Malariya ikomeje kuba impamvu ikomeye y’impfu n’indwara muri Afurika, ikaba ifite umutwaro munini mu bana bari munsi y’imyaka 5. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda iyi ndwara ni imiti yica udukoko yibasira imibu ikuze yitwa Anopheles. Kubera ikoreshwa ry’iyi miti, kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika ubu birakwirakwiriye. Gusobanukirwa uburyo bw’ibanze butuma habaho iyi ndwara ni ngombwa haba mu gukurikirana ikwirakwira ry’imiti irwanya iyi ndwara no gutegura ibikoresho bishya byo kuyirwanya.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twagereranije imiterere ya mikorobe za Anopheles gambiae zirwanya udukoko, Anopheles cruzi, n'ubwoko bwa Anopheles arabiensis bwo muri Burkina Faso bufite ubwoko bwihanganira udukoko, nabwo bukomoka muri Etiyopiya.
Nta tandukaniro twabonye mu miterere ya mikorobe hagati y’imiti yica udukoko n’iyirindaimiti yica udukoko-abaturage bashobora kwandura muri Burkina Faso. Ibi byemejwe n'ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri laboratwari ku makoloni yo mu bihugu bibiri bya Burkina Faso. Mu buryo bunyuranye, muri Anopheles arabiensis ikomoka muri Etiyopiya, hari itandukaniro rigaragara mu miterere ya mikorobe hagati y’izapfuye n’izarokotse kwibasirwa n’imiti yica udukoko. Kugira ngo dukore ubushakashatsi ku budahangarwa bw’iyi miterere ya Anopheles arabiensis, twakoze sequencing ya RNA maze dusanga itandukaniro ry’imiterere ya genes detoxification ijyanye no kudahangarwa kw’imiti yica udukoko, ndetse n’impinduka mu miyoboro ya iyoni y’ubuhumekero, metabolic, na synaptic.
Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko rimwe na rimwe mikorobe zishobora kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ubudahangarwa bw’imiti yica udukoko, hiyongereyeho impinduka mu nyandiko.
Nubwo kurwanya indwara bikunze kuvugwa nk'igice cy'uturemangingo tw'umuti wa Anopheles, ubushakashatsi buherutse bwagaragaje ko mikorobe zihinduka bitewe n'uko zihura n'udukoko, bigaragaza uruhare rw'utu tunyabuzima mu kurwanya indwara. Mu by'ukuri, ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mibu ya Anopheles gambiae muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo no Hagati bwagaragaje impinduka zikomeye kuri mikorobe yo mu bwoko bwa epidermal nyuma yo guhura n'udukoko twa pyrethroids, ndetse n'impinduka muri mikorobe muri rusange nyuma yo guhura n'udukoko twa organophosphates. Muri Afurika, kurwanya indwara ya pyrethroids byagiye bifitanye isano n'impinduka mu miterere ya mikorobe muri Kameruni, Kenya, na Côte d'Ivoire, mu gihe Anopheles gambiae yahinduwe muri laboratwari yagaragaje impinduka mu mikorobe zabo nyuma yo guhitamo kurwanya indwara ya pyrethroids. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kugerageza gukoresha imiti ya antibiyotike no kongeramo bagiteri zizwi mu mibu ya Anopheles arabiensis yakuwe muri laboratwari bwagaragaje ko yihanganira indwara ya pyrethroids. Hamwe na hamwe, aya makuru agaragaza ko kurwanya imiti ya pyrethroids bishobora kuba bifitanye isano na mikorobe ya pyrethroids kandi ko iki gice cyo kurwanya imiti ya pyrethroids gishobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakoresheje uburyo bwa 16S kugira ngo tumenye niba mikorobe z’imibu yakuwe muri laboratoire n’iyakusanyijwe mu mirima muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba n’iy’Iburasirazuba zitandukanye hagati y’izarokotse n’izapfuye nyuma yo guhura n’udukoko twa pyrethroid deltamethrin. Mu rwego rwo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko, kugereranya mikorobe zo mu turere dutandukanye twa Afurika zifite ubwoko butandukanye n’urwego rwo kurwanya bishobora gufasha gusobanukirwa ingaruka z’uturere ku mikorobe. Amatsinda ya laboratoire yaturutse muri Burkina Faso kandi yororerwa muri laboratoire ebyiri zitandukanye z’i Burayi (An. coluzzii mu Budage na An. arabiensis mu Bwongereza), imibu yaturutse muri Burkina Faso yahagarariye ubwoko butatu bwose bw’ubwoko bwa An. gambiae, naho imibu yaturutse muri Etiyopiya yahagarariye An. arabiensis. Aha, tugaragaza ko Anopheles arabiensis yo muri Etiyopiya yari ifite ibimenyetso bitandukanye bya mikorobe mu mibu mizima n’iyapfuye, mu gihe Anopheles arabiensis yo muri Burkina Faso na laboratoire ebyiri zitari zo. Intego y’ubu bushakashatsi ni ukurushaho gusuzuma uburyo imiti yica udukoko irwanya udukoko. Twakoze sequencing ya RNA ku bwoko bwa Anopheles arabiensis maze dusanga gene zijyanye no kurwanya imiti yica udukoko zari zongerewe, mu gihe gene zijyanye no guhumeka muri rusange zahinduwe. Guhuza aya makuru n'abandi baturage baturutse muri Etiyopiya byagaragaje gene z'ingenzi zo gukuraho uburozi mu karere. Kugereranya na Anopheles arabiensis yo muri Burkina Faso byagaragaje itandukaniro rikomeye mu miterere ya transcriptome, ariko twanagaragaje gene enye z'ingenzi zo gukuraho uburozi zari zaragaragaye cyane muri Afurika.
Hanyuma imibu mizima n'iyapfuye ya buri bwoko bwo muri buri karere yashyizwe mu byiciro hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 16S kandi umubare wayo waragaragaye. Nta tandukaniro mu budasa bwa alpha ryagaragaye, bigaragaza ko nta tandukaniro mu bukungu bw'ibice by'imikorere (OTU); icyakora, budasa bwa beta bwaratandukanye cyane hagati y'ibihugu, kandi amagambo akoreshwa mu guhuza igihugu n'imiterere y'abapfuye (PANOVA = 0.001 na 0.008, uko bikurikirana) yagaragaje ko budasa bwari buri hagati y'ibi bintu. Nta tandukaniro mu budasa bwa beta ryagaragaye hagati y'ibihugu, bigaragaza itandukaniro risa hagati y'amatsinda. Igishushanyo cya Bray-Curtis multivariate scale plot (Ishusho ya 2A) cyagaragaje ko ingero zatandukanijwe ahanini n'aho ziherereye, ariko hari ibidasanzwe bimwe na bimwe bidasanzwe. Ingero nyinshi zo mu muryango wa An. arabiensis n'ingero imwe yo mu muryango wa An. coluzzii zahuriranye n'ingero zo muri Burkina Faso, mu gihe ingero imwe yo mu bwoko bwa An. arabiensis yo muri Burkina Faso yahuriranye n'ingero zo mu muryango wa An. arabiensis, bishobora kwerekana ko mikorobe y'umwimerere yagumanye mu buryo butunguranye mu bisekuru byinshi no mu turere twinshi. Ingero za Burkina Faso ntizatandukanijwe neza n'ubwoko; Uku kutagira aho gutandukanya byari byitezwe kubera ko abantu bashyizwe hamwe nyuma nubwo bakomoka mu duce dutandukanye tw’udukoko. Mu by’ukuri, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gusangira ahantu runaka mu bidukikije mu gihe cy’amazi bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere ya mikorobe [50]. Igishimishije ni uko nubwo ingero z’imibu yo muri Burkina Faso n’abaturage baho nta tandukaniro ryagaragaje mu kubaho cyangwa gupfa kw’imibu nyuma yo kwibasirwa n’imiti yica udukoko, ingero za Etiyopiya zatandukanyijwe ku buryo bugaragara, bigaragaza ko ingero za mikorobe muri izi ngero za Anopheles zifitanye isano no kwirinda imiti yica udukoko. Ingero zakusanyijwe ahantu hamwe, bishobora gusobanura isano ikomeye.
Kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid ni ubwoko bugoye, kandi nubwo impinduka mu mikorere n'intego byigwa neza, impinduka muri mikorobe zitangiye kuvumburwa. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twerekanye ko impinduka muri mikorobe zishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu moko amwe n'amwe; turushaho kugaragaza ubudahangarwa bw'imiti yica udukoko muri Anopheles arabiensis yo muri Bahir Dar kandi tukerekana impinduka mu nyandiko zizwi zijyanye no kudahangarwa, ndetse n'impinduka zikomeye mu ngirabuzimafatizo zijyanye n'ubuhumekero zagaragaye no mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwa RNA ku moko ya Anopheles arabiensis yo muri Etiyopiya. Ibi byavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko ubudahangarwa bw'imiti muri iyi mibu bushobora guterwa n'uruvange rw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'uturemangingo n'ibitari ibya ngirabuzimafatizo, bishoboka ko isano iri hagati ya bagiteri gakondo ishobora kuzuza iyangirika ry'imiti mu moko afite ubudahangarwa buke.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse bwagaragaje ko ukwiyongera k'ubuhumekero no kudakoresha imiti yica udukoko, bihuye n'amagambo y'ubushakashatsi ya Bahir Dar RNAseq n'amakuru ya Etiyopiya yabonetse hano; nanone bigaragaza ko kudakoresha imiti bituma habaho kwiyongera k'ubuhumekero, haba nk'impamvu cyangwa ingaruka z'iyi shusho. Niba izi mpinduka zituma habaho itandukaniro mu bushobozi bwa ogisijeni na azote, nk'uko byavuzwe mbere, ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bushobozi bw'ibinyabuzima bitera indwara no kwibasira mikorobe binyuze mu kurwanya bagiteri zitandukanye ku gutwika ROS hakoreshejwe bagiteri zisanzwe zikoreshwa igihe kirekire.
Amakuru yatanzwe hano atanga ibimenyetso byerekana ko mikorobe zishobora kugira ingaruka ku kurwanya imiti yica udukoko mu bidukikije bimwe na bimwe. Twagaragaje kandi ko imibu ya An. arabiensis yo muri Etiyopiya igaragaza impinduka nk'izo mu mikorobe zituma imiti yica udukoko idashobora gukoreshwa; icyakora, umubare w'uturemangingo duhuye n'utwo muri Burkina Faso ni muto. Hari ibintu byinshi biracyari kwitonderwa ku bijyanye n'imyanzuro yafashwe hano no mu bundi bushakashatsi. Ubwa mbere, isano iri hagati y'ubuzima bwa pyrethroid na mikorobe igomba kugaragazwa hakoreshejwe inyigo za metabolomic cyangwa gutera mikorobe. Byongeye kandi, kwemeza abakandida b'ingenzi mu baturage benshi baturutse mu turere dutandukanye bigomba kugaragazwa. Amaherezo, guhuza amakuru ya transcriptome n'amakuru ya mikorobe binyuze mu bushakashatsi bugamije nyuma yo gutera imiti bizatanga amakuru arambuye ku bijyanye niba mikorobe igira ingaruka ku mikorobe ku bijyanye no kurwanya mikorobe. Ariko, iyo tubishyize hamwe, amakuru yacu agaragaza ko kurwanya imiti ari mu gihugu no mu mahanga, bigaragaza ko hakenewe kugerageza imiti mishya yica udukoko mu turere twinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-24-2025