Ikoreshwa ryapermethrine(pyrethroid) ni ingenzi mu kurwanya udukoko mu matungo, inkoko n'imijyi ku isi yose, birashoboka ko biterwa n'uburozi buke ku nyamaswa zonsa kandi ikaba ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko 13. Permethrin ni ubwoko bugari bw'udukokoimiti yica udukokoIbyo byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka ku dukoko dutandukanye, harimo n'isazi zo mu nzu. Imiti yica udukoko ya Pyrethroid bigira ingaruka kuri poroteyine za sodium zirinda ingufu z'amashanyarazi, bigahungabanya imikorere isanzwe y'imiyoboro y'imyenge, bigatera gushya kenshi, gucika intege, ndetse amaherezo n'urupfu rw'imitsi ihura n'udukoko. Gukoresha permethrin kenshi muri gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko byatumye udukoko dutandukanye turwanya cyane,16,17,18,19, harimo n'isazi zo mu nzu20,21. Kugaragara cyane kwa enzymes zo gusukura imikorere y'umubiri nka glutathione transferases cyangwa cytochrome P450, ndetse no kudasobanukirwa aho ikintu giherereye byagaragaye ko ari byo bintu by'ingenzi bituma permethrin irwanya22.
Iyo ubwoko runaka bugize ikiguzi cyo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bitewe no kugira ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko, ibi bizagabanya ukwiyongera kwa alleles zirwanya iyo twongereye igitutu cyo guhitamo duhagarika by’agateganyo ikoreshwa ry’imiti imwe n’imwe yica udukoko cyangwa tugasimbuza indi miti yica udukoko. Udukoko twihanganira indwara tuzasubirana ubushobozi bwo kwiyumvamo. Ntitugaragaza ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko27,28. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo ducunge neza udukoko n’ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa neza ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko, ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko, n’imyitwarire y’udukoko twihanganira indwara. Ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko no kudahangarwa bw’udukoko mu miyoboro y’amazi byagaragaye mbere muri Punjab, muri Pakisitani7,29. Ariko, amakuru ku buryo imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’udukoko two mu miyoboro y’amazi ihinduka ntayo afite. Intego y’ubu bushakashatsi kwari ukureba imiterere y’uturemangingo no gusesengura imbonerahamwe y’ubuzima kugira ngo hamenyekane niba hari itandukaniro mu buzima hagati y’ubwoko burwanya permethrin n’ubwoko bushobora kwibasirwa n’udukoko. Aya makuru azadufasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa ingaruka zo kudahangarwa kwa permethrin mu miyoboro y’amazi no gutegura gahunda zo gucunga ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko.
Impinduka mu miterere y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima mu baturage zishobora gufasha kugaragaza uruhare rwabo mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima no guhanura ahazaza h’abaturage. Udukoko duhura n’ibintu byinshi biduhangayikisha mu mirimo ya buri munsi mu bidukikije. Kwibasirwa n’ibinyabutabire by’ubuhinzi ni ikintu gitera stress, kandi udukoko dukoresha ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo duhindure uburyo bw’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, imiterere y’umubiri, n’imyitwarire mu guhangana n’ibi bintu, rimwe na rimwe biganisha ku kurwanya udukoko dutera imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima aho byakorewe cyangwa bigatanga ibintu bikuraho uburozi. Enzyme 26. Ibikorwa nk’ibyo akenshi birahenda kandi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima bw’udukoko twihanganira imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima27. Ariko, kubura ikiguzi cy’ubuzima bw’udukoko twirinda imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima bishobora guterwa no kutagira ingaruka mbi zijyanye na alleles zirwanya imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima42. Iyo nta na kimwe muri ibyo binyabutabire cyagize ingaruka mbi ku miterere y’udukoko twirinda imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ntibyaba bihenze cyane, kandi udukoko twirinda imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima ntitwaba tugaragaza igipimo kinini cy’ibintu bishobora kubaho kurusha ubwoko bw’udukoko twirinda imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima. Biturutse ku kutagira aho bibogamiye 24. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gukumira enzymes zo gukuraho uburozi43 cyangwa kuba hariho guhindura imiterere y’utunyabutabire44 mu dukoko twirinda imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima bishobora kunoza ubuzima bwabyo.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ubwoko bwa Perm-R na Perm-F burwanya permethrin bwari bufite ubuzima bugufi mbere yuko bukura, igihe kirekire cyo kubaho, igihe gito mbere yo kwinjizwa mu nda, n'iminsi mike mbere yo kwinjizwa mu nda ugereranije n'ubwoko bwa Perm-S burwanya permethrin n'umusaruro muremure w'igi n'umuvuduko wo kubaho uri hejuru. Izi ndangagaciro zatumye habaho kwiyongera kw'umuvuduko wo kubyara, uw'imbere, n'uw'inkomoko ndetse n'igihe gito cyo gukura kw'ubwoko bwa Perm-R na Perm-F ugereranije n'ubwoko bwa Perm-S. Kuba hakiri kare hagaragaye imisozi miremire na vxj ku bwoko bwa Perm-R na Perm-F bigaragaza ko ubwoko bw'ubwo bwoko buzakura vuba kurusha ubwoko bwa Perm-S. Ugereranije n'ubwoko bwa Perm-S, ubwoko bwa Perm-F na Perm-R bwagaragaje urwego rwo hasi n'uruhanitse rwo kurwanya permethrin,29,30. Impinduka zagaragaye mu bipimo by'ibinyabuzima by'ubwoko bwa permethrin burwanya zigaragaza ko kurwanya permethrin bihendutse cyane kandi bishobora kuba bitaboneka mu igabanywa ry'umutungo kamere kugira ngo hatsindwe kurwanya imiti yica udukoko no gukora ibikorwa by'ibinyabuzima. Impungenge 24.
Ibipimo by’ibinyabuzima cyangwa ikiguzi cy’ubuzima bw’udukoko turwanya udukoko twanduye byasuzumwe mu bushakashatsi butandukanye, ariko ibisubizo bivuguruzanya. Urugero, Abbas n’abandi 45 bigaga ingaruka zo guhitamo umuti wica udukoko imidacloprid muri laboratwari ku miterere y’utunyabuzima tw’udukoko two mu rugo. Ubudahangarwa bwa Imidacloprid butanga ikiguzi cyo guhangana n’utundi dukoko, bigira ingaruka mbi ku burumbuke bw’udukoko two mu rugo, kubaho mu byiciro bitandukanye by’iterambere, igihe cyo gukura, igihe cyo kuvuka, ubushobozi bw’utunyabuzima n’umuvuduko w’iterambere ry’utundi. Itandukaniro mu kiguzi cy’ubuzima bw’udukoko two mu rugo bitewe no kudahangarwa n’imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid no kutagira imiti yica udukoko ryagaragaye46. Guhitamo bagiteri zo mu rugo zifite spinosad muri laboratwari binatanga ikiguzi cy’ubuzima ku bintu bitandukanye by’ibinyabuzima ugereranije n’ubwoko bw’udukoko bushobora kwibasirwa cyangwa butatoranijwe27. Basit n’abandi24 bavuze ko guhitamo Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) muri laboratwari hamwe na acetamiprid byatumye ikiguzi cy’ubuzima kigabanuka. Ubwoko bwasuzumwe bwa acetamiprid bwagaragaje igipimo cyo kororoka kiri hejuru, igipimo cyo kwibasirwa mu mubiri, n’ubushobozi bw’utunyabuzima kuruta ubwoko bushobora kwibasirwa na laboratwari n’ubwoko butarapimwa. Vuba aha, Valmorbida n’abandi. 47 bavuze ko agakoko ka Matsumura gashobora kwihanganira pyrethroid gatanga umusaruro mwiza mu myororokere no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora neza mu buzima bw’inyamaswa.
Iterambere ry’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima by’ubwoko bwa permethrin burwanya isazi riri kugaragara cyane kugira ngo imicungire y’udukoko two mu rugo irusheho kugerwaho neza. Imiterere imwe n’imwe y’ibinyabuzima by’udukoko two mu rugo, iyo igaragaye mu murima, ishobora gutuma habaho ubudahangarwa bwa permethrin mu bantu bavuwe cyane. Ubwoko bwa permethrin burwanya isazi ntibwambukiranya propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad na spinosad-ethyl29,30. Muri iki gihe, kuzungurutsa imiti yica udukoko hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora bishobora kuba amahitamo meza yo gutinza iterambere ry’ubudahangarwa no kurwanya icyorezo cy’udukoko two mu rugo. Nubwo amakuru atangwa hano ashingiye ku makuru ya laboratwari, kunoza imiterere y’ibinyabuzima by’ubwoko bwa permethrin burwanya isazi ni ikintu giteye impungenge kandi bisaba kwitabwaho cyane mu kugenzura isazi zo mu rugo mu murima. Hakenewe gusobanukirwa byinshi ku ikwirakwira ry’uduce tw’ubudahangarwa bwa permethrin kugira ngo hagabanuke iterambere ry’ubudahangarwa no gukomeza kugira akamaro mu gihe kirekire.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 25 Ukwakira 2024