Kuva aho ivumburiwe muri Djibouti mu 2012, umubu wo muri Aziya witwa Anopheles stephensi wakwirakwiriye mu ihembe rya Afurika. Uyu mubu utera indwara ukomeje gukwirakwira ku mugabane wose, ushyira mu kaga gakomeye gahunda zo kurwanya malariya. Uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara ziterwa n’udukoko, harimo inzitiramibu ziterwa umuti n’imiti ikoreshwa mu nzu, byagabanyije cyane umutwaro wa malariya. Ariko, kwiyongera kw’imibu irwanya imiti yica udukoko, harimo n’imibare ya Anopheles stephensi, biri kubangamira ibikorwa byo kurwanya malariya. Gusobanukirwa imiterere y’abaturage, urujya n’uruza rw’uturemangingo hagati y’abaturage, n’ikwirakwizwa ry’impinduka mu kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho ingamba zinoze zo kurwanya malariya.
Kunoza ubumenyi bwacu ku buryo An. stephensi yashinze imizi muri HOA ni ingenzi cyane mu kumenya niba ishobora gukwirakwira mu duce dushya. Inyigo z’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage zakoreshejwe cyane mu kwiga ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere y’abaturage, guhitamo guhoraho, n’urujya n’uruza rw’uturemangingo18,19. Kuri An. stephensi, kwiga imiterere y’abaturage n’imiterere ya genome bishobora gufasha gusobanura inzira yo kwibasira ndetse n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ishobora kuba yarabayeho kuva yavuka. Uretse urujya n’uruza rw’uturemangingo, guhitamo ni ingenzi cyane kuko bishobora kumenya alele zifitanye isano no kurwanya imiti yica udukoko no kugaragaza uburyo izi alele zikwirakwira mu baturage20.
Kugeza ubu, igeragezwa ry’ibimenyetso by’ubudahangarwa bw’imiti yica udukoko n’imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’ubwoko bwa Anopheles stephensi ryakozwe ku turemangingo duke twangiza. Ubu bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima ntiburasobanuka neza, ariko igitekerezo kimwe ni uko byazanywe n’abantu cyangwa amatungo. Izindi nyigisho zirimo kwimuka kure n’umuyaga. Udukoko two muri Etiyopiya twakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi twakusanyijwe muri Awash Sebat Kilo, umujyi uherereye mu birometero 200 mu burasirazuba bwa Addis Ababa no ku nzira nyamukuru yo gutwara abantu kuva Addis Ababa kugera muri Djibouti. Awash Sebat Kilo ni agace gafite ubwandu bwinshi bwa malariya kandi gafite umubare munini w’udukoko twa Anopheles stephensi, bivugwa ko turwanya imiti yica udukoko, bigatuma tuba ahantu heza ho kwiga imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’ubwoko bwa Anopheles stephensi8.
Impinduka mu mikorere y’udukoko kdr L1014F yagaragaye ku nshuro nke mu baturage ba Etiyopiya kandi ntiyabonetse mu bipimo by’Abahinde. Iyi mpinduka mu mikorere y’udukoko kdr itanga ubudahangarwa ku dukoko twa pyrethroids na DDT kandi mbere yabonetse mu baturage ba An. stephensi bakusanyijwe mu Buhinde mu 2016 na Afuganisitani mu 2018.31,32 Nubwo hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko ubudahangarwa mu mikorere y’udukoko bwa pyrethroids bwakwirakwiriye mu mijyi yombi, impinduka mu mikorere y’udukoko kdr L1014F ntiyabonetse mu baturage ba Mangalore na Bangalore basesenguwe hano. Umubare muto w’inyamaswa zo muri Etiyopiya zitwaje iyi SNP zari heterozygous ugaragaza ko iyi mpinduka yagaragaye vuba aha muri aba bantu. Ibi bishyigikiwe n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere muri Awash butagaragaje ibimenyetso by'impinduka za kdr mu bipimo byakusanyijwe mu mwaka ubanziriza ibyasesenguwe hano.18 Mbere twasanze iyi mpinduka ya kdr L1014F ku nshuro nke mu itsinda ry'ibipimo byo mu gace kamwe/umwaka dukoresheje uburyo bwo kumenya amplicon.28 Bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bwa phenotypic mu bice byafatiwemo ingero, ingano nto y'iki kimenyetso cyo kudahangarwa igaragaza ko uburyo butandukanye n'impinduka z'ahantu hagenewe gupimwa ari bwo butuma habaho iyi shusho yagaragaye.
Imbogamizi muri ubu bushakashatsi ni ibura ry'amakuru ajyanye n'uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa. Ubundi bushakashatsi buhuza uburyo bwose bwo gukurikirana ubwoko bw'ibinyabuzima (WGS) cyangwa uburyo bwo gukurikirana amplicon hamwe n'ibizamini by'ibinyabuzima birakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z'izi mpinduka ku buryo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa. Izi SNP nshya zishobora kuba zifitanye isano no kurwanya udukoko zigomba kwibandwaho mu gusuzuma ibintu byinshi kugira ngo hashyigikirwe igenzura no koroshya akazi ko gukora kugira ngo hasobanuke kandi hamenyekane uburyo bushoboka bwo kurwanya udukoko.
Muri make, ubu bushakashatsi butanga ubumenyi bwimbitse ku miterere y’uturemangingo tw’umubu wa Anopheles ku migabane yose. Gukoresha isesengura ry’uburyo bwose bwo gukurikirana ingirabuzimafatizo (WGS) ku matsinda manini y’ibipimo mu turere dutandukanye tw’isi bizaba ingenzi mu gusobanukirwa urujya n’uruza rw’uturemangingo no kumenya ibimenyetso by’ubudahangarwa bw’imiti yica udukoko. Ubu bumenyi buzafasha inzego z’ubuzima gufata ibyemezo bisobanutse mu kugenzura inyamaswa zitera udukoko no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko.
Twakoresheje uburyo bubiri bwo kumenya itandukaniro ry'imibare ya kopi muri iyi mibare. Ubwa mbere, twakoresheje uburyo bushingiye ku gukwirakwiza bwibanze ku matsinda ya gene ya CYP yagaragaye muri genome (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera S5). Gukwirakwiza ingero byakorewe ahantu hakusanyirijwe kandi bigabanywamo amatsinda ane: Etiyopiya, imirima y'Abahinde, koloni z'Abahinde, n'koloni za Pakisitani. Gukwirakwiza kuri buri tsinda byakozwe ku buryo busanzwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo koroshya kernel hanyuma bigashushanywa hakurikijwe uburebure bw'itsinda ry'itsinda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-23-2025