye bagiteri ya mancozeb, umuti wica udukoko utera impfu nyinshi. Twasanze ubwinshi n'ubwinshi bwa bagiteri byaragabanutse cyane mu mibu irya impongo yavuwe na mancozeb. Ibisubizo byacu bya laboratwari bigaragaza ko gutera imiti imwe muri iyi miti mu gihe cyo kurabya byangiza cyane ubuzima bwa O. cornifrons. Aya makuru ni ingenzi mu byemezo byo gucunga mu gihe kizaza bijyanye no gukoresha neza ibikomoka ku biti by'imbuto kandi akaba ari ishingiro ry'amabwiriza agamije kurinda impongo.
Inzuki zo mu bwoko bwa mason beef Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) zazanywe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ziturutse mu Buyapani mu mpera za 1970 no mu ntangiriro za 1980, kandi ubwo bwoko bwagize uruhare runini mu gukurura imyumbati mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima kuva icyo gihe. Ubwoko bw’iyi nzuki busanzwe buri mu moko agera kuri 50 y’inzuki zo mu gasozi zunganira inzuki zitera imyumbati mu mirima y’amande n’amapera muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika2,3. Inzuki za Mason zihura n’imbogamizi nyinshi, harimo gucikamo ibice by’aho ziba, indwara zitera indwara, n’imiti yica udukoko3,4. Mu miti yica udukoko, imiti yica udukoko igabanya ingufu, gushaka ibyo kurya5 no kuvura umubiri6,7. Nubwo ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko ubuzima bw’inzuki za Mason bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mirire n’udukoko twibasira umubiri, 8,9 kuko bagiteri n’ibihumyo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mirire no ku mikorere y’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, ingaruka zo guhura n’imiti yica udukoko ku bwoko bwa mikorobe z’inzuki za Mason zitangiye kwigwaho.
Imiti yica udukoko itera ingaruka zitandukanye (ikora ku mubiri no mu mubiri) iterwa mu mirima mbere no mu gihe cyo kurabya kugira ngo ivure indwara nk'ikibyimba cy'amapera, kubora cyane, kubora kw'umukara n'ifu y'umukungugu10,11. Imiti yica udukoko ifatwa nk'aho ntacyo itwaye ku batera imbuto, bityo igirwa inama ku bahinzi mu gihe cyo kurabya; Kuba iyi miti yica udukoko iterwa n'inzuki bizwi cyane, kuko ari kimwe mu bigize gahunda yo kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cya Amerika n'ibindi bigo byinshi by'igihugu bigenzura ibidukikije12,13,14. Ariko, ingaruka z'imiti yica udukoko ku bantu batari inzuki ntizizwi cyane kuko zidasabwa hakurikijwe amasezerano yo kwemerera kwamamaza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika15. Byongeye kandi, muri rusange nta mabwiriza asanzwe yo gupima inzuki imwe16,17, kandi kubungabunga amatsinda atanga inzuki zo gupima biragoye18. Igerageza ry'inzuki zitandukanye zicungwa ririmo gukorwa cyane mu Burayi na Amerika kugira ngo ryige ingaruka z'imiti yica udukoko ku nzuki zo mu gasozi, kandi amabwiriza asanzwe aherutse gukorwa kuri O. cornifrons19.
Inzuki zifite amahembe ni monocytes kandi zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu bihingwa bya karpi nk'inyongera cyangwa isimbuza inzuki z'ubuki. Izi nzuki zivuka hagati ya Werurwe na Mata, aho ingabo zivutse mbere y'iminsi itatu cyangwa ine mbere y'uko ingore zibona. Nyuma yo gushyingiranwa, ingore ikusanya impongo n'inyugu kugira ngo itange urukurikirane rw'uturemangingo tw'abana mu mwobo w'icyari cy'umuyoboro (cyangwa icyaremwe)1,20. Amagi ashyirwa ku impongo imbere mu turemangingo; ingore ikongera kubaka urukuta rw'ibumba mbere yo gutegura ingirabuzimafatizo ikurikiraho. Inzoka za mbere zifungiye muri chorion kandi zirya amazi y'urusoro. Kuva ku ingirabuzimafatizo ya kabiri kugeza ku ya gatanu (prepupa), inzoka zirya impongo22. Iyo impongo imaze kugabanuka burundu, inzoka zikora cocoons, pupate hanyuma zigasohoka ari izikuze mu cyumba kimwe cy'inzoka, akenshi mu mpera z'impeshyi20,23. Izikuze zivuka mu mpeshyi ikurikiraho. Kubaho kw'inzoka nkuru bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kw'ingufu (kwiyongera ibiro) bishingiye ku byo zirya. Bityo, ubwiza bw'inzoga, kimwe n'ibindi bintu nk'ikirere cyangwa guhura n'imiti yica udukoko, ni byo bigena kubaho no ubuzima bwiza24.
Imiti yica udukoko n'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mbere yo kurabya ishobora kugenda mu mitsi y'ibimera ku rugero rutandukanye, kuva kuri translaminar (urugero, ishobora kuva hejuru y'amababi ikagera hasi, nk'imiti imwe n'imwe irwanya udukoko) 25 kugeza ku ngaruka z'umubiri. , ishobora kwinjira mu mfuruka iva mu mizi, ishobora kwinjira mu mfuruka y'indabyo z'amapera 26, aho ishobora kwica O. cornifrons ikuze 27. Imiti imwe n'imwe ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko ijya mu mukungugu, bigira ingaruka ku mikurire y'udukoko tw'ibigori kandi igatera urupfu rwatwo 19. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko imiti imwe n'imwe ishobora guhindura cyane imikorere y'ubwoko bufitanye isano na O. lignaria 28. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwa laboratwari n'ubw'umurima bwigana imiterere y'imiti yica udukoko (harimo na fungicides) bwagaragaje ko imiti yica udukoko igira ingaruka mbi ku miterere y'ibinyabuzima 22 no kurokoka kw'inzuki z'ubuki n'izindi nzuki zonyine. Imiti itandukanye yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu ndabyo zifunguye mu gihe cyo kurabya ishobora kwanduza impongo zakusanyijwe n'abantu bakuru kugira ngo zikure, ingaruka zabyo zikaba zigikenewe kwigwa 30.
Bikomeje kumenyekana ko iterambere ry’udukoko riterwa n’imbuyu n’udukoko two mu buryo bw’igogora. Udukoko tw’ubuki bw’inzuki tugira ingaruka ku bipimo nk’uburemere bw’umubiri31, impinduka mu mikorere y’umubiri22 no kwibasirwa n’udukoko twanduza indwara32. Ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwasuzumye ingaruka z’iterambere ry’utundi dukoko, intungamubiri, n’ibidukikije ku mikorobe z’inzuki zonyine. Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko hari isano mu miterere n’ubwinshi bw’udukoko tw’ubuki n’udukoko33, ndetse n’ubwoko bwa bagiteri bukunze kugaragara bwa Pseudomonas na Delftia, mu bwoko bw’inzuki zonyine. Ariko, nubwo imiti yica udukoko yahujwe n’ingamba zo kurinda ubuzima bw’inzuki, ingaruka z’imiti yica udukoko ku mikorobe z’ubuki binyuze mu kanwa ntiziramenyekana.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwagenzuye ingaruka z'imiti itandatu isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara zandurira mu biti yanditswe ku mbuto z'ibiti muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, harimo imiti yica udukoko n'imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa "contact" itangwa mu kanwa ku mibu y'ibimera bya "corn hornworm moth" iturutse ku biryo byanduye. Twasanze imiti yica udukoko n'imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa "system" igabanya ibiro by'inzuki no kwiyongera kw'impfu, ingaruka zikomeye zijyana na mancozeb na pyrithiopide. Hanyuma twagereranije ubwoko bw'udukoko twandurira mu ndyo ya mancozeb n'utwo dukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zandurira mu bimera. Twaganiriye ku buryo bushobora gutuma habaho urupfu n'ingaruka za gahunda zo gucunga udukoko n'udukoko (IPPM)36.
Inyoni za O. cornifrons zikuze zashyizwe mu bikombe by'itumba zabonetse mu kigo cy'ubushakashatsi ku mbuto, Biglerville, PA, maze zibikwa kuri −3 kugeza kuri 2°C (± 0.3°C). Mbere y'igerageza (ibikombe 600 byose hamwe). Muri Gicurasi 2022, ibikombe 100 bya O. cornifrons byashyirwaga buri munsi mu bikombe bya pulasitiki (ibikombe 50 kuri buri gikombe, DI cm 5 × 15 cm uburebure) kandi udutambaro twashyizwe mu bikombe kugira ngo bifunguke kandi bitange ahantu ho guhekenya, bigabanye uburemere ku nzuki z'amabuye37. Shyira ibikombe bibiri bya pulasitiki birimo ibikombe mu kato k'udukoko (30 × 30 × 30 cm, BugDorm MegaView Science Co. Ltd., Taiwan) hamwe n'udufunzo twa 10 ml turimo 50% bya sucrose hanyuma ubibike iminsi ine kugira ngo bifunze kandi bihure. 23°C, ubushyuhe 60%, photoperiod 10 l (ubukana buke): iminsi 14. Inyoni 100 z’ingore n’ingabo zarekurwaga buri gitondo mu gihe cy’iminsi itandatu (100 ku munsi) mu byari bibiri by’ubukorano mu gihe cyo kurabya kw’amapera (icyari cy’umutego: ubugari 33.66 × uburebure 30.48 × uburebure 46.99 cm; Ishusho y’inyongera ya 1). Yashyizwe muri Arboretum ya Leta ya Pennsylvania, hafi y’amapera (Prunus cerasus 'Eubank' Sweet Cherry Pie™), iperesi (Prunus persica 'Contender'), Prunus persica 'PF 27A' Flamin Fury®), iperesi (Pyrus perifolia 'Olympic', Pyrus perifolia 'Shinko', Pyrus perifolia 'Shinseiki'), igiti cy’amapera cya coronaria (Malus coronaria) n’ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibiti by’amapera (Malus coronaria, Malus), igiti cy’amapera cyo mu rugo 'Co-op 30′ Enterprise™, igiti cy’amapera cya Malus 'Co-Op 31′ Winecrisp™, begonia 'Freedom', Begonia 'Golden Delicious', Begonia 'Nova Spy'). Buri nzu y'inyoni ya pulasitiki y'ubururu ishyirwa hejuru y'udusanduku tubiri tw'ibiti. Buri gasanduku k'ibyari karimo imiyoboro 800 y'impapuro z'ubusa (zifunguye mu buryo bw'uruziga, 0.8 cm ID × 15 cm L) (Jonesville Paper Tube Co., Michigan) yinjijwe mu miyoboro ya cellophane idasobanutse (0.7 OD reba imiyoboro ya pulasitiki (imiyoboro ya T-1X) itanga aho gushyira ibyari.
Udusanduku twombi tw’ibyari tw’imbwa twerekeje iburasirazuba kandi twari dutwikiriwe n’uruzitiro rw’icyatsi kibisi rwa pulasitiki (Everbilt model #889250EB12, ingano y’ifungura ya cm 5 × 5, metero 0.95 × 100) kugira ngo hirindwe ko imbeba n’inyoni bigerwaho, kandi byashyizwe ku butaka iruhande rw’udusanduku tw’ibyari tw’imbwa. Agasanduku k’ibyari (Ishusho y’inyongera ya 1a). Amagi y’ibigori yakusanyijwe buri munsi hakusanyijwe imiyoboro 30 mu byari hanyuma akajyanwa muri laboratwari. Hakoreshejwe imikasi, gabanya ku mpera y’umuyoboro, hanyuma uvanemo umuyoboro wa spiral kugira ngo ugaragare uturemangingo tw’ibyana. Amagi imwe imwe n’umusaruro wayo byakuweho hakoreshejwe spatula igoramye (Microslide tool kit, BioQuip Products Inc., muri Kaliforuniya). Amagi yashyizwe ku rupapuro rutose rw’urufunguzo maze ashyirwa mu isahani ya Petri amasaha 2 mbere yo gukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi bwacu (Ishusho y’inyongera ya 1b-d).
Muri laboratwari, twasuzumye uburozi bw'imiti itandatu irwanya udukoko ikoreshwa mu kanwa mbere no mu gihe cy'indabyo z'amapera ku bipimo bitatu (0.1X, 0.5X, na 1X, aho 1X ari ikimenyetso gikoreshwa kuri litiro 100 z'amazi / hegitari. Igipimo kinini cy'umurima = ubwinshi mu murima). , Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Buri ngano yasubiwemo inshuro 16 (n = 16). Imiti ibiri irwanya udukoko ikoreshwa mu gukorana (Imbonerahamwe ya S1: mancozeb 2696.14 ppm na captan 2875.88 ppm) n'imiti ine irwanya udukoko ikoreshwa mu buryo bw'umubiri (Imbonerahamwe ya S1: pyrithiostrobin 250.14 ppm; trifloxystrobin 110.06 ppm; myclobutanil azole 75 .12 ppm; cyprodinil 280.845 ppm) uburozi ku mbuto, imboga n'ibihingwa by'imitako. Twahuje imbuyu dukoresheje icyuma gisya, twimurira garama 0.20 mu iriba (Indebe ya Falcon ifite amasoko 24), hanyuma twongeramo μL 1 y'umuti wa fungicide kugira ngo hakorwe imbuyu ya piramide hamwe n'imyobo ya mm 1 y'ubujyakuzimu aho amagi yashyizwe. Shyira ukoresheje spatula nto (Ishusho y'inyongera ya 1c, d). Amasahani ya Falcon yabitswe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba (25°C) na 70% by'ubushuhe. Twayagereranije n'imbuyu zo kugenzura zagaburirwaga indyo y'imbuyu imwe yavuwe n'amazi meza. Twanditse urupfu kandi twapimye uburemere bw'imbuyu buri munsi kugeza igihe imbuyu zigeze ku myaka yo kwitegura gukoresha uburyo bwo gusesengura (Fisher Scientific, accuracy = 0.0001 g). Amaherezo, uburinganire bwapimwe hafungurwa cocoon nyuma y'amezi 2.5.
ADN yakuwe mu tunyangingo twose twa O. cornifrons (n = 3 kuri buri kibazo cyo kuvurwa, impongo zavuwe na mancozeb kandi zitavuwe) kandi twakoze isesengura ry’ubwinshi bw’utunyangingo kuri izi ngero, cyane cyane ko muri mancozeb impfu nyinshi zagaragaye mu tunyangingo. twakiriye MnZn. ADN yongerewe, isukurwa hakoreshejwe ADNZymoBIOMICS®-96 MagBead ADN kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA), kandi ikurikiranwa (ingendo 600) kuri Illumina® MiSeq™ hakoreshejwe v3 kit. Gukurikirana ubwoko bwa RNA bwa bagiteri 16S ribosomal byakozwe hakoreshejwe Quick-16S™ NGS Library Prep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) hakoreshejwe primers zigamije agace ka V3-V4 ka gene ya 16S rRNA. Byongeye kandi, gusesengura 18S byakozwe hakoreshejwe 10% PhiX inclusion, kandi gusesengura bikorwa hakoreshejwe primer pair 18S001 na NS4.
Gushyira no gutunganya reads39 hakoreshejwe umuyoboro wa QIIME2 (v2022.11.1). Izi reads zaciwe kandi zihuzwa, maze imiterere ya chimeric ikurwaho hakoreshejwe plugin ya DADA2 muri QIIME2 (qiime dada2 noise pairing)40. Imirimo yo mu cyiciro cya 16S na 18S yakozwe hakoreshejwe plugin ya object classifier Classify-sklearn na artifact silva-138-99-nb-classifier yateguwe mbere.
Amakuru yose y’igerageza yagenzuwe kugira ngo harebwe niba ari ibintu bisanzwe (Shapiro-Wilks) n’uko ibintu bitandukanye bimeze (ikizamini cya Levene). Kubera ko amakuru yakusanyijwe atujuje ibyari byitezwe mu isesengura rya parametric kandi impinduka ntizashoboye gupima ibisigaye, twakoze ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis) idafite parametric ifite ibintu bibiri [igihe (inshuro eshatu z’iminsi 2, 5, n’iminsi 8) na fungicide] kugira ngo dusuzume ingaruka z’ubuvuzi ku buremere bw’ibirago, hanyuma hakorwa igereranya rya nyuma y’aho ridafite parametric rikoresheje ikizamini cya Wilcoxon. Twakoresheje generalized linear model (GLM) hamwe n’ikwirakwizwa rya Poisson kugira ngo tugereranye ingaruka z’imiti ya fungicide ku kubaho mu byiciro bitatu bya fungicide41,42. Ku isesengura ry’ubwinshi butandukanye, umubare w’uburyo butandukanye bwa amplicon (ASVs) wagabanutse ku rwego rw’ubwoko. Kugereranya ubwinshi bw'itandukaniro hagati y'amatsinda hakoreshejwe 16S (urwego rw'ubwoko) n'ubwinshi bw'itandukaniro bwa 18S byakozwe hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'inyongera rusange ku mwanya, igipimo, n'imiterere (GAMLSS) hamwe n'igabanywa ry'umuryango wa beta zero-inflated (BEZI), byashushanyijwe kuri macro. muri Microbiome R43 (v1.1). 1). Kuraho ubwoko bwa mitochondrial na chloroplast mbere yo gusesengura itandukaniro. Kubera urwego rutandukanye rwa taxonomic rwa 18S, urwego rwo hasi rwa buri taxon nirwo rwakoreshejwe mu gusesengura itandukaniro. Isesengura ryose ry'ibarurishamibare ryakozwe hakoreshejwe R (v. 3.4.3., umushinga wa CRAN) (Itsinda rya 2013).
Guhura na mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, na trifloxystrobin byagabanyije cyane kwiyongera k'ibiro mu mubiri wa O. cornifrons (Ishusho ya 1). Izi ngaruka zagaragaye buri gihe ku bipimo bitatu byose byapimwe (Ishusho ya 1a–c). Cyclostrobin na myclobutanil ntibyagabanyije cyane uburemere bw'ibihumyo.
Uburemere bw'ibinyampeke bishya by'udusimba twa stem borer bupimwe mu bihe bitatu munsi y'uburyo bune bwo kuvura (ibiryo by'umukungugu bisa + imiti yica udukoko: kugenzura, doze 0.1X, 0.5X na 1X). (a) Doze nto (0.1X): igihe cya mbere (umunsi wa 1): χ2: 30.99, DF = 6; P < 0.0001, igihe cya kabiri (umunsi wa 5): 22.83, DF = 0.0009; igihe cya gatatu; igihe (umunsi wa 8): χ2: 28.39, DF = 6; (b) igice cy'umusaruro (0.5X): igihe cya mbere (umunsi wa 1): χ2: 35.67, DF = 6; P < 0.0001, igihe cya kabiri (umunsi wa mbere). ): χ2: 15.98, DF = 6; P = 0.0090; Inshuro ya gatatu (umunsi wa 8) χ2: 16.47, DF = 6; (c) Aho byabereye cyangwa dose yuzuye (1X): Inshuro ya mbere (umunsi wa 1) χ2: 20.64, P = 6; P = 0.0326, Inshuro ya kabiri (umunsi wa 5): χ2: 22.83, DF = 6; P = 0.0009; Inshuro ya gatatu (umunsi wa 8): χ2: 28.39, DF = 6; isesengura ry’impinduka ritari iry’ibipimo. Utudomo tugaragaza impuzandengo ± SE y’igereranya ry’ibice bibiri (α = 0.05) (n = 16) *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.001, ***P ≤ 0.0001.
Ku gipimo gito cyane (0.1X), uburemere bw'umubiri w'ibibuno byagabanutseho 60% hakoreshejwe trifloxystrobin, 49% hakoreshejwe mancozeb, 48% hakoreshejwe myclobutanil, na 46% hakoreshejwe pyrithistrobin (Ishusho ya 1a). Iyo byageraga ku gice cy'igipimo cy'umurima (0.5X), uburemere bw'umubiri w'ibibuno bya mancozeb bwagabanutseho 86%, pyrithiostrobin kuri 52% na trifloxystrobin kuri 50% (Ishusho ya 1b). Igipimo cyuzuye cya mancozeb cyagabanutseho ibiro by'ibibuno kuri 82%, pyrithiostrobin kuri 70%, na trifloxystrobin, myclobutanil na sangard kuri hafi 30% (Ishusho ya 1c).
Impfu zari nyinshi cyane mu binyabutabire byagaburiwe impongo zavuwe na mancozeb, hagakurikiraho pyrithiostrobin na trifloxystrobin. Impfu zariyongereye uko doze ya mancozeb na pyritisoline yiyongeraga (Ishusho ya 2; Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Ariko, impfu z’ibinyabutabire by’ibigori zariyongereye gato uko igipimo cya trifloxystrobin cyariyongereye; cyprodinil na captan ntibiyongereye cyane impfu ugereranije n’imiti yo kuvura.
Urupfu rw'udusimba tw'udusimba twa Borer rwagereranyijwe nyuma yo kurya imbuyu imwe imwe ivuwe n'imiti itandatu itandukanye yo kurwanya fungicide. Mancozeb na pentopyramide byari byoroshye kwangirika mu kanwa ku ifu z'ibigori (GLM: χ = 29.45, DF = 20, P = 0.0059) (umurongo, umusozi = 0.29, P < 0.001; umusozi = 0.24, P <0.00)).
Ugereranyije, mu buvuzi bwose, 39.05% by'abarwayi bari abagore naho 60.95% bari abagabo. Mu buvuzi bwakoreweho ubushakashatsi, umubare w'abagore wari 40% haba mu bushakashatsi bwa doze nto (0.1X) n'igice (0.5X), na 30% mu bushakashatsi bwa doze yo mu murima (1X). Ku gipimo cya 0.1X, mu buvuzi bwahawe impongo bwavuwe na mancozeb na myclobutanil, 33.33% by'abantu bakuru bari abagore, 22% by'abantu bakuru bari abagore, 44% by'ubuvuzi bukuze bwari ubw'abagore, 44% by'ubuvuzi bukuze bwari ubw'abagore. Ubuvuzi bukuze bwari ubw'abagore, 41% by'ubuvuzi bukuze bwari ubw'abagore, naho ubuvuzi bwari 31% (Ishusho ya 3a). Ku nshuro 0.5 z'umuti, 33% by'inzoka zikuze mu itsinda rya mancozeb na pyrithiostrobin zari iz'abagore, 36% mu itsinda rya trifloxystrobin, 41% mu itsinda rya myclobutanil, na 46% mu itsinda rya cyprostrobin. Uyu mubare wari 53% mu itsinda rya captan na 38% mu itsinda ryagenzuwe (Ishusho ya 3b). Ku gipimo cya 1X, 30% by'itsinda rya mancozeb bari abagore, 36% by'itsinda rya pyrithiostrobin, 44% by'itsinda rya trifloxystrobin, 38% by'itsinda rya myclobutanil, 50% by'itsinda ryagenzuwe bari abagore - 38.5% (Ishusho ya 3c).
Ijanisha ry'udukoko tw'ingore n'utw'abagabo nyuma yo guhura n'udukoko twangiza imiterere y'udukoko. (a) Igipimo gito (0.1X). (b) Igipimo cya kabiri (0.5X). (c) Igipimo cyuzuye cyangwa cyuzuye (1X).
Isesengura rya 16S ryerekanye ko itsinda rya bagiteri ryari ritandukanye hagati y’udukoko twahawe intanga zatewe na mancozeb n’udukoko twahawe intanga zatewe na mancozeb (Ishusho ya 4a). Igipimo cya mikorobe z’udukoko twahawe intanga zatewe na mancozeb cyari kinini ugereranyije n’udukoko twahawe intanga zatewe na mancozeb (Ishusho ya 4b). Nubwo itandukaniro ryagaragaye mu bukungu hagati y’amatsinda ritari rifite agaciro gakomeye mu mibare, ryari rito cyane ugereranyije n’iryagaragaye ku dukoko twariye intanga zatewe na mancozeb (Ishusho ya 4c). Ubwinshi bw’udukoko bwagaragaje ko udukoko twahawe intanga zatewe na mancozeb twari dutandukanye cyane ugereranyije n’udukoko twahawe intanga zatewe na mancozeb (Ishusho ya 5a). Isesengura ry’ibisobanuro ryagaragaje ko hari ubwoko 28 mu bipimo byafashwe na mancozeb (Ishusho ya 5b). c Isesengura ryakoreshejwe mu gukurikirana 18S ryagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryagaragaje (Ishusho y’inyongera ya 2).
Imiterere ya SAV ishingiye ku buryo bwa 16S yagereranyijwe n'ubukire bwa Shannon kandi yagaragaye ko ubukire buri ku rwego rwa phylum. (a) Isesengura ry’ibanze (PCoA) rishingiye ku miterere rusange y’umuryango wa mikorobe mu bimera byakuweho impongo cyangwa mu bikoko byagenzuwe (ubururu) n’ibimera byakuweho impongo (icunga). Buri gace k’amakuru kagaragaza icyitegererezo cyihariye. PCoA yabazwe hakoreshejwe intera ya Bray-Curtis y’ikwirakwizwa rya t rya multivariate. Imyenge yerekana urwego rw’icyizere cya 80%. (b) Imbonerahamwe, amakuru y’ubutunzi bwa Shannon (ingingo) na c. Ubukire bugaragara. Imbonerahamwe yerekana udusanduku tw’umurongo uri hagati, interquartile range (IQR), na 1.5 × IQR (n = 3).
Imiterere y’udukoko tw’udukoko tw’udukoko twagaburirwaga n’udukoko twavuwe na mancozeb. (a) Ubwinshi bw’udukoko tw’udukoko bugaragara mu dukoko. (b) Ikarita y’ubushyuhe bw’udukoko twavuwe. Delftia (igipimo cy’amahirwe (OR) = 0.67, P = 0.0030) na Pseudomonas (OR = 0.3, P = 0.0074), Microbacterium (OR = 0.75, P = 0.0617) (OR = 1.5, P = 0.0060); Imirongo y’ikarita y’ubushyuhe ishyirwa mu matsinda hakoreshejwe intera y’isano n’impuzandengo yo guhuza.
Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko kunywera imiti yica udukoko (mancozeb) n’imiti yica udukoko (pyrostrobin na trifloxystrobin), ikoreshwa cyane mu gihe cyo kurabya, byagabanyije cyane kwiyongera k’ibiro ndetse binatuma impfu z’udukoko tw’ibigori ziyongera. Byongeye kandi, mancozeb yagabanyije cyane ubwinshi n’uburumbuke bw’udukoko mu gihe cyo kwitegura. Myclobutanil, indi miti yica udukoko, yagabanyije cyane kwiyongera k’ibiro by’udukoko ku bipimo bitatu byose. Iyi ngaruka yagaragaye ku gihe cya kabiri (umunsi wa 5) n’icya gatatu (umunsi wa 8). Mu buryo bunyuranye, cyprodinil na captan ntibyagabanyije cyane kwiyongera cyangwa kubaho k’ibiro ugereranije n’itsinda ryagenzuwe. Uko tubizi, uyu murimo ni wo wa mbere ugaragaza ingaruka z’umuvuduko w’imiti itandukanye yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kurinda ibihingwa by’ibigori binyuze mu guhura n’udukoko mu buryo butaziguye.
Uburyo bwose bwo kuvura fungicide bwagabanyije cyane kwiyongera k'ibiro by'umubiri ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuvura. Mancozeb yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku kwiyongera k'ibiro by'umubiri by'ibibuno, aho yagabanutseho 51%, ikurikirwa na pyrithiostrobin. Ariko, ubundi bushakashatsi ntibwagaragaje ingaruka mbi z'ingano y'imiti irwanya fungicide mu nganda ku byiciro by'ibibuno44. Nubwo byagaragaye ko imiti irwanya fungicide ya dithiocarbamate ifite uburozi buke45, ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDCS) nka mancozeb ishobora kwangirika ikaba urea ethylene sulfide. Bitewe n'ingaruka zayo ku zindi nyamaswa, iyi miti ishobora kwangirika ishobora kuba nyirabayazana w'ingaruka zagaragaye46,47. Ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwagaragaje ko ikorwa rya ethylene thiourea riterwa n'ibintu nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi48, ubushuhe buke49 n'igihe ibicuruzwa bibikwa50. Uburyo bwiza bwo kubika biocides bushobora kugabanya izi ngaruka mbi. Byongeye kandi, Ikigo cy'Uburayi gishinzwe umutekano w'ibiribwa cyagaragaje impungenge ku burozi bwa pyrithiopide, byagaragaye ko butera kanseri mu buryo bw'igogora bw'izindi nyamaswa51.
Gutanga mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, na trifloxystrobin mu kanwa byongera impfu z'udusimba tw'ibigori. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, myclobutanil, ciprocycline na captan nta ngaruka byagize ku rupfu. Ibi bisubizo bitandukanye n'ibyavuye muri Ladurner et al.52, bagaragaje ko captan yagabanyije cyane ubuzima bwa O. lignaria na Apis mellifera L. bakuru (Hymenoptera, Apisidae). Byongeye kandi, imiti yica udukoko nka captan na boscalid byagaragaye ko itera urupfu rw'udusimba52,53,54 cyangwa igahindura imyitwarire yo kurya55. Izi mpinduka, zishobora kugira ingaruka ku mirire y'umukungugu ndetse no ku kongera ingufu mu cyiciro cy'udusimba. Impfu zagaragaye mu itsinda ryagenzuwe zari zijyanye n'ubundi bushakashatsi 56,57.
Igipimo cy’igitsina gikunda igitsina cy’abagabo cyagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwacu gishobora gusobanurwa n’ibintu nko kudakora neza kw’imibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse n’ikirere kibi mu gihe cyo kurabya indabyo, nk’uko byavuzwe mbere kuri O. cornuta na Vicens na Bosch. Nubwo igitsina gore n’igitsina gabo mu bushakashatsi bwacu byari bifite iminsi ine yo gukorana (igihe gisanzwe gifatwa nk’igihagije kugira ngo gukorana neza), twagabanyije nkana imbaraga z’urumuri kugira ngo tugabanye umuvuduko. Ariko, iri hinduka rishobora kubangamira inzira yo gukorana ku buryo butateguwe61. Byongeye kandi, inzuki zigira iminsi myinshi y’ikirere kibi, harimo n’imvura n’ubushyuhe buke (<5°C), bishobora kandi kugira ingaruka mbi ku iterambere ry’imibonano mpuzabitsina4,23.
Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwacu bwibanze ku mikorobe zose z’udukoko, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu bitanga ubumenyi ku mibanire ishobora kuba hagati y’udukoko dushobora kuba ingenzi ku mirire y’inzuki no kwandura imiti yica udukoko. Urugero, udukoko twahawe intanga twahawe intanga twahawe intanga twahawe intanga twahawe intanga twagabanyije cyane imiterere n’ubwinshi bw’udukoko ugereranije n’udukoko twahawe intanga twahawe intanga twahawe intanga. Mu dukoko twariye intanga twahawe ... Nubwo ibimenyetso by’igerageza ku ruhare rwa Pseudomonas mu buzima bwa O. cornifrons bitarasuzumwa, iyi bagiteri byagaragaye ko itera imbere mu gukora uburozi burinda mu dukoko twa Paederus fuscipes no guteza imbere metabolism ya arginine muri vitro 35, 65. Ibi byagaragaye bigaragaza uruhare rushobora kugira mu kurinda virusi na bagiteri mu gihe cy’iterambere ry’udukoko twa O. cornifrons. Microbacterium ni ubundi bwoko bwagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwacu bwavuzwe ko buboneka mu bwinshi mu dukoko tw’umukara tw’umurwayi mu gihe cy’inzara66. Mu dukoko twa O. cornifrons, microbagiteri zishobora kugira uruhare mu kuringaniza no kwihanganira microbiome yo mu mara mu gihe cy’ibibazo. Byongeye kandi, Rhodococcus iboneka mu dukoko twa O. cornifrons kandi izwiho ubushobozi bwo gusohora uburozi67. Ubu bwoko buboneka no mu mara ya A. florea, ariko mu bwinshi buke cyane68. Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko hari itandukaniro ryinshi rya genetiki mu dukoko twinshi dushobora guhindura imikorere y’udukoko mu dukoko. Ariko, hakenewe gusobanukirwa neza imikorere itandukanye ya O. cornifrons.
Muri make, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, na trifloxystrobin byagabanyije ibiro by’umubiri ndetse binatuma impfu z’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa corn borer ziyongera. Nubwo hari impungenge zikomeje kwiyongera ku ngaruka z’imiti yica udukoko ku bikoko, hakenewe gusobanukirwa neza ingaruka z’ibisigazwa by’iyi miti. Ibi bisubizo bishobora gushyirwa mu nama za gahunda zihuriweho zo gucunga imiti yica udukoko zifasha abahinzi kwirinda gukoresha imiti imwe n’imwe mbere no mu gihe cyo kurabya ibiti by’imbuto binyuze mu guhitamo imiti yica udukoko no guhindura igihe cyo kuyikoresha, cyangwa mu gushishikariza gukoresha ubundi buryo budatera ingaruka mbi 36. Aya makuru ni ingenzi mu gutegura inama ku ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko, nko guhindura gahunda zisanzwe zo gutera imiti no guhindura igihe cyo gutera imiti iyo uhisemo imiti yica udukoko cyangwa guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry’ubundi buryo budatera ingaruka mbi. Hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwiyongereye ku ngaruka mbi z’imiti yica udukoko ku gipimo cy’igitsina, imyitwarire yo kugaburira, mikorobe zo mu nda, n’imikorere y’uturemangingo ituma corn borer itakaza ibiro n’impfu.
Amakuru yavuyemo 1, 2 na 3 mu Ishusho ya 1 na 2 yashyizwe mu bubiko bw'amakuru bwa figshare DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24996245 na https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.24996233. Urutonde rwasesenguwe mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu (Ishusho ya 4, 5) ruraboneka mu bubiko bwa NCBI SRA bufite nimero ya PRJNA1023565.
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