Igihe ICI yatangizaga paraquat ku isoko mu 1962, umuntu ntiyari gutekereza ko paraquat izagira ibyago nkibi kandi bikomeye.Uru rutonde rwiza cyane rutatoranijwe rwinshi rwica ibyatsi byashyizwe kurutonde rwa kabiri runini ku isi.Igabanuka ryigeze riteye isoni, ariko hamwe n’igiciro kinini cya Shuangcao muri uyu mwaka kandi birashoboka ko kizakomeza kuzamuka, kiragoye ku isoko ry’isi, ariko paraquat ihendutse iratangira umuseke w'amizero.
Indashyikirwa zidahitamo guhuza ibyatsi
Paraquat ni ibyatsi byica bipyridine.Ibyatsi biva mu bimera ni uburyo bwo guhitamo imiti yica ibyatsi byakozwe na ICI mu myaka ya za 1950.Ifite ibyatsi byinshi, ibyerekezo byihuse, kurwanya isuri, no kudahitamo.N'ibindi bintu byiza biranga.
Paraquat irashobora gukoreshwa muguhashya ibyatsi mbere yo gutera cyangwa nyuma yibyatsi mu murima, ibigori, ibisheke, soya nibindi bihingwa.Irashobora gukoreshwa nka desiccant mugihe cyo gusarura kandi nanone nka defoliant.
Paraquat yica chloroplast membrane yibyatsi cyane cyane ihuza ibice byatsi byatsi, bigira ingaruka kumiterere ya chlorophyll murumamfu, bityo bikagira ingaruka kuri fotosintezez ya nyakatsi, amaherezo ikabuza guhagarika gukura kwatsi.Paraquat igira ingaruka zikomeye zo gusenya ku cyatsi kibisi cya monocot na dicot.Mubisanzwe, urumamfu rushobora guhinduka ibara mugihe cyamasaha 2 kugeza kuri 3 nyuma yo gusaba.
Ibihe no kohereza hanze ya paraquat
Bitewe n'uburozi bwa paraquat ku mubiri w'umuntu ndetse n’ingaruka zishobora kwangiza ubuzima bw’abantu mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha mu buryo budasanzwe, paraquat irabujijwe n’ibihugu birenga 30 birimo Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubushinwa, Tayilande, Ubusuwisi na Berezile.
Nk’uko amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara na 360 y’ubushakashatsi abigaragaza, mu mwaka wa 2020 igurishwa rya paraquat ku isi ryaragabanutse kugera kuri miliyoni 100 z’amadolari y’Amerika.Raporo ya Syngenta kuri paraquat yashyizwe ahagaragara mu 2021, ubu Syngenta igurisha paraquat mu bihugu 28.Hano ku isi hari ibigo 377 byanditseho paraquat nziza.Syngenta ibara hafi imwe mubicuruzwa bya paraquat kwisi yose.Kimwe cya kane.
Muri 2018, Ubushinwa bwohereje toni 64.000 za paraquat na toni 56.000 muri 2019. Ahantu hoherezwa mu mahanga paraquat y’Ubushinwa muri 2019 ni Burezili, Indoneziya, Nijeriya, Amerika, Mexico, Tayilande, Ositaraliya, n’ibindi.
Nubwo paraquat yabujijwe mu bihugu bikomeye bitanga ubuhinzi nk’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Burezili, n’Ubushinwa, kandi ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byagabanutse cyane mu myaka mike ishize, mu bihe bidasanzwe ko ibiciro bya glyphosate na glufosine-amonium bikomeje ube hejuru muri uyu mwaka kandi birashoboka ko uzakomeza kwiyongera, Paraquat, ubwoko bwihebye cyane, izatangiza ubuzima bushya.
Ibiciro biri hejuru ya Shuangcao biteza imbere isi yose paraquat
Mbere, iyo igiciro cya glyphosate cyari 26.000 Yuan / toni, paraquat yari 13.000 Yuan / toni.Igiciro kiriho cya glyphosate kiracyari 80.000 yu / toni, kandi igiciro cya glufosine kiri hejuru ya 350.000.Mu bihe byashize, isi yose yari ikeneye paraquat yari toni 260.000 (zishingiye kuri 42% by'ibicuruzwa nyirizina), ni ukuvuga toni 80.000.Isoko ry’Ubushinwa ni toni zigera ku 15.000, Burezili toni 10,000, Tayilande toni 10,000, na Indoneziya, Amerika, na Tayilande.Nijeriya, Ubuhinde n'ibindi bihugu.
Hamwe no guhagarika imiti gakondo nk'Ubushinwa, Burezili, na Tayilande, mu buryo bw'igitekerezo, toni zirenga 30.000 z'isoko ryarekuwe.Ariko, muri uyu mwaka, hamwe n’izamuka ryihuse ry’ibiciro bya “Shuangcao” na Diquat, hamwe n’isoko ridafite abadereva muri Amerika Hamwe no kwishyira ukizana kwa porogaramu zikoreshwa mu mashini, icyifuzo ku isoko ry’Amerika cyangwa Amerika y'Amajyaruguru cyiyongereyeho 20%, cyashishikarije gukenera paraquat kandi gishyigikira igiciro cyacyo kurwego runaka.Kugeza ubu, igiciro / imikorere ya paraquat irarushanwa cyane iyo iri munsi ya 40.000.imbaraga.
Byongeye kandi, abasomyi bo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya bavuze ko mu bice nka Vietnam, Maleziya, na Berezile, urumamfu rukura vuba mu gihe cy’imvura, kandi paraquat ikaba ishobora kurwanya isuri y’imvura.Ibiciro by'ibindi byatsi byica biocidal byazamutse cyane.Abahinzi muri utu turere baracyafite icyifuzo gikomeye.Abakiriya baho bavuze ko amahirwe yo kubona paraquat mu miyoboro y’imvi nk’ubucuruzi bw’umupaka ariyongera.
Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho fatizo bya paraquat, pyridine, ni iby'inganda zikora amakara yo hepfo.Igiciro kiriho ubu kirahagaze neza kuri 28.000 yuan / toni, mubyukuri niyongera cyane kuva hasi yambere ya 21.000 yuan / toni, ariko icyo gihe 21,000 yuan / toni yari imaze kuba munsi yumurongo wibiciro bya 2.4 Ibihumbi icumi .Kubwibyo, nubwo igiciro cya pyridine cyazamutse, kiracyari ku giciro cyiza, kizarushaho kugirira akamaro izamuka ry’ibikenewe ku isi kuri paraquat.Abakora paraquat benshi murugo nabo biteganijwe ko bazabyungukiramo.
Ubushobozi bwinganda zikomeye za paraquat
Uyu mwaka, kurekura ubushobozi bwa paraquat (ku 100%) ni bike, naho Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu gikora paraquat.Byumvikane ko amasosiyete yo mu gihugu nka Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, na Syngenta Nantong akora paraquat.Mbere, iyo paraquat yari nziza cyane, Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, na Xianlong bari mubakora paraquat.Byumvikane ko ayo masosiyete atagikora paraquat.
Izuba ritukura rifite ibihingwa bitatu byo gukora paraquat.Muri byo, Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 8,000-10,000.Iherereye muri parike yinganda za Nanjing.Umwaka ushize, 42% byibicuruzwa bifatika byasohotse buri kwezi toni 2,500-3000.Uyu mwaka, yahagaritse burundu umusaruro..Uruganda rwa Anhui Guoxing rufite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 20.000.Uruganda rwa Shandong Kexin rufite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 2000.Red Sun itanga umusaruro irekurwa kuri 70%.
Jiangsu Nuoen ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 12,000 za paraquat, kandi umusaruro nyirizina ni toni 10,000, urekura hafi 80% yubushobozi bwawo;Shandong Luba ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 10,000 za paraquat, kandi umusaruro nyawo ni toni 7,000, urekura hafi 70% yubushobozi bwawo;Umusaruro wa Hebei Baofeng wa paraquat ni toni 5.000;Hebei Lingang ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 5.000 za paraquat, kandi umusaruro nyirizina ni toni 3.500;Syngenta Nantong ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga toni 10,000 za paraquat, kandi umusaruro nyirizina ni toni 5.000.
Byongeye kandi, Syngenta ifite uruganda rukora toni 9000 mu ruganda rwa Huddersfield mu Bwongereza hamwe na toni 1.000 muri Berezile.Byumvikane ko uyu mwaka nawo wibasiwe n’icyorezo mu rwego rwo kugabanya cyane umusaruro, kugabanya umusaruro 50% icyarimwe.
incamake
Paraquat iracyafite ibyiza bidasubirwaho mubihugu byinshi kwisi.Byongeye kandi, ibiciro biriho bya glyphosate na glufosine nkuko abanywanyi bari murwego rwo hejuru kandi itangwa rirakomeye, ritanga ibitekerezo byinshi kugirango kwiyongera kwa paraquat.
Imikino Olempike izabera i Beijing izaba muri Gashyantare umwaka utaha.Guhera muri Mutarama 2022, inganda nini nini zo mu majyaruguru y'Ubushinwa zifite ibyago byo guhagarika umusaruro mu minsi 45.Kugeza ubu, birashoboka cyane, ariko haracyari urwego runaka rwo gushidikanya.Ihagarikwa ry'umusaruro ntirishobora kurushaho gukaza umurego hagati yo gutanga no gukenera glyphosate n'ibindi bicuruzwa.Umusaruro wa Paraquat no kugurisha biteganijwe ko uzaboneraho umwanya kugirango ubone imbaraga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-24-2021