Gutera udukoko twica udukoko (IRS) nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kugabanya kwanduza virusi ya Trypanosoma cruzi, itera indwara ya Chagas muri Amerika yepfo.Ariko, intsinzi ya IRS mu karere ka Grand Chaco, ikubiyemo Boliviya, Arijantine na Paraguay, ntishobora guhangana n’ibindi bihugu byo mu majyepfo ya Cone.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye imikorere ya IRS isanzwe no kurwanya ubuziranenge bw’udukoko mu baturage basanzwe bakwirakwizwa muri Chaco, Boliviya.
Ibikoresho bikora alpha-cypermethrin (ai) byafashwe ku mpapuro zungurura zashyizwe hejuru yurukuta rwa sprayer hanyuma bipimirwa mubisubizo byateguwe hifashishijwe imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko (IQK ™) byemewe muburyo bwa HPLC.Amakuru yasesenguwe hifashishijwe uburyo bubi bwa binomial ivanze ningaruka zo gusubira inyuma kugirango harebwe isano iri hagati yibitera udukoko twica udukoko twifashishije impapuro zo kuyungurura no gutera uburebure bwurukuta, gutera spray (ubuso bwa spray / igihe cyo gutera [m2 / min]), no kureba / biteganijwe gutera.igipimo cy'igipimo.Haragenzuwe kandi itandukaniro riri hagati y’abatanga ubuvuzi 'na ba nyir'amazu kubahiriza IRS idafite amazu asabwa.Igipimo cyo gutuza cya alpha-cypermethrine nyuma yo kuvanga mu bigega byateguwe byapimwe muri laboratoire.
Itandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye muri alpha-cypermethrin AI yibanda kuri 10.4% gusa (50/480) byayunguruzo na 8.8% (5/57) byamazu bigera kuri 50 mg ± 20% AI / m2.Ibitekerezo byerekanwe ntaho bitaniye nibisubizo biboneka mubisubizo bya spray.Nyuma yo kuvanga alpha-cypermethrin ai mugisubizo cyateguwe hejuru yikigega cya spray cyahise gikemuka, bigatuma habaho gutakaza umurongo wa alpha-cypermethrin ai kumunota no gutakaza 49% nyuma yiminota 15.7.5% gusa (6/80) byamazu byavuwe kuri OMS yasabye ko igipimo cya spray cya 19 m2 / min (± 10%), mugihe 77.5% (62/80) byamazu byakorewe ku gipimo kiri munsi yicyateganijwe.Impuzandengo yibintu byingenzi byagejejwe murugo ntabwo byari bifitanye isano cyane no gukwirakwiza spray.Kwubahiriza ingo ntabwo byagize ingaruka cyane ku gukwirakwiza spray cyangwa ikigereranyo cya cypermethrine igezwa mu ngo.
Itangwa rya Suboptimal IRS rishobora guterwa nigice cyimiterere yimiti yica udukoko no gukenera gusuzuma uburyo bwo gutanga imiti yica udukoko, harimo guhugura amakipe ya IRS hamwe nuburezi rusange kugirango bashishikarize kubahiriza.IQK ™ nigikoresho cyingenzi cyorohereza umurima kuzamura ubuziranenge bwa IRS kandi korohereza amahugurwa yabatanga ubuvuzi no gufata ibyemezo kubayobozi mugucunga inzitizi za Chagas.
Indwara ya Chagas iterwa no kwandura parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), itera indwara zitandukanye mu bantu no ku yandi matungo.Mu bantu, kwandura ibimenyetso bikabije bibaho nyuma y'ibyumweru ukwezi nyuma yo kwandura kandi bikarangwa no kugira umuriro, kurwara, na hepatosplenomegaly.Bivugwa ko 20-30% byanduye bigenda byiyongera muburyo budakira, bikunze kugaragara kumutima, bikarangwa nubusembwa bwa sisitemu yo gutwara, kurwara umutima, kutagira imikorere mibi yumutima, hanyuma bikananirwa kunanirwa k'umutima kandi, cyane cyane, indwara zo munda.Ibi bintu birashobora kumara imyaka mirongo kandi biragoye kuvura [1].Nta rukingo.
Umutwaro w’indwara ya Chagas ku isi mu 2017 wagereranijwe ku bantu miliyoni 6.2, bituma hapfa abantu 7900 n’imyaka 232.000 yahinduwe n’ubumuga (DALYs) ku myaka yose [2,3,4].Triatominus cruzi yandurira muri Amerika yo Hagati no mu majyepfo, no mu bice byo mu majyepfo ya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, na Triatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), bingana na 30.000 (77%) by'imibare yose y’abanduye muri Amerika y'Epfo mu 2010 [5].Izindi nzira zandura mu turere tutarangiritse nk'Uburayi na Amerika harimo kwanduza no kuvuka amaraso yanduye.Kurugero, muri Espagne, habarurwa abagera ku 67.500 b’abimukira bo muri Amerika y'Epfo [6], bigatuma buri mwaka gahunda y’ubuvuzi itwara miliyoni 9.3 US $.Hagati ya 2004 na 2007, 3,4% by'abagore bimukira muri Amerika y'Epfo batwite bapimwe mu bitaro bya Barcelona bari seropositike ya Trypanosoma cruzi [8].Niyo mpamvu, imbaraga zo kurwanya kwanduza virusi mu bihugu by’ibyorezo ari ingenzi cyane kugabanya umutwaro w’indwara mu bihugu bidafite virusi ya triatomine [9].Uburyo bwo kugenzura muri iki gihe burimo gutera imiti yo mu ngo (IRS) kugira ngo igabanye umubare wa virusi mu ngo no mu nkengero zayo, gusuzuma ababyeyi kugira ngo bamenye kandi bavaneho kwanduza indwara, gusuzuma amabanki aterwa amaraso n'ingingo, na gahunda z'uburezi [5,10,11,12].
Muri Cone yepfo ya Amerika yepfo, vector nyamukuru nindwara ya triatomine.Ubu bwoko bwibanze cyane kandi butera kandi bwororoka cyane mumazu no mu bworozi.Mu nyubako zubatswe nabi, ibisakuzo mu rukuta no mu gisenge bibamo udukoko twa triatomine, kandi kwanduza ingo birakabije [13, 14].Initiative y'Amajyepfo (INCOSUR) iteza imbere ingamba mpuzamahanga zihuriweho zo kurwanya indwara zandurira mu ngo muri Tri.Koresha IRS kugirango umenye bagiteri zitera indwara hamwe nizindi mikorere yihariye [15, 16].Ibi byatumye igabanuka ry’indwara za Chagas rigabanuka cyane ndetse n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi byemeza ko kwandura virusi byanduye mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe (Uruguay, Chili, uduce twa Arijantine na Berezile) [10, 15].
N'ubwo INCOSUR yagenze neza, vector Trypanosoma cruzi ikomeje mu karere ka Gran Chaco muri Amerika, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rwumye mu gihe cyizuba rufite kilometero kare miliyoni 1.3 zambukiranya imipaka ya Boliviya, Arijantine na Paraguay [10].Abatuye muri ako karere bari mu matsinda akennye cyane kandi babayeho mu bukene bukabije bafite ubuvuzi buke [17].Umubare w'ubwandu bwa T. cruzi no kwanduza virusi muri iyi miryango uri mu bihugu byo hejuru ku isi [5,18,19,20] hamwe na 26-72% by'ingo zanduye trypanosomatide.infestans [13, 21] na 40-56% Tri.Indwara ya bagiteri yanduza Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23].Umubare munini (> 93%) w’abantu bose banduye indwara ya Chagas iterwa na virusi mu karere ka Cone y'Amajyepfo iboneka muri Boliviya [5].
Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwemewe bwo kugabanya triacine mu bantu.infestans ni ingamba zemejwe n'amateka zo kugabanya umutwaro w'indwara nyinshi ziterwa na virusi [24, 25].Umugabane wamazu mumudugudu wa Tri.infestans (indangagaciro yo kwandura) ni ikimenyetso cyingenzi gikoreshwa n’inzego z’ubuzima mu gufata ibyemezo bijyanye no kohereza IRS kandi, cyane cyane, kugira ngo hasobanurwe uburyo bwo kuvura abana banduye indwara zidakira nta ngaruka zo kwandura [16,26,27,28,29].Imikorere ya IRS no gukomeza kwanduza virusi mu karere ka Chaco biterwa n’impamvu nyinshi: ubuziranenge bw’imyubakire y’inyubako [19, 21], ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imisoro n’imisoro n’uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibyorezo [30], kutamenya neza ibya rubanda ku bijyanye n’imisoro ya IRS. 31], ibikorwa bigufi bisigaye byica udukoko [32, 33] na Tri.infestans yagabanije kurwanya no / cyangwa kumva imiti yica udukoko [22, 34].
Udukoko twica udukoko twitwa pyrethroid dukunze gukoreshwa muri IRS kubera ko byica abantu byoroshye kwanduza triatomine.Mugihe gito cyane, udukoko twica pyrethroide nabwo twakoreshejwe nk'ibitera imbaraga zo gusohora ibice biva mu rukuta hagamijwe gukurikirana.Ubushakashatsi ku kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’imikorere ya IRS ni buke, ariko ahandi byagaragaye ko hari itandukaniro rikomeye mu kwibanda ku bintu byangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko. 37,38].Impamvu imwe yo kubura ubushakashatsi bufite ireme ni uko imikorere ya chromatografiya ikora cyane (HPLC), igipimo cya zahabu mugupima ubunini bwibintu byangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, biragoye, birahenze, kandi akenshi ntibikwiriye kubaho muri rusange.Iterambere rya vuba mu gupima laboratoire ritanga ubundi buryo kandi buhendutse bwo gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’imikorere ya IRS [39, 40].
Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe hagamijwe gupima impinduka ziterwa nudukoko twangiza udukoko mugihe cya gahunda ya IRS isanzwe yibasira Tri.Phytophthora infestans yibirayi mukarere ka Chaco, Boliviya.Ubwinshi bwibikoresho byica udukoko byapimwe mubipimo byateguwe mu bigega bya spray no mu mpapuro zungurura byakusanyirijwe mu byumba bya spray.Harasuzumwe kandi ibintu bishobora kugira ingaruka ku itangwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu ngo.Kugirango tubigereho, twakoresheje ibara ryimiti kugirango tumenye ubunini bwa pyrethroide muri izi ngero.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Itanambicua, komine ya Camili, ishami rya Santa Cruz, Boliviya (20 ° 1′5.94 ″ S; 63 ° 30′41 ″ W) (Ishusho 1).Aka karere ni igice cy’akarere ka Gran Chaco muri Amerika kandi karangwa n’amashyamba yumye ibihe bifite ubushyuhe bwa 0-49 ° C hamwe n’imvura ya mm 500-1000 mm / mwaka [41].Itanambicua ni umwe mu miryango 19 ya Guaraní yo muri uyu mujyi, aho abaturage bagera ku 1200 batuye mu mazu 220 yubatswe ahanini n'amatafari y'izuba (adobe), uruzitiro gakondo na tabiki (bizwi nka tabique), ibiti, cyangwa imvange y'ibikoresho.Izindi nyubako ninyubako hafi yinzu harimo inzu yinyamanswa, ububiko, igikoni nubwiherero, byubatswe mubikoresho bisa.Ubukungu bwaho bushingiye ku buhinzi butunzwe cyane cyane ibigori n’ibishyimbo, hamwe n’inkoko ntoya, ingurube, ihene, inkongoro n’amafi, hamwe n’umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu wagurishijwe mu isoko ry’akarere ka Kamili (hafi km 12).Umujyi wa Kamili utanga kandi amahirwe menshi yo kubona akazi kubaturage, cyane cyane mubikorwa byubwubatsi na serivisi zo murugo.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, umubare w’ubwandu bwa T. cruzi mu bana ba Itanambiqua (imyaka 2-15) wari 20% [20].Ibi bisa na seroprevalence yanduye mu bana bavuzwe mu gace duturanye ka Guarani, ari nako byagaragaye ko ubwiyongere bw’abantu bugenda bwiyongera, aho usanga umubare munini w’abaturage barengeje imyaka 30 banduye [19].Kwanduza Vector bifatwa nkinzira nyamukuru yo kwandura muri aba baturage, Tri ikaba ari yo nzira nyamukuru.Infestans yibasiye amazu ninyubako [21, 22].
Ikigo gishinzwe ubuzima cy’amakomine cyatowe nticyashoboye gutanga raporo ku bikorwa bya IRS muri Itanambicua mbere y’ubu bushakashatsi, icyakora raporo z’abaturage baturanye zigaragaza neza ko ibikorwa bya IRS muri komini byagaragaye rimwe na rimwe kuva mu 2000 ndetse no gutera rusange 20% beta cypermethrin;ryakozwe mu 2003, hakurikiraho gutera ibiti byanduye kuva 2005 kugeza 2009 [22] no gutera buri gihe kuva 2009 kugeza 2011 [19].
Muri uyu muryango, Ikigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro cyakozwe n’inzobere mu buzima eshatu zahuguwe n’abaturage hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 20% bwo guhagarika alpha-cypermethrin ihagarika [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd, Manchester, UK).Udukoko twica udukoko twakozwe hifashishijwe intego ya 50 mg ai / m2 hakurikijwe ibisabwa na gahunda yo kurwanya indwara ya Chagas ishami ry’ubuyobozi bwa Santa Cruz (Servicio Departament de Salud-SEDES).Imiti yica udukoko yakoreshejwe hifashishijwe sprayer ya Guarany® (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Berezile) ifite ubushobozi bwa 8.5 l (kode ya tank: 0441.20), ifite nozzle ya spray hamwe nigipimo cyizina cya nomero ya 757 ml / min, itanga urujya n'uruza rwa 80 ° ku gipimo gisanzwe cya 280 kPa.Abakozi bashinzwe isuku kandi bavanze amabati ya aerosol batera amazu.Abakozi mbere bari baratojwe n’ishami ry’ubuzima ry’umujyi ryaho gutegura no gutanga imiti yica udukoko, ndetse no gutera imiti yica udukoko ku nkuta z’imbere n’inyuma y’amazu.Basabwe kandi gusaba abayirimo gukuraho inzu y'ibintu byose, harimo ibikoresho byo mu nzu (usibye amakaramu yo kuryama), byibuze amasaha 24 mbere yuko Ikigo cy'Imisoro n'Amahoro gifata ingamba zo kwemerera kwinjira imbere mu rugo kugira ngo gitere.Kubahiriza iki gisabwa bipimwa nkuko byasobanuwe hano hepfo.Abaturage kandi basabwe gutegereza kugeza inkuta zisize irangi zumye mbere yo kongera kwinjira mu rugo, nk'uko babisabwe [42].
Kugirango hamenyekane ubunini bwa lambda-cypermethrin AI yagejejwe mu ngo, abashakashatsi bashyizeho impapuro zungurura (Whatman No 1; diameter 55 mm) hejuru yurukuta rwamazu 57 imbere yimisoro.Amazu yose yakira IRS muri kiriya gihe yabigizemo uruhare (amazu 25/25 mu Gushyingo 2016 n’amazu 32/32 muri Mutarama-Gashyantare 2017).Harimo amazu 52 adobe n'inzu 5 ya tabik.Muri buri nzu hashyizweho ibice umunani kugeza ku cyenda byungurujwe, bigabanijwemo uburebure butatu (0.2, 1,2 na m 2 uvuye ku butaka), buri nkuta eshatu zatoranijwe ku isaha, guhera ku muryango mukuru.Ibi byatanze inshuro eshatu kuri buri burebure bwurukuta, nkuko bisabwa mugukurikirana neza imiti yica udukoko [43].Abashakashatsi bakimara gukoresha udukoko twica udukoko, abashakashatsi bakusanyije impapuro zo kuyungurura barayumisha kure y'izuba.Bimaze gukama, impapuro zo kuyungurura zizingiye hamwe na kaseti isobanutse kugirango irinde kandi ifate udukoko twica udukoko hejuru yometseho, hanyuma uyizingire muri fayili ya aluminiyumu hanyuma ubikwa kuri 7 ° C kugeza bipimishije.Mu mpapuro 513 zose zayungurujwe zegeranijwe, 480 kuri 57 zabonetse kugirango zipimwe, ni ukuvuga impapuro 8-9 zungurura buri rugo.Icyitegererezo cyikizamini cyarimo impapuro 437 zo kuyungurura amazu 52 adobe nimpapuro 43 zo kuyungurura mumazu 5 ya tabik.Icyitegererezo kiragereranywa nubwinshi bwubwoko bwamazu mubaturage (76.2% [138/181] adobe na 11,6% [21/181] tabika) byanditswe mubushakashatsi ku nzu n'inzu kuri ubu bushakashatsi.Akayunguruzo k'impapuro ukoresheje ibikoresho byica udukoko twica udukoko (IQK ™) hamwe no kwemezwa kwayo ukoresheje HPLC byasobanuwe muri dosiye y'inyongera 1. Intego yo kwica udukoko ni 50 mg ai / m2, itanga kwihanganira ± 20% (ni ukuvuga mg 40-60 mg ai / m2).
Ubwinshi bwa AI bwagenwe muri kanseri 29 zateguwe nabakozi bo kwa muganga.Twapanze tanki 1-4 zateguwe kumunsi, ugereranije impuzandengo ya 1.5 (intera: 1-4) yateguwe kumunsi mugihe cyiminsi 18.Urutonde rwicyitegererezo rwakurikiranye urutonde rwicyitegererezo rwakoreshejwe nabakozi bashinzwe ubuzima mu Gushyingo 2016 na Mutarama 2017. Iterambere rya buri munsi kuva;Mutarama Gashyantare.Ako kanya nyuma yo kuvanga neza ibigize, ml 2 yumuti yakusanyirijwe hejuru yibirimo.Icyitegererezo cya mL 2 cyahise kivangwa muri laboratoire na vortexing muminota 5 mbere yuko ibice bibiri 5.2 μL byegeranijwe kandi bipimwa hakoreshejwe IQK ™ nkuko byasobanuwe (reba dosiye yinyongera 1).
Igipimo cyo kohereza udukoko twica udukoko twapimwe mu bigega bine bya spray byatoranijwe kugirango bigaragaze intangiriro (zeru) yibikoresho byibanze murwego rwo hejuru, hepfo, hamwe nintego.Nyuma yo kuvanga muminota 15 ikurikiranye, kura bitatu bya 5.2 µL byurugero hejuru yubuso bwa buri mL 2 ya sample ya vortex muminota 1.Igisubizo cyibisubizo byibisubizo muri tank ni 1,2 mg ai / ml ± 20% (ni ukuvuga 0,96-1.44 mg ai / ml), ibyo bikaba bihwanye no kugera ku ntego yatanzwe ku mpapuro zungurura, nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru.
Kugira ngo usobanukirwe isano iri hagati y’ibikorwa byo gutera imiti yica udukoko no gutanga imiti yica udukoko, umushakashatsi (RG) yaherekeje abakozi b’ubuzima bo mu karere ka IRS mu gihe cyo kohereza imisoro ya IRS mu ngo 87 (ingo 57 zavuzwe haruguru na 30 muri 43 zatewe imiti yica udukoko).Werurwe 2016).Amazu 13 kuri 43 yakuwe mu isesengura: ba nyirayo batandatu baranze, kandi amazu arindwi yavuwe igice gusa.Ubuso bwuzuye bugomba guterwa (metero kare) imbere no hanze yurugo byapimwe muburyo burambuye, kandi igihe cyose abakozi bashinzwe ubuzima batera (iminota) cyanditswe rwihishwa.Aya makuru yinjiza akoreshwa mukubara igipimo cya spray, bisobanurwa nkubuso bwatewe kumunota (m2 / min).Duhereye kuri aya makuru, igipimo cyagaragaye / giteganijwe gutera spray nacyo gishobora kubarwa nkigipimo ugereranije, hamwe n’igipimo giteganijwe gutera ni 19 m2 / min ± 10% kubikoresho bya spray [44].Ku kigereranyo / giteganijwe, igipimo cyo kwihanganira ni 1 ± 10% (0.8-1.2).
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, amazu 57 yari afite impapuro zungurura zashyizwe kurukuta rwabo.Kugirango hamenyekane niba bigaragara ko impapuro ziyungurura zagize ingaruka ku gipimo cy’isuku ry’abakozi b’isuku, igipimo cy’ibiti muri aya mazu 57 cyagereranijwe n’igipimo cy’imiti mu ngo 30 zavuwe muri Werurwe 2016 nta mpapuro zungurura zashyizweho.Imiti yica udukoko yapimwe gusa munzu zifite impapuro zo kuyungurura.
Abatuye mu ngo 55 banditswe kugira ngo bubahirize ibyasabwaga gusukura amazu ya IRS, harimo amazu 30 yatewe muri Werurwe 2016 n’amazu 25 yatewe mu Gushyingo 2016. 0–2 (0 = ibintu byose cyangwa byinshi biguma mu nzu; 1 = ibintu byinshi byakuweho 2 = inzu irimo ubusa);Ingaruka zo kubahiriza nyirazo ku gipimo cya spray hamwe na moxa yica udukoko twica udukoko.
Imbaraga z’ibarurishamibare zabazwe kugira ngo hamenyekane itandukaniro rikomeye ry’imiterere ya alpha-cypermethrine ikoreshwa ku mpapuro zungurura, no kumenya itandukaniro rikomeye ry’imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’igipimo cy’ibiti hagati y’amatsinda y’amazu.Imbaraga ntarengwa z’ibarurishamibare (α = 0.05) zabazwe ku mubare muto w’amazu yatoranijwe ku itsinda iryo ari ryo ryose (urugero, ingano y’icyitegererezo) yagenwe kuri baseline.Muri make, kugereranya ibipimo byica udukoko twica udukoko murugero rumwe hejuru yimitungo 17 yatoranijwe (yashyizwe mubikorwa nka ba nyirayo batujuje ibisabwa) yari ifite imbaraga za 98.5% zo gutahura 20% gutandukana nibiteganijwe ko intego ya 50 mg ai / m2, aho itandukaniro (SD = 10) irarengerwa hashingiwe ku kwitegereza byatangajwe ahandi [37, 38].Kugereranya ibyonnyi byica udukoko mumazu yatoranijwe ya aerosol kugirango ikore neza (n = 21)> 90%.
Kugereranya ingero ebyiri zerekana imiti yica udukoko mu mazu ya n = 10 na n = 12 cyangwa bivuze igipimo cyo gutera mu mazu n = 12 na n = 23 byatanze imbaraga z’ibarurishamibare zingana na 66.2% na 86.2% kugirango zimenyekane.Indangagaciro ziteganijwe kubitandukaniro 20% ni 50 mg ai / m2 na 19 m2 / min.Mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, byafashwe ko muri buri tsinda hazabaho itandukaniro rinini ku gipimo cyo gutera (SD = 3.5) hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bw’udukoko (SD = 10).Imbaraga z’ibarurishamibare zari> 90% kugereranya ibigereranyo byo gutera hagati yinzu ifite impapuro zungurura (n = 57) namazu adafite impapuro zungurura (n = 30).Kubara ingufu zose byakozwe hakoreshejwe gahunda ya SAMPSI muri software ya STATA v15.0 [45]).
Impapuro zungurura zegeranijwe munzu zasuzumwe zihuza amakuru na moderi itandukanye ya binomial ivanze-ngaruka (gahunda ya MENBREG muri STATA v.15.0) hamwe nurukuta rwinzu murugo (inzego eshatu) nkingaruka zidasanzwe.Imirasire ya Beta.-cypermethrin io Moderi yakoreshejwe mugupima impinduka zijyanye n'uburebure bwurukuta rwa nebulizer (urwego eshatu), igipimo cya nebulisation (m2 / min), itariki yo gutangaho imisoro, hamwe nubuvuzi (urwego ebyiri).Icyitegererezo rusange (GLM) cyakoreshejwe mugupima isano iri hagati yikigereranyo cya alfa-cypermethrine ku mpapuro zungurura zagejejwe kuri buri rugo hamwe nubushakashatsi bwakemuwe mukigega cya spray.Kugabanya ubukana bwa pesticide mumuti wa spray mugihe cyasuzumwe muburyo busa ushizemo agaciro kambere (igihe zeru) nkicyitegererezo cyo gutangira, kugerageza igihe cyo gukorana kwindangamuntu ya ID × igihe (iminsi).Ingingo zo hanze zamakuru zamenyekanye mugukurikiza amategeko asanzwe ya Tukey, aho x
Ubusobanuro bwa ai IQK quant ingano y’imiti ya alfa-cypermethrin yemeje ko ugereranije agaciro k’impapuro 27 zungurura impapuro zivuye mu mazu atatu y’inkoko zapimwe na IQK ™ na HPLC (igipimo cya zahabu), kandi ibisubizo byagaragaje isano ikomeye ( r = 0,93; p <0.001) (Ishusho 2).
Isano rya alfa-cypermethrin yibitseho impapuro zungurura zegeranijwe zivuye mu mazu y’inkoko nyuma ya IRS, zapimwe na HPLC na IQK ™ (n = impapuro 27 zungurura amazu atatu y’inkoko)
IQK ™ yapimwe ku mpapuro 480 zungurura zegeranijwe mu mazu y’inkoko 57.Ku mpapuro ziyungurura, ibirimo alpha-cypermethrin byari hagati ya 0.19 na 105.0 mg ai / m2 (hagati ya 17,6, IQR: 11.06-29.78).Muri byo, 10.4% gusa (50/480) bari murwego rwo kwibanda kuri 40-60 mg ai / m2 (Ishusho 3).Ibyinshi mu byitegererezo (84.0% (403/480)) byari bifite <40 mg ai / m2 na 5,6% (27/480) byari bifite> 60 mg ai / m2.Itandukaniro ryagereranijwe ryibanze hagati ya buri rugo kuri 8-9 zungurura ibizamini byakusanyirijwe murugo byari gahunda yubunini, hamwe na 19,6 mg ai / m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, intera: 0. 60-67.45).8.8% gusa (5/57) byibibanza byakiriye imiti yica udukoko twateganijwe;89.5% (51/57) bari munsi yurugero rwintego, naho 1.8% (1/57) bari hejuru yurugero rwintego (Ishusho 4).
Gukwirakwiza inshuro nyinshi alpha-cypermethrin yibanda kumayunguruzo yakusanyirijwe mumazu yavuwe na IRS (amazu n = 57).Umurongo uhagaritse ugereranya intego yibanze ya cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai / m2).
Ikigereranyo cyo hagati ya beta-cypermethrin av kuri 8-9 impapuro zungurura murugo, zegeranijwe mumazu yatunganijwe na IRS (amazu n = 57).Umurongo utambitse ugereranya intego yibanze ya alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai / m2).Utubari twibeshya twerekana imipaka yo hepfo no hejuru yindangagaciro zegeranye.
Ibitekerezo bya Mediyani byashyikirijwe muyungurura bifite uburebure bwa 0.2, 1.2 na 2.0 m byari 17.7 mg ai / m2 (IQR: 10.70–34.26), 17.3 mg a .i. / M2 (IQR: 11.43-26.91) na 17,6 mg ai / m2 .kimwe (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (yerekanwe muri dosiye y'inyongera 2).Kugenzura itariki ya IRS, icyitegererezo kivanze cyerekanye nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryibanze hagati yuburebure bwurukuta (z <1.83, p> 0.067) cyangwa impinduka zikomeye ukurikije itariki yo gutera (z = 1.84 p = 0.070).Ubwinshi bwa mediani bwagejejwe kumazu 5 adobe ntabwo bwari butandukanye nuburinganire bwa mediani bwagejejwe kumazu 52 adobe (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Ubukorikori bwa AI muri 29 bwigenga bwateguwe na Guarany® ya aerosol yapimwe mbere yuko ikoreshwa rya IRS ritandukana na 12.1, kuva kuri 0.16 mg AI / mL kugeza kuri 1,9 mg AI / mL kuri buri kantu (Ishusho 5).6.9% gusa (2/29) byibikarito bya aerosol byarimo ubunini bwa AI murwego rwo kugereranya urugero rwa 0,96-1.44 mg AI / ml, na 3.5% (1/29) byibikombe bya aerosol birimo intumbero ya AI> 1.44 mg AI / ml..
Impuzandengo ya alpha-cypermethrin ai yapimwe muburyo 29 bwo gutera.Umurongo utambitse ugereranya ubunini bwa AI busabwa kububiko bwa aerosol (0,96-1.44 mg / ml) kugirango ugere ku ntego ya AI igera kuri 40-60 mg / m2 mu nzu y’inkoko.
Mu bikoresho 29 bya aerosol byasuzumwe, 21 bihuye n'inzu 21.Ikigereranyo cyo hagati ya ai cyagejejwe munzu nticyari gifitanye isano no kwibanda mu bigega bya spray ku giti cye byakoreshwaga mu kuvura inzu (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), ibyo bikaba byagaragaye mu isano rito (rSp2 = -0.02) ( Igishushanyo .6).).
Isano iri hagati ya beta-cypermethrin AI yibanda kumpapuro 8-9 ziyungurura zegeranijwe mumazu yatunganijwe na IRS hamwe nubushakashatsi bwa AI mubisubizo byateguwe murugo byakoreshejwe mukuvura buri nzu (n = 21)
Ubwinshi bwa AI mubisubizo byubuso bwa spray enye byakusanyirijwe ako kanya nyuma yo kunyeganyega (igihe 0) bitandukanye na 3.3 (0.68-22.22 mg AI / ml) (Ishusho 7).Kuri tank imwe indangagaciro ziri murwego rwintego, kuri tank imwe indangagaciro ziri hejuru yintego, kubindi tanki ebyiri indangagaciro ziri munsi yintego;Imiti yica udukoko noneho yagabanutse cyane mubidendezi uko ari bine mugihe cyakurikiranye 15-min ikurikiranwa (b = −0.018 kugeza −0.084; z> 5.58; p <0.001).Urebye ikigega cya mbere agaciro kambere, Tank ID x Igihe (iminota) imvugo yimikoranire ntabwo yari ikomeye (z = -1.52; p = 0.127).Muri pisine enye, impuzandengo yo gutakaza mg ai / ml yica udukoko yari 3,3% kumunota (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), igera kuri 49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) nyuma yiminota 15 (Ishusho 7).
Nyuma yo kuvanga neza ibisubizo mubigega, hapimwe igipimo cyimvura ya alpha-cypermethrin ai.mu bigega bine bya spray kuminota 1 intera muminota 15.Umurongo ugereranya ibyiza bihuye namakuru yerekanwe kuri buri kigega.Indorerezi (ingingo) zerekana median ya subamples eshatu.
Impuzandengo y'urukuta kuri buri rugo kugirango rushobore kuvurwa IRS yari 128 m2 (IQR: 99.0-210.0, intera: 49.1–480.0) kandi impuzandengo yakoreshejwe nabakozi bashinzwe ubuzima yari iminota 12 (IQR: 8. 2–17.5, intera: 1.5 –36.6).) buri nzu yatewe (n = 87).Gutera ibiti byagaragaye muri aya mazu y’inkoko kuva kuri 3.0 kugeza kuri 72.7 m2 / min (hagati: 11.1; IQR: 7.90–18.00) (Ishusho 8).Abasohoka hanze barashizwemo kandi igipimo cya spray cyagereranijwe na OMS yasabye igipimo cya spray cya 19 m2 / min ± 10% (17.1–20.9 m2 / min).7.5% gusa (6/80) byamazu byari murwego;77.5% (62/80) bari murwego rwo hasi naho 15.0% (12/80) bari murwego rwo hejuru.Nta sano ryabonetse hagati yikigereranyo cya AI cyagejejwe kumazu no kureba gutera spray (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = 52 amazu).
Igipimo cyo gutera spray (min / m2) mumazu yinkoko zavuwe na IRS (n = 87).Umurongo werekana byerekana igipimo cyateganijwe cyo kwihanganira igipimo cya 19 m2 / min (± 10%) byasabwe nibikoresho bya spray.
80% by'amazu 80 yari afite igipimo cyateganijwe cyo gutera spray hanze ya 1 ± 10% yo kwihanganira, aho 71.3% (57/80) byamazu biri hasi, 11.3% (9/80) biri hejuru, naho amazu 16 yaguye imbere kwihanganira urwego.Ikwirakwizwa ryinshuro zagereranijwe / ziteganijwe kugereranya zerekanwa muri dosiye yinyongera 3.
Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye mu kigero cyo hagati ya nebulisation hagati y'abakozi bombi bashinzwe ubuzima bakoraga IRS: 9.7 m2 / min (IQR: 6.58–14.85, n = 68) na 15.5 m2 / min (IQR: 13.07-22,17, n = 12 )..
Usibye ibihe bidasanzwe, umukozi umwe wubuzima wenyine yateye amazu 54 ahashyizweho impapuro zo kuyungurura.Igipimo cyo gutera imiti hagati muri aya mazu cyari 9.23 m2 / min (IQR: 6.57–13.80) ugereranije na 15.4 m2 / min (IQR: 10.40–18.67) mu mazu 26 adafite impapuro zungurura (z = -2.38, p = 0.017).).
Kuba urugo rwujuje ibyasabwaga gusezerera amazu yabo kubitangwa na IRS byari bitandukanye: 30.9% (17/55) ntibasize amazu yabo igice naho 27.3% (15/55) ntibasize amazu yabo burundu;basenye amazu yabo.
Urwego rwa spray rwagaragaye mumazu adafite ubusa (17.5 m2 / min, IQR: 11.00-22.50) muri rusange yari hejuru ugereranije no mumazu arimo ubusa (14.8 m2 / min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) n'amazu arimo ubusa (11.7 m2) )./ min, IQR: 7.86–15.36), ariko itandukaniro ntabwo ryari rifite akamaro (z> -1.58; p> 0.114, n = 48) (ryerekanwe muri dosiye yinyongera 5A).Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse mugihe harebwa impinduka zijyanye no kuboneka cyangwa kubura impapuro zungurura, zitabonetse ko ari covariate ikomeye murugero.
Hirya no hino muri ayo matsinda atatu, igihe ntarengwa gisabwa cyo gutera amazu nticyatandukanije amazu (z <-1.90, p> 0.057), mugihe ubuso bwo hagati bwatandukanijwe: amazu yubusa rwose (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0–169, 0 m2)]) ni mibare ntoya kuruta amazu adafite ubusa (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0-2284.0 m2]) n'inzu irimo ubusa (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z> 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48).Amazu arimo ubusa hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubunini (agace) k'amazu adafite ubusa cyangwa igice.
Ku mubare muto w'amazu (n = 25) hamwe no kubahiriza amakuru ya AI yica udukoko, nta tandukanyirizo ryagereranijwe ryibanze rya AI ryagejejwe kumazu hagati yibi byiciro (z <0.93, p> 0.351), nkuko bigaragara muri dosiye yinyongera 5B.Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse mugihe ugenzura ahari / kubura impapuro zungurura no kureba spray (n = 22).
Ubu bushakashatsi busuzuma imikorere n'imikorere ya IRS mu baturage basanzwe bo mu cyaro mu karere ka Gran Chaco muri Boliviya, agace gafite amateka maremare yo kwanduza virusi [20].Ubushuhe bwa alpha-cypermethrin ai yatanzwe mugihe gisanzwe cya IRS yari itandukanye cyane hagati yamazu, hagati yayunguruzo rwimbere mu nzu, no hagati yikigega cya spray cyateguwe kugirango kigere kuri 50 mg ai / m2.8.8% gusa byamazu (10.4% byayunguruzo) byari bifite intego murwego rwa 40-60 mg ai / m2, aho benshi (89.5% na 84%) bafite ibitekerezo biri munsi yumupaka wemewe.
Imwe mu mpamvu zishobora gutuma habaho alpha-cypermethrine mu rugo ni uguhindura nabi imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’urwego rudahuye rwo guhagarika byateguwe mu bigega bya spray [38, 46].Mu bushakashatsi burimo gukorwa, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ubushakashatsi ku bakozi bashinzwe ubuzima bwemeje ko bakurikije uburyo bwo gutegura imiti yica udukoko kandi bahuguwe na SEDES kugira ngo babone igisubizo nyuma yo kuyungurura mu kigega cya spray.Nyamara, isesengura ryibiri mu bigega ryerekanye ko kwibanda kwa AI gutandukanijwe ningingo ya 12, hamwe 6.9% gusa (2/29) byibisubizo byibigega byikizamini biri mubigenewe;Kugira ngo hakorwe iperereza, ibisubizo hejuru yikigega cya sprayer byagereranijwe muri laboratoire.Ibi byerekana kugabanuka kumurongo wa alpha-cypermethrin ai ya 3,3% kumunota nyuma yo kuvanga no gutakaza igiteranyo cya ai ya 49% nyuma yiminota 15 (95% CL 25.7, 78.7).Umubare munini wibimera biterwa no kwegeranya imiti yica udukoko twatewe no guhinduranya ifu yanduye (WP) ntibisanzwe (urugero, DDT [37, 47]), kandi ubu bushakashatsi burabigaragaza kubireba SA pyrethroid.Ihagarikwa ryihagarikwa rikoreshwa cyane muri IRS kandi, kimwe nimyiteguro yica udukoko twica udukoko, ituze ryumubiri riterwa nibintu byinshi, cyane cyane ingano yingirakamaro yibintu bikora nibindi bikoresho.Imyanda irashobora kandi guterwa nuburemere rusange bwamazi akoreshwa mugutegura ibishishwa, ikintu kigoye kugenzura mumurima.Kurugero, muriki kibanza cyo kwigiramo, amazi agarukira kumigezi yaho yerekana ibihe bitandukanye mugihe cyimigezi nubutaka bwahagaritswe.Uburyo bwo gukurikirana ituze ryumubiri wibigize SA biri gukorwa ubushakashatsi [48].Nyamara, imiti yo munsi y'ubutaka yakoreshejwe neza kugirango igabanye indwara zo murugo muri Tri.bagiteri zitera indwara mu bindi bice byo muri Amerika y'Epfo [49].
Imiti yica udukoko idahagije nayo yagiye ivugwa muri gahunda zindi zo kugenzura inzitizi.Kurugero, muri gahunda yo kugenzura ibibyimba bya leishmaniyasi mubuhinde, 29% gusa mumatsinda 51 yo gutera imiti yagenzuye neza kandi ivanze ibisubizo bya DDT, kandi ntanumwe wujuje ibigega bya spray nkuko byasabwe [50].Isuzuma ry’imidugudu yo muri Bangaladeshi ryerekanye icyerekezo nk'iki: 42-43% gusa by'amakipe agabanywa na IRS yateguye imiti yica udukoko kandi yuzuza kanseri nk'uko biteganijwe kuri protocole, mu gihe mu karere kamwe kamwe imibare yari 7.7% gusa [46].
Impinduka zagaragaye muburyo bwa AI zitangwa murugo nazo ntizihariye.Mu Buhinde, 7.3% gusa (41 kuri 560) y’amazu yavuwe yakiriye intego ya DDT, itandukaniro riri hagati y’ingo n’inzu nini nini [37].Muri Nepal, impapuro zungurura zinjije impuzandengo ya 1,74 mg ai / m2 (intera: 0.0–17.5 mg / m2), ni 7% gusa yibitekerezo (25 mg ai / m2) [38].HPLC isesengura impapuro ziyungurura zerekanye itandukaniro rinini mubushakashatsi bwa deltamethrin ai kurukuta rwamazu muri Chaco, Paraguay: kuva 12.8-51.2 mg ai / m2 kugeza kuri 4,6-61.0 mg ai / m2 hejuru yinzu.I Tupiza, muri Boliviya, Gahunda yo Kugenzura Chagas yatangaje ko itangwa rya deltamethrine mu ngo eshanu ku gipimo cya 0,0-59.6 mg / m2, cyagereranijwe na HPLC [36].
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-16-2024