Ubwo ICI yatangizaga paraquat ku isoko mu 1962, ntawari gutekereza ko paraquat izahura n'ingorane zikomeye kandi zikomeye mu gihe kizaza. Iyi miti myiza cyane idatoranywa yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'imiti yica udukoko twa kabiri ku isi. Igabanuka ryayo ryari riteye isoni, ariko kubera ko igiciro cya Shuangcao gikomeje kuba kinini muri uyu mwaka kandi gishobora gukomeza kuzamuka, iragorwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ariko paraquat ihendutse irimo kuzana icyizere.
Umuti w’ibyatsi uvura indwara udatoranyije neza cyane
Paraquat ni umuti w’ibyatsi ukomoka kuri bipyridine. Uyu muti ni umuti w’ibyatsi udatoranya wakozwe na ICI mu myaka ya 1950. Ufite ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibyatsi, ukora vuba, urwanya isuri iterwa n’imvura, kandi ntutoranya. N’ibindi bintu byiza cyane biranga.
Paraquat ishobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya ibyatsi bibi mbere yo gutera cyangwa nyuma yo kumera mu mirima y'imizabibu, ibigori, ibisheke, soya n'ibindi bihingwa. Ishobora gukoreshwa nk'umuti wo koza imboga mu gihe cyo gusarura ndetse no nk'umuti wo koza imboga.
Paraquat yica ururenda rwa chloroplast rw'ibyatsi cyane cyane ikora ku bice by'icyatsi kibisi, ikagira ingaruka ku iremwa rya chlorophyll mu byatsi bibi, bityo ikagira ingaruka kuri fotosite y'ibyatsi bibi, amaherezo igahagarika vuba gukura kwabyo. Paraquat igira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngingo z'icyatsi kibisi z'ibimera bya monocot na dicot. Muri rusange, ibyatsi bibi bishobora guhinduka ibara mu masaha 2 kugeza kuri 3 nyuma yo kubikoresha.
Imiterere n'uko ibintu byoherezwa mu mahanga bya paraquat
Bitewe n’uburozi bwa paraquat ku mubiri w’umuntu ndetse n’ingaruka zishobora kubangamira ubuzima bw’umuntu mu gihe ikoreshwa nabi, paraquat irabujijwe n’ibihugu birenga 30 birimo Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, Ubushinwa, Tayilande, Ubusuwisi na Brezili.
Dukurikije amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara na 360 Research Reports, ku isi hose hagurishijwe paraquat mu 2020 byagabanutse bigera kuri miliyoni 100 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Dukurikije raporo ya Syngenta kuri paraquat yasohotse mu 2021, Syngenta ubu igurisha paraquat mu bihugu 28. Hari amasosiyete 377 hirya no hino ku isi yanditse imiti ya paraquat ikora neza. Syngenta ifata kimwe mu bicuruzwa bya paraquat ku isi. Kimwe cya kane.
Mu 2018, Ubushinwa bwohereje mu mahanga toni 64.000 za paraquat na toni 56.000 muri 2019. Ahantu hakomeye ho kohereza paraquat mu Bushinwa muri 2019 ni Brezili, Indoneziya, Nijeriya, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Megizike, Tayilande, Ositaraliya, n'ahandi.
Nubwo paraquat yabujijwe mu bihugu by’ingenzi bihinga ubuhinzi nka Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, Brezili, n’Ubushinwa, kandi ingano y’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga yaragabanutse mu myaka mike ishize, bitewe n’impamvu zidasanzwe ko ibiciro bya glyphosate na glufosinate-ammonium bikomeje kuba hejuru muri uyu mwaka kandi bikaba bishoboka ko bizakomeza kuzamuka, Paraquat, ubwoko butari bwitezwe cyane, izazana ubuzima bushya.
Ibiciro biri hejuru bya Shuangcao bitera ibura ry'ibinyampeke ku isi
Mbere, ubwo igiciro cya glyphosate cyari 26.000 Yuan/toni, paraquat yari 13.000 Yuan/toni. Igiciro cya glyphosate ubu kiracyari 80.000 Yuan/toni, naho igiciro cya glufosinate kiri hejuru ya 350.000 Yuan. Mu bihe byashize, igikenewe cyane ku isi cya paraquat cyari toni zigera ku 260.000 (hashingiwe kuri 42% by'umusaruro nyakuri), ni ukuvuga toni zigera ku 80.000. Isoko ry'Ubushinwa ringana na toni 15.000, Brezili toni 10.000, Tayilande toni 10.000, na Indoneziya, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, na Tayilande, Nijeriya, Ubuhinde n'ibindi bihugu.
Kubera ihagarikwa ry’imiti gakondo nka Ubushinwa, Burezili, na Tayilande, mu buryo bw’imitekerereze, toni zirenga 30.000 z’isoko zarekuwe. Ariko, uyu mwaka, hamwe n’izamuka ryihuta ry’ibiciro bya “Shuangcao” na Diquat, ndetse n’isoko ridafite abapilote muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Hamwe no koroshya ikoreshwa ry’imashini, icyifuzo ku isoko rya Amerika cyangwa Amerika y’Amajyaruguru cyiyongereyeho hafi 20%, ibyo bikaba byaratumye igiciro cya paraquat gikomeza kwiyongera ndetse bishyigikira igiciro cyayo ku rugero runaka. Kuri ubu, igipimo cy’igiciro/imikorere ya paraquat kirakomeye cyane iyo kiri munsi ya 40.000.
Byongeye kandi, abasomyi bo mu Majyepfo y'Amajyepfo ya Aziya muri rusange bavuze ko mu turere nka Vietnam, Maleziya na Brezili, ibyatsi bibi bikura vuba mu gihe cy'imvura, kandi paraquat irwanya isuri neza. Ibiciro by'indi miti yica udukoko yazamutse cyane. Abahinzi bo muri utwo turere baracyakeneye cyane. Abakiriya bo muri ako gace bavuze ko amahirwe yo kubona paraquat mu nzira z'imvi nko mu bucuruzi bw'imipaka arimo kwiyongera.
Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho fatizo bya paraquat, pyridine, ni iby’inganda zikora ibikomoka ku makara. Igiciro cy’ubu gihagaze neza kuri yuan 28.000/toni, mu by’ukuri ni ukwiyongera gukomeye ugereranije n’uko byari bimeze mbere bya yuan 21.000/toni, ariko icyo gihe yuan 21.000/toni yari imaze kuba hasi ugereranyije n’igiciro cya yuan 2.4. Ku bw’ibyo, nubwo igiciro cya pyridine cyazamutse, kiracyari ku giciro cyiza, bizafasha cyane mu kwiyongera kw’ikenerwa rya paraquat ku isi. Inganda nyinshi zikora paraquat zo mu gihugu nazo zitezweho kuyungukiramo.
Ubushobozi bw'ibigo bikomeye bitunganya paraquat
Muri uyu mwaka, ubushobozi bwo gukora paraquat (100%) buragabanuka, kandi Ubushinwa ni bwo bukora paraquat cyane. Birumvikana ko amasosiyete yo mu gihugu nka Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, na Syngenta Nantong arimo gukora paraquat. Mbere yaho, ubwo paraquat yari nziza cyane, Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, na Xianlong yari mu bakora paraquat. Birumvikana ko aya masosiyete atagikora paraquat.
Red Sun ifite inganda eshatu zikora paraquat. Muri zo, Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 8.000-10.000. Iherereye muri Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park. Umwaka ushize, 42% by'ibicuruzwa bifatika byatangaga umusaruro wa buri kwezi wa toni 2.500-3.000. Uyu mwaka, yahagaritse burundu umusaruro. . Uruganda rwa Anhui Guoxing rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 20.000. Uruganda rwa Shandong Kexin rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 2.000. Ubushobozi bwa Red Sun bwo gukora bwarekuwe kuri 70%.
Jiangsu Nuoen ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 12.000 za paraquat, kandi umusaruro nyawo ni toni zigera ku 10.000, bisohora hafi 80% by'ubushobozi bwayo; Shandong Luba ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 10.000 za paraquat, kandi umusaruro nyawo ni toni 7.000, bisohora hafi 70% by'ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora; Hebei Baofeng ikora paraquat ni toni 5.000; Hebei Lingang ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 5.000 za paraquat, naho umusaruro nyawo ni toni 3.500; Syngenta Nantong ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 10.000 za paraquat, naho umusaruro nyawo ni toni 5.000.
Byongeye kandi, Syngenta ifite uruganda rukora toni 9.000 mu ruganda rwa Huddersfield mu Bwongereza n'uruganda rukora toni 1.000 muri Brezili. Birumvikana ko uyu mwaka wagizweho ingaruka n'icyorezo mu gihe umusaruro wagabanutse cyane, bigabanya umusaruro ku kigero cya 50% icyarimwe.
incamake
Paraquat iracyafite ibyiza bidasubirwaho mu bihugu byinshi ku isi. Byongeye kandi, ibiciro bya glyphosate na glufosinate nk'ibihangano biri ku rwego rwo hejuru kandi isoko ni rito, ibyo bikaba bitanga ibitekerezo byinshi ku kwiyongera k'ubusabe bwa paraquat.
Imikino Olempike y'itumba ya Beijing izaba muri Gashyantare umwaka utaha. Guhera muri Mutarama 2022, inganda nyinshi nini zo mu majyaruguru y'Ubushinwa zihanganye n'ikibazo cyo guhagarika umusaruro mu gihe cy'iminsi 45. Kuri ubu, birashoboka cyane, ariko haracyari ikibazo cyo kutamenya neza. Guhagarika umusaruro bizarushaho kongera ubwumvikane hagati y'itangwa n'isabwa rya glyphosate n'ibindi bicuruzwa. Biteganijwe ko umusaruro wa paraquat n'ibicuruzwa bizakoresha aya mahirwe kugira ngo birusheho kwiyongera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-24-2021