Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twateje ibibazo byinshi, harimo kuvuka kw'ibinyabuzima birwanya, kwangiza ibidukikije no kwangiza ubuzima bwa muntu.Kubwibyo, imiti yica udukoko twangiza mikorobe ifite ubuzima bwiza bwabantu nibidukikije irakenewe byihutirwa.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakozwe na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma uburozi bw’umubu (Culex quinquefasciatus) na lisiti ya termite (Odontotermes obesus).Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko hari igipimo cy’imfu ziterwa n’imiti hagati y’ubuvuzi.Agaciro ka LC50 (50% byica cyane) kumasaha 48 kumasemburo ya biosurfactants ya termite n imibu yagenwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhuza umurongo utari umurongo.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko amasaha 48 LC50 yagaciro (95% intera yicyizere) yibikorwa bya larvicidal na antitermite ya biosurfactant yari 26.49 mg / L (intera 25.40 kugeza 27.57) na 33.43 mg / L (intera 31.09 kugeza 35.68).Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na histopathologie bubivuga, kuvura hakoreshejwe biosurfactants byangije cyane ingirangingo ngengabuzima ya livre na terite.Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi byerekana ko mikorobe ya biosurfactant yakozwe na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 nigikoresho cyiza kandi gishobora kuba cyiza mugucunga Cx.quinquefasciatus na O. obesus.
Ibihugu byo mu turere dushyuha bifite umubare munini w’indwara ziterwa n’umubu1.Akamaro k'indwara ziterwa n'umubu karakwiriye.Buri mwaka abantu barenga 400.000 bapfa bazize malariya, kandi imijyi minini minini ihura n’ibyorezo by’indwara zikomeye nka dengue, umuriro w’umuhondo, chikungunya na Zika.2 Indwara ziterwa na Vector zifitanye isano n’indwara imwe kuri esheshatu ku isi, imibu itera benshi cyane imanza zikomeye3, 4.Culex, Anopheles na Aedes ni ubwoko butatu bwimibu ikunze kwanduza indwara5.Umubare w'indwara ya dengue, indwara yanduzwa n'umubu wa Aedes aegypti, wiyongereye mu myaka icumi ishize kandi ubangamira ubuzima rusange bw'abaturage 4,7,8.Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko abantu barenga 40% by'abatuye isi bafite ibyago byo kugira indwara ya dengue, aho usanga miliyoni 50-100 zandura buri mwaka mu bihugu birenga 1009,10,11.Indwara ya Dengue yabaye ikibazo gikomeye cyubuzima rusange kuko ubwiyongere bwayo bwiyongereye ku isi 12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, bakunze kwita umubu wo muri Afurika Anopheles, niwo muti w’ingenzi wa malariya y’abantu mu turere dushyuha no mu turere dushyuha15.Virusi ya West Nile, encephalite ya Mutagatifu Louis, encephalite y'Abayapani, n'indwara zanduza amafarasi n'inyoni zanduza imibu ya Culex, bakunze kwita imibu yo mu rugo.Byongeye kandi, ni nabo batwara indwara za bagiteri na parasitike16.Ku isi hari amoko arenga 3.000 ya terite, kandi amaze imyaka isaga miliyoni 15017.Udukoko twinshi tuba mu butaka kandi tugaburira ibiti n'ibiti birimo selile.Ubuhinde bwa Odontotermes obesus ni udukoko twangiza cyane kwangiza cyane ibihingwa n’ibiti byatewe18.Mu bice by’ubuhinzi, kwanduza indwara mu byiciro bitandukanye birashobora kwangiza ubukungu bukabije ku bihingwa bitandukanye, amoko y’ibiti nibikoresho byubaka.Termite irashobora kandi guteza ibibazo byubuzima bwabantu19.
Ikibazo cyo kurwanya mikorobe n’udukoko mu miti y’imiti n’ubuhinzi biragoye20,21.Kubwibyo, ibigo byombi bigomba gushakisha uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa biopesticide.Imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubu iraboneka kandi yerekanwe ko yanduye kandi ikuraho udukoko twangiza tutagamije22.Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi kuri biosurfactants bwagutse kubera gukoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye.Ibinyabuzima bifite akamaro kanini kandi ni ingenzi cyane mu buhinzi, gutunganya ubutaka, kuvoma peteroli, bagiteri no kuvanaho udukoko, no gutunganya ibiryo 23,24.Biosurfactants cyangwa microbial surfactants ni imiti ya biosurfactant ikorwa na mikorobe nka bagiteri, imisemburo n ibihumyo ahantu hatuwe n’ahantu handuye amavuta 25,26.Imiti ikomoka ku miti na biosurfactants ni ubwoko bubiri buboneka biturutse ku bidukikije27.Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye biboneka mu nyanja zo mu nyanja 28,29.Kubwibyo, abahanga barimo gushakisha tekinolojiya mishya yo kubyara biosurfactants ishingiye kuri bagiteri karemano 30.31.Iterambere muri ubwo bushakashatsi ryerekana akamaro k’ibi binyabuzima mu kurengera ibidukikije32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium hamwe na genera ya bagiteri ni abahagarariye ubushakashatsi 23,33.
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa biosurfactants hamwe nurwego runini rwa porogaramu34.Inyungu igaragara yibi bikoresho nuko bamwe muribo bafite ibikorwa bya antibacterial, larvicidal na insecticidal.Ibi bivuze ko zishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda z’ubuhinzi, imiti, imiti n’amavuta yo kwisiga 35,36,37,38.Kubera ko ibinyabuzima byangiza ibinyabuzima muri rusange bigira ingaruka ku bidukikije kandi bikangiza ibidukikije, bikoreshwa muri gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko 39.Niyo mpamvu, ubumenyi bwibanze bwabonetse kubyerekeye ibikorwa bya larvicidal na antitermite ya mikorobe ya biosurfactants ikorwa na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Twasuzumye impfu nimpinduka zamateka mugihe duhuye nibice bitandukanye bya biosurfactants ya rhamnolipid.Twongeyeho, twasuzumye porogaramu ikoreshwa cyane ya Quantitative Structure-Igikorwa (QSAR) porogaramu ya mudasobwa Ibidukikije Imiterere-Igikorwa (ECOSAR) kugirango tumenye uburozi bukabije kuri microalgae, daphnia, n’amafi.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibikorwa bya antitermite (toxicity) bya biosurfactants isukuye yibitekerezo bitandukanye kuva kuri 30 kugeza kuri 50 mg / ml (hagati ya 5 mg / ml intera) byageragejwe kurwanya terite zo mu Buhinde, O. obesus nubwoko bwa kane) Suzuma.Ibinini bya instar Cx.Inzitiramubu quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 yibanda kumasaha 48 kurwanya O. obesus na Cx.C. solanacearum.Inzitiramubu zamenyekanye hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhuza umurongo utari umurongo.Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko impfu zigihe gito ziyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwa biosurfactant.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko biosurfactant yari ifite ibikorwa bya larvicidal (Ishusho 1) nigikorwa cyo kurwanya termite (Ishusho 2), hamwe n’amasaha 48 LC50 (95% CI) ya 26.49 mg / L (25.40 kugeza 27.57) na 33.43 mg / l (Ishusho 31.09 kugeza 35.68), (Imbonerahamwe 1).Kubijyanye n'uburozi bukabije (amasaha 48), biosurfactant ishyirwa mubikorwa "byangiza" ibinyabuzima byapimwe.Biosurfactant yakozwe muri ubu bushakashatsi yerekanye ibikorwa byiza bya larvicidal hamwe nimpfu 100% mugihe cyamasaha 24-48.
Kubara LC50 agaciro kubikorwa bya larvicidal.Kudasubira inyuma kugarukira gukwiranye (umurongo uhamye) hamwe na 95% intera yicyizere (agace kicucu) kubipfa ugereranije (%).
Kubara LC50 agaciro kubikorwa byo kurwanya termite.Kudasubira inyuma kugarukira gukwiranye (umurongo uhamye) hamwe na 95% intera yicyizere (agace kicucu) kubipfa ugereranije (%).
Ubushakashatsi burangiye, impinduka zijyanye na morphologie hamwe na anomalie byagaragaye munsi ya microscope.Impinduka za morfologiya zagaragaye mugucunga no kuvura amatsinda kuri 40x gukura.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3, ubumuga bwo gukura bwabaye muri liswi nyinshi zavuwe na biosurfactants.Igishushanyo 3a cyerekana Cx isanzwe.quinquefasciatus, Igishusho 3b cerekana Cx idasanzwe.Itera inzara eshanu za nematode.
Ingaruka za dosiye ya sublethal (LC50) ya biosurfactants kumajyambere ya Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.Ishusho yoroheje ya microscopi (a) ya Cx isanzwe kuri 40 × gukuza.quinquefasciatus (b) Cx idasanzwe.Itera inzara eshanu za nematode.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mateka y’inzoka zivuwe (Isanamu 4) hamwe na terite (Ishusho 5) byagaragaje ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe, harimo kugabanya agace k’inda no kwangirika kwimitsi, ibice bya epiteliyale nuruhu.midgut.Histology yerekanye uburyo bwo guhagarika ibikorwa bya biosurfactant ikoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Histopathology yubusanzwe itavuwe 4 instar Cx larvae.quinquefasciatus larvae (kugenzura: (a, b)) kandi ivurwa na biosurfactant (kuvura: (c, d)).Imyambi yerekana epitelium yo mara (epi), nuclei (n), n'imitsi (mu).Bar = 50 µm.
Histopathology yubusanzwe itavuwe O. obesus (kugenzura: (a, b)) hamwe na biosurfactant ivurwa (kuvura: (c, d)).Imyambi yerekana epitelium yo munda (epi) n'imitsi (mu).Bar = 50 µm.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ECOSAR yakoreshejwe mu guhanura uburozi bukabije bw’ibicuruzwa bya rhamnolipide biosurfactant ku bicuruzwa byambere (algae icyatsi), abaguzi ba mbere (amazi y’amazi) n’abaguzi ba kabiri (amafi).Iyi porogaramu ikoresha imiterere ihanitse yimiterere-yibikorwa bigereranya gusuzuma uburozi bushingiye kumiterere ya molekile.Icyitegererezo gikoresha porogaramu-ibikorwa (SAR) kugirango ibare uburozi bukaze kandi burambye bwibintu byubwoko bwamazi.By'umwihariko, Imbonerahamwe 2 yerekana incamake igereranijwe yerekana ko yica (LC50) kandi isobanura uburyo bwiza (EC50) ku moko menshi.Ukekwaho uburozi bwashyizwe mu nzego enye ukoresheje Sisitemu yo Guhuza Isi yose yo gushyira mu byiciro no kuranga imiti (Imbonerahamwe 3).
Kurwanya indwara ziterwa na vector, cyane cyane imibu n imibu ya Aedes.Abanyamisiri, ubu akazi katoroshye 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Nubwo imiti yica udukoko iboneka nka chimique, nka pyrethroide na organophosphates, bifite akamaro kanini, bitera ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima bwabantu, harimo diyabete, indwara zimyororokere, indwara zifata ubwonko, kanseri, nindwara zubuhumekero.Byongeye kandi, igihe kirenze, utwo dukoko turashobora guhinduka 13,43,48.Rero, ingamba zifatika kandi zangiza ibidukikije zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima zizahinduka uburyo buzwi cyane bwo kurwanya imibu 49,50.Benelli51 yavuze ko kurwanya hakiri kare inzitiramubu byakorwa neza mu mijyi, ariko ntibasabye ko hakoreshwa imiti yica udukoko mu cyaro 52.Tom et al 53 yanasabye ko kurwanya imibu mugihe kitarakura byaba ingamba zizewe kandi zoroshye kuko zumva neza abashinzwe kugenzura 54.
Umusaruro wa biosurfactant ukoresheje imbaraga zikomeye (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) werekanye imikorere ihamye kandi itanga icyizere.Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwibanze bwatangaje ko Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 itunganya umusaruro wa biosurfactant ukoresheje ibipimo bya fiziki 26.Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwabo bubigaragaza, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora biosurfactant n’umusemburo wa E. cloacae ushobora kuba inkubasi mu masaha 36, imyigaragambyo saa 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 ° C, umunyu 1 ppt, glucose 2% nkisoko ya karubone, umusemburo 1% .ibiyikubiyemo byakoreshejwe nkisoko ya azote kugirango ibone biosurfactant 2,61 g / L.Mubyongeyeho, biosurfactants yaranzwe hakoreshejwe TLC, FTIR na MALDI-TOF-MS.Ibi byemeje ko rhamnolipid ari biosurfactant.Glycolipide biosurfactants nicyiciro cyizwe cyane mubyiciro byubundi bwoko bwa biosurfactants55.Zigizwe na karubone ya hydrata na lipide, cyane cyane iminyururu ya aside irike.Muri glycolipide, abahagarariye nyamukuru ni rhamnolipid na sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipide irimo mohamies ebyiri za rhamnose zifitanye isano na mono‐ cyangwa di - β - hydroxydecanoic aside 57.Ikoreshwa rya rhamnolipide mu nganda z’ubuvuzi n’imiti ryashyizweho neza 58, hiyongereyeho kuba baherutse gukoresha imiti yica udukoko 59.
Imikoranire ya biosurfactant n'akarere ka hydrophobique ya sifoni y'ubuhumekero ituma amazi anyura mu cyuho cyayo, bityo bikongerera imikoranire ya liswi n'ibidukikije byo mu mazi.Kubaho kwa biosurfactants bigira ingaruka no kuri trachea, uburebure bwayo bukaba bwegereye hejuru, bigatuma byoroha ko liswi zinyerera hejuru zigahumeka.Nkigisubizo, hejuru yubushyuhe bwamazi buragabanuka.Kubera ko ibinyomoro bidashobora kwizirika hejuru y’amazi, bigwa munsi yikigega, bigahungabanya umuvuduko wa hydrostatike, bigatuma ingufu zikoreshwa cyane n’urupfu zirohama 38,60.Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse na Ghribi61, aho biosurfactant yakozwe na Bacillus subtilis yerekanaga ibikorwa bya livicidal kurwanya Ephestia kuehniella.Muri ubwo buryo, ibikorwa bya larvicidal ya Cx.Das na Mukherjee23 basuzumye kandi ingaruka za lipopeptide ya cyclicale kuri quinquefasciatus larvae.
Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bireba ibikorwa byinshi bya biosurfactants ya rhamnolipid irwanya Cx.Kwica imibu ya quinquefasciatus bihuye nibisubizo byatangajwe mbere.Kurugero, ikoreshwa rya biosurfactants ya surfactine ikorwa na bagiteri zitandukanye zo mu bwoko bwa Bacillus.na Pseudomonas spp.Raporo zimwe za mbere 64,65,66 zavuze ko ibikorwa byica livopeptide biosurfactants biva muri Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali n'abandi.63 basanze biosurfactant ya rhamnolipid yitandukanije na maltophilia ya Stenotropomonas yari ifite ibikorwa bya larvicidal yibanda kuri mg / L.Silva n'abandi.67 yatangaje ibikorwa bya larvicidal biosurfactant ya rhamnolipid irwanya Ae ku gipimo cya 1 g / L.Aedes aegypti.Kanakdande n'abandi.68 batangaje ko lipopeptide biosurfactants ikorwa na Bacillus subtilis yateje impfu muri rusange muri Culex larvae na terite hamwe na lipophilique agace ka Eucalyptus.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Masendra n'abandi.69 byavuzwe ko ikimonyo cyabakozi (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) Impfu za 61.7% muri lipophilique n -hexane na EtOAc ibice bya E. bivamo E.
Parthipan et al 70 yatangaje ko gukoresha udukoko twica udukoko twa lipopeptide biosurfactants yakozwe na Bacillus subtilis A1 na Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 kurwanya Anopheles Stephensi, inzitizi ya malariya yitwa Plasmodium.Babonye ko liswi na pusi byarokotse igihe kirekire, bikagira igihe gito cya oviposition, ntibabyara, kandi bikagira igihe gito cyo kubaho iyo bivuwe hamwe na biosurfactants zitandukanye.Indangagaciro za LC50 za B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 zari 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 na 7.99 mg / L kuri leta zitandukanye (ni ukuvuga livre I, II, III, IV na pupa ya stage).Ugereranije, biosurfactants yo mucyiciro cya I-IV hamwe nicyiciro cyibibondo cya Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 byari 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 na 6.99 mg / L.Gutinda kwa fenologiya yo kurokoka kwa livi na pupae bikekwa ko ari ibisubizo by’imivurungano ikomeye ya physiologique na metabolike iterwa no kuvura udukoko71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 itanga biosurfactant hamwe nibikorwa 100% byibasira imibu ya Aedes.aegypti amasaha 24 intera 38 yari hejuru kurenza ibyavuzwe na Silva nabandi.Biosurfactant ikomoka muri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ikoresheje amavuta yizuba nkisoko ya karubone byagaragaye ko yica 100% yinzoka mugihe cyamasaha 48 67.Abinaya et al.72 na Pradhan et al.73 berekanye kandi ingaruka ziterwa na virusi cyangwa udukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko twinshi twitaruye ubwoko bwa Bacillus.Ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe mbere na Senthil-Nathan n'abandi.basanze 100% by'inzitiramubu zanduye lagoons y'ibimera zishobora gupfa.74.
Gusuzuma ingaruka ziterwa nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko ningirakamaro muri gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko twangiza kuko dosiye ya sublethal / concentration ntabwo yica udukoko ahubwo irashobora kugabanya umubare w’udukoko mu gisekuru kizaza mu guhungabanya imiterere y’ibinyabuzima10.Siqueira et al 75 yagaragaje ibikorwa byuzuye bya liviside (impfu 100%) za biosurfactant ya rhamnolipide (300 mg / ml) mugihe yapimwe mubitandukanye bitandukanye kuva kuri 50 kugeza 300 mg / ml.Icyiciro kinini cya Aedes aegypti.Basesenguye ingaruka zigihe cyo gupfa hamwe nubushuhe bwa sublethal kumibereho yo kubaho no koga.Byongeye kandi, babonye igabanuka ryumuvuduko wo koga nyuma yamasaha 24-48 bahuye nubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima bya biosurfactant (urugero, 50 mg / mL na 100 mg / mL).Uburozi bufite uruhare runini rwa sublethal butekereza ko bugira ingaruka nziza mukwangiza ibyonnyi byangiza76.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mateka y'ibisubizo byacu bugaragaza ko biosurfactants ikorwa na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ihindura cyane ingirangingo z'umubu (Cx. Quinquefasciatus) na lisiti ya termite (O. obesus).Ibintu bidasanzwe byatewe no gutegura amavuta ya basile muri An.gambiaes.s na An.icyarabu cyasobanuwe na Ochola77.Kamaraj et al.78 nabo basobanuye ibintu bimwe bidasanzwe bya morphologie muri An.Ibinyomoro bya Stephanie byerekanwe na nanoparticles ya zahabu.Vasantha-Srinivasan n'abandi.79 bavuze kandi ko agasakoshi k'umwungeri amavuta ya ngombwa yangije cyane icyumba ndetse na epiteliyale ya Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti.Raghavendran n'abandi batangaje ko inzitiramubu zavuwe hamwe na 500 mg / ml ikuramo mycelial ya fungus ya Penicillium yaho.Ae yerekana ibyangiritse bikabije byamateka.aegypti na Cx.Umubare w'abapfa 80. Mbere, Abinaya n'abandi.Inshuro ya kane instar larvae ya An yarizwe.Stephensi na Ae.aegypti yasanze impinduka nyinshi zamateka muri Aedes aegypti ivurwa na B. licheniformis exopolysaccharide, harimo cecum gastric, atrophy yimitsi, kwangirika no kudatandukanya imitsi ya ganglia72.Nk’uko Raghavendran n'abandi babivuga, nyuma yo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ibishishwa bya P. daleae mycelial, selile ya midgut y’imibu yapimwe (livre ya instar ya 4) yerekanaga kubyimba ibibyimba byo mu mara, kugabanuka kw'ibintu bigize ingirabuzimafatizo, ndetse no kwangirika kwa kirimbuzi81.Ihinduka rimwe ry’amateka ryagaragaye no mu nzitiramubu zivuwe hakoreshejwe ibibabi bya echinacea, byerekana ubushobozi bw’udukoko twangiza imiti 50.
Imikoreshereze ya software ya ECOSAR yakiriwe neza mpuzamahanga82.Ubushakashatsi buriho bwerekana ko uburozi bukabije bwa biosurfactants ya ECOSAR kuri microalgae (C. vulgaris), amafi n’amazi (D. magna) biri mu cyiciro cy’uburozi bwasobanuwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye83.Ubwoko bwa ECOSAR bwibidukikije bukoresha SAR na QSAR mu guhanura uburozi bukabije kandi bwigihe kirekire bwibintu kandi bukoreshwa kenshi muguhishurira uburozi bwangiza imyanda 82.84.
Paraformaldehyde, buffer ya sodium fosifate (pH 7.4) nindi miti yose yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi yaguzwe muri Laboratwari ya HiMedia, mu Buhinde.
Umusaruro wa biosurfactant wakozwe muri 500 mL ya flasike ya Erlenmeyer irimo 200 mL ya sterile ya Bushnell Haas yongeweho amavuta ya peteroli 1% nkisoko ya karubone yonyine.Icyorezo cya Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) yatewe kandi iterwa umuco kuri shitingi ya orbital kuri 37 ° C, 200 rpm muminsi 7.Nyuma yigihe cya incububasi, biosurfactant yakuweho hifashishijwe centrifuging yumuco kuri 3400 × g muminota 20 kuri 4 ° C hanyuma ndengakamere yavuyemo ikoreshwa mugusuzuma.Uburyo bwiza bwo kuranga no kuranga biosurfactants byemejwe kuva ubushakashatsi bwacu bwambere26.
Indwara ya Culex quinquefasciatus yabonetse mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse mu binyabuzima byo mu nyanja (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (Ubuhinde).Ibinyomoro byororerwa mu bikoresho bya pulasitike byuzuyemo amazi ya deioni kuri 27 ± 2 ° C na fotokopi ya 12:12 (urumuri: umwijima).Inzitiramubu zagaburiwe glucose 10%.
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae yabonetse mubigega bya septique ifunguye kandi idakingiwe.Koresha umurongo ngenderwaho usanzwe kugirango umenye na livre z'umuco muri laboratoire85.Ibigeragezo byinshi byakozwe hakurikijwe ibyifuzo by’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi 86.SH.Inzoka ya kane ya instar ya quinquefasciatus yakusanyirijwe mu miyoboro ifunze mu matsinda ya ml 25 na ml 50 hamwe n’umwuka uhumeka wa bibiri bya gatatu byubushobozi bwabo.Biosurfactant (0-50 mg / ml) yongewe kuri buri muyoboro ku giti cye kandi ibikwa kuri 25 ° C.Umuyoboro wo kugenzura wakoresheje amazi yatoboye gusa (ml 50).Ibinyomoro byapfuye byafatwaga nkibidafite ibimenyetso byo koga mugihe cyo gukuramo (amasaha 12-48) 87.Kubara ijanisha ryimfu zipfa ukoresheje ikigereranyo.(1) 88.
Umuryango Odontotermitidae urimo termite yo mu Buhinde Odontotermes obesus, iboneka mu biti bibora mu kigo cy’ubuhinzi (kaminuza ya Annamalai, mu Buhinde).Gerageza iyi biosurfactant (0-50 mg / ml) ukoresheje uburyo busanzwe kugirango umenye niba ari bibi.Nyuma yo gukama mumyuka ya laminari muminota 30, buri gipapuro cyimpapuro za Whatman cyashizweho na biosurfactant kuri 30, 40, cyangwa 50 mg / ml.Impapuro zabanjirije gutwikirwa no kudapfundikanya zapimwe hanyuma zigereranywa hagati yisahani ya Petri.Buri funguro ya petri irimo termite zigera kuri mirongo itatu O. obesus.Kugenzura no gupima termite byahawe impapuro zitose nkisoko yibyo kurya.Isahani yose yabikwaga mubushyuhe bwicyumba mugihe cyubushakashatsi.Termite yapfuye nyuma yamasaha 12, 24, 36 na 4889.90.Ikigereranyo cya 1 cyakoreshejwe mukugereranya ijanisha ryimpfu zigihe gito ziterwa na biosurfactant zitandukanye.(2).
Izi ngero zabitswe ku rubura hanyuma zipakirwa muri microtubes zirimo ml 100 ya 0.1 M ya sodium ya fosifate ya sodium M (pH 7.4) hanyuma yoherezwa muri Laboratwari nkuru y’amazi yo mu mazi (CAPL) y’ikigo cya Rajiv Gandhi gishinzwe ubuhinzi bw’amazi (RGCA).Laboratoire ya Histologiya, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Akarere, Tamil Nadu, Ubuhinde kugirango ukore isesengura.Icyitegererezo cyahise gikosorwa muri 4% paraformaldehyde kuri 37 ° C mumasaha 48.
Nyuma yicyiciro cyo gukosora, ibikoresho byogejwe inshuro eshatu hamwe na 0.1 M ya sodium ya fosifate ya sodium ya pH (pH 7.4), bigenda byuma byinjira muri Ethanol hanyuma bigashyirwa muri resin ya LEICA iminsi 7.Ibintu noneho bishyirwa mubibumbano bya pulasitike byuzuye resin na polymerizer, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu ziko ryashyutswe kugeza kuri 37 ° C kugeza igihe igice kirimo ibintu cyuzuye polimeri.
Nyuma ya polymerisiyasi, ibice byaciwe hakoreshejwe microtome ya LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10.399 Enterprises Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) kugeza mubugari bwa mm 3.Ibice byashyizwe kumurongo, hamwe nibice bitandatu kumurongo.Amashusho yumishijwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba, hanyuma asiga irangi na hematoxyline muminota 7 hanyuma yozwa namazi atemba muminota 4.Byongeye kandi, shyira eosin igisubizo kuruhu muminota 5 hanyuma woge n'amazi atemba muminota 5.
Uburozi bukabije bwahanuwe hakoreshejwe ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi biva mu turere dushyuha dushyuha: amafi y’amasaha 96 LC50, amasaha 48 D. magna LC50, n’amasaha 96 y’icyatsi kibisi EC50.Uburozi bwa biosurfactants ya rhamnolipid ku mafi na algae rwasuzumwe hifashishijwe porogaramu ya ECOSAR verisiyo ya 2.2 ya Windows yatunganijwe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije..
Ibizamini byose kubikorwa bya larvicidal na antitermite byakozwe muri bitatu.Kwisubiraho bidasubirwaho (logi ya dose reaction variable) yamakuru yimfu zigihe kinini nigihe gito byakozwe kugirango babaze intumbero yica hagati (LC50) hamwe 95% intera yicyizere, kandi ibisubizo byo gusubiza hamwe byakozwe hakoreshejwe Prism® (verisiyo 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc, Amerika) 84, 91.
Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza ubushobozi bwa mikorobe ya biosurfactants ikorwa na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 nk'imiti yica imibu na antitermite, kandi iki gikorwa kizagira uruhare mu gusobanukirwa neza nuburyo bwibikorwa bya larvicidal na antitermite.Ubushakashatsi bwamateka ya lisiti ivurwa hakoreshejwe biosurfactants yerekanaga kwangirika kwinzira yigifu, midgut, cortex cortex na hyperplasia ya selile epithelial selile.Ibisubizo: Isuzuma ryuburozi bwibikorwa bya antitermite na larvicidal biosurfactant ya rhamnolipid yakozwe na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 byagaragaje ko uku kwigunga ari biopesticide yo kurwanya indwara ziterwa n imibu (Cx quinquefasciatus) na termite (O. obesus).Hano harakenewe gusobanukirwa uburozi bwibidukikije bwibinyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije ningaruka zishobora kubidukikije.Ubu bushakashatsi butanga ubumenyi bwa siyansi yo gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije ziterwa na biosurfactants.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-09-2024