Kwinjira kwa Anopheles stephensi muri Etiyopiya bishobora gutuma malariya yiyongera muri ako gace. Kubwibyo, gusobanukirwa imiterere y’ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko n’imiterere y’ubwiyongere bwa Anopheles stephensi iherutse kuboneka muri Fike, muri Etiyopiya ni ingenzi mu kuyobora uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo hahagarike ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara ya malariya mu gihugu. Nyuma yo kugenzura udukoko twa Anopheles stephensi muri Fike, mu Karere ka Somali, muri Etiyopiya, twemeje ko Anopheles stephensi muri Fike iri ku rwego rw’imiterere n’uturemangingo. Kugaragaza aho udukoko tuba ndetse no gupima uburyo twandura udukoko byagaragaje ko A. fixini yakunze kuboneka mu bikoresho by’ubukorano kandi ko yarwanyaga imiti myinshi yica udukoko yapimwe (organophosphates, carbamates,pyrethroids) uretse pirimiphos-methyl na PBO-pyrethroid. Ariko, ibice by'udukoko tudakuze byashoboraga kwibasirwa na temephos. Hakozwe isesengura ryimbitse rya genomike ku bwoko bwa Anopheles stephensi bwabanje. Isesengura ry'ubwoko bwa Anopheles stephensi muri Etiyopiya hakoreshejwe SNP 1704 za biallelic ryagaragaje isano iri hagati y'ubwoko bwa A. fixais na Anopheles stephensi muri Etiyopiya yo hagati n'iy'iburasirazuba, cyane cyane A. jiggigas. Ibyo twabonye ku miterere y'udukoko twica udukoko ndetse n'ubwoko bushobora guturukamo bwa Anopheles fixini bishobora gufasha mu gushyiraho ingamba zo kurwanya iyi ndwara ya malariya mu turere twa Fike na Jigjiga kugira ngo igabanye ikwirakwira ryayo kuva muri utu turere tubiri kugera mu tundi duce tw'igihugu no ku mugabane wa Afurika.
Gusobanukirwa ahantu hororokera imibu n'imiterere y'ibidukikije ni ingenzi cyane mu gushyiraho ingamba zo kurwanya imibu nko gukoresha imiti yica udukoko (temephos) no kurwanya ibidukikije (gukuraho aho udukoko tuba). Byongeye kandi, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima usaba ko imicungire y'imibu ikoreshwa nk'imwe mu ngamba zo kugenzura Anopheles stephensi mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi mu turere twandujwe n'udukoko. 15 Niba isoko y'imibu idashobora gukurwaho cyangwa kugabanywa (urugero: ibigega by'amazi byo mu ngo cyangwa mu mijyi), gukoresha imiti yica udukoko bishobora kwitabwaho. Ariko, ubu buryo bwo kurwanya imibu itwara udukoko burahenze mu kuvura aho udukoko twinshi tuba. 19 Kubwibyo, kwibanda ku hantu runaka aho imibu ikuze iba myinshi ni ubundi buryo buhendutse. 19 Kubwibyo, kumenya uburyo Anopheles stephensi yo mu Mujyi wa Fik ishobora kwandura imiti yica udukoko nka temephos bishobora gufasha mu gufata ibyemezo mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara zanduza malariya mu Mujyi wa Fik.
Byongeye kandi, isesengura rya genomike rishobora gufasha gushyiraho ingamba z’inyongera zo kugenzura Anopheles stephensi nshya yavumbuwe. By’umwihariko, gusuzuma imiterere y’uturemangingo n’imiterere y’abaturage ba Anopheles stephensi no kubagereranya n’abaturage bariho muri ako karere bishobora gutanga ubumenyi ku mateka y’abaturage babo, imiterere y’aho batatanye, n’aho bashobora guturuka.
Kubwibyo, nyuma yumwaka umwe habonetse Anopheles stephensi bwa mbere mu mujyi wa Fike, mu karere ka Somali, muri Etiyopiya, twakoze ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima kugira ngo tubanze tumenye aho ibihumyo bya Anopheles stephensi bituye no kumenya uburyo bikunze kwibasirwa n'imiti yica udukoko, harimo n'udukoko twa larvicide temephos. Nyuma yo kumenya imiterere yabyo, twakoze igenzura rya molekile kandi dukoresha uburyo bwa genomike kugira ngo dusesengure amateka y'abaturage n'imiterere y'abaturage ba Anopheles stephensi mu mujyi wa Fike. Twagereranije iyi miterere y'abaturage n'abaturage ba Anopheles stephensi basanzwe baboneka mu burasirazuba bwa Etiyopiya kugira ngo tumenye aho bakolonijwe mu mujyi wa Fike. Twakomeje gusuzuma isano iri hagati yabo n'aba bantu kugira ngo tumenye aho bashobora kuba bakomoka muri ako karere.
Isuzuma rya synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ryapimwe ku miti ibiri ya pyrethroids (deltamethrin na permethrin) kuri Anopheles stephensi. Isuzuma rya synergistic ryakozwe mbere yo gushyira imibu ku mpapuro za PBO 4% mu gihe cy'iminota 60. Imibu yashyizwe mu miyoboro irimo pyrethroid mu gihe cy'iminota 60 kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo gupfa bwagenwe hakurikijwe ibipimo bya OMS byavuzwe haruguru24.
Kugira ngo tubone amakuru arambuye ku mibare ishobora guturuka mu itsinda rya Fiq Anopheles stephensi, twakoze isesengura ry’urusobe rw’amakuru hakoreshejwe amakuru ya SNP yakuwe muri Fiq sequences (n = 20) maze Genbank ikuramo sequences za Anopheles stephensi mu bice 10 bitandukanye mu burasirazuba bwa Etiyopiya (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Twakoresheje EDENetworks41, yemerera isesengura ry’urusobe rw’amakuru rishingiye ku ntera ya genetique nta bitekerezo byabanje. Urusobe rugizwe n’uduce duhagarariye amoko ahujwe n’impande/amasano apimwe n’intera ya genetique ya Reynolds (D)42 ishingiye kuri Fst, itanga imbaraga z’isano iri hagati y’amatsinda y’abantu babiri. Uko inkombe/amasano birushaho kuba binini, niko isano iri hagati y’amasano hagati y’abantu babiri ikomera. Byongeye kandi, ingano y’uduce ingana n’amasano y’inkombe apimwe ya buri muturage. Kubwibyo, uko urusobe rurushaho kuba runini, niko aho urusobe ruhurira ni ho have cyangwa aho ruhurira. Akamaro k’imibare y’uduce kapimwe hakoreshejwe 1000 bootstrap replicates. Utudomo tugaragara ku rutonde rwa 5 n'urwa 1 rw'agaciro k'ubugari bw'umubiri (BC) (umubare w'inzira ngufi za genetiki zinyura muri utwo dudomo) dushobora gufatwa nk'aho dufite agaciro gakomeye mu mibare43.
Tuvuga ko hari An. stephensi nyinshi mu gihe cy'imvura (Gicurasi-Kamena 2022) i Fike, mu Karere ka Somali, muri Etiyopiya. Mu bisigazwa birenga 3.500 bya Anopheles byakusanyijwe, byose byorowe kandi byamenyekanye mu buryo bw'imiterere yabyo nka Anopheles stephensi. Gupima icyiciro cy'ibisigazwa by'ibisigazwa hamwe n'isesengura ry'inyongera byagaragaje ko icyitegererezo cyakoreweho ubushakashatsi cyari icya Anopheles stephensi. Aho ibisigazwa by'ibisigazwa bya An. stephensi byose byagaragaye byari ahantu ho kororokera nk'ibidendezi bipfundikiyemo pulasitiki, ibigega by'amazi bifunze kandi bifunguye, n'ibigega, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ahandi hantu ibisigazwa by'ibisigazwa bya An. stephensi byavuzwe mu burasirazuba bwa Etiyopiya45. Kuba ibisigazwa by'ibindi bisigazwa bya An. stephensi byakusanyijwe bigaragaza ko An. stephensi ishobora kubaho mu gihe cy'izuba muri Fike15, muri rusange bitandukanye na An. arabiensis, icyorezo cya malariya muri Etiyopiya46,47. Ariko, muri Kenya, inkeri za Anopheles stephensi… zabonetse mu bikoresho by’ubukorano ndetse no mu migezi48, bigaragaza imiterere y’aho izi nkeri za Anopheles stephensi zishobora kuba, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku igenzura ry’udukoko mu gihe kizaza kuri iyi nyoni itera malariya muri Etiyopiya no muri Afurika.
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko imibu ya Anopheles ikwirakwira cyane muri Fickii, aho iterwa n'udukoko, aho iterwa n'udukoko twica udukoko mu bantu bakuru n'udukoko, imiterere y'uturemangingo, imiterere y'uturemangingo n'aho dushobora guturuka. Ibisubizo byacu byagaragaje ko ubwoko bwa Anopheles fickii bwibasirwa n'udukoko twa pirimiphos-methyl, PBO-pyrethrin na temetafos. B1 Bityo, iyi miti ishobora gukoreshwa neza mu ngamba zo kurwanya iyi ndwara ya malariya mu gace ka Fickii. Twasanze kandi ko ubwoko bwa Anopheles fik bufite isano ya genetiki n'ibigo bibiri by'ingenzi bya Anopheles mu burasirazuba bwa Etiyopiya, ari byo Jig Jiga na Dire Dawa, kandi ko byari bifitanye isano ya hafi na Jig Jiga. Kubwibyo, kongera uburyo bwo kugenzura ibinyabuzima muri utwo duce bishobora gufasha gukumira ko imibu ya Anopheles yinjira muri Fike no mu tundi duce. Mu gusoza, ubu bushakashatsi butanga uburyo burambuye bwo kwiga ku cyorezo cya Anopheles giherutse kugaragara. Indwara ya Stephenson irimo kwagurirwa mu duce dushya tw'isi kugira ngo hamenyekane urwego rw'ikwirakwira ryayo, hasuzumwe uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikora, kandi hamenyekane ubwoko bw'udukoko dushobora guturukamo kugira ngo hirindwe ko ikwirakwira kurushaho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-19-2025