Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu buryo bwa “synthetic” byateje ibibazo byinshi, birimo kugaragara kw'ibinyabuzima birwanya indwara, kwangirika kw'ibidukikije no kwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mikorobe nshyaimiti yica udukokoBifite umutekano ku buzima bw'abantu no ku bidukikije birakenewe byihutirwa. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, rhamnolipid biosurfactant yakozwe na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma uburozi ku mibu (Culex quinquefasciatus) n'inyenzi (Odontotermes obesus). Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko hari igipimo cy'impfu gishingiye ku gipimo hagati y'ubuvuzi. Igipimo cya LC50 (50% cy'uburozi) ku masaha 48 ku binyabutabire by'inyenzi n'inyenzi byapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhuza imiyoboro idafite umurongo ugororotse. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko igipimo cya LC50 mu masaha 48 (intera y'icyizere cya 95%) cy'ibikorwa byo kwica inyenzi no kurwanya inyenzi bya biosurfactant byari 26.49 mg/L (intera iri hagati ya 25.40 na 27.57) na 33.43 mg/L (intera iri hagati ya 31.09 na 35.68) uko bikurikirana. Dukurikije isuzuma ry’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibinyabuzima byangiza cyane ingingo z’umubiri z’udusimba n’imisenyi. Ibisubizo by’ubu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko imiti igabanya ubukana bw’udukoko ikorwa na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ari igikoresho cyiza kandi gishobora kugira akamaro mu kurwanya Cx. quinquefasciatus na O. obesus.
Ibihugu byo mu turere dushyuha bihura n’indwara nyinshi ziterwa n’imibu1. Akamaro k’indwara ziterwa n’imibu karakwirakwiriye hose. Abantu barenga 400.000 bapfa bazize malariya buri mwaka, kandi imijyi imwe n’imwe minini irimo guhura n’ibyorezo by’indwara zikomeye nka dengue, fièvre y’umuhondo, chikungunya na Zika.2 Indwara ziterwa n’imiti zifitanye isano n’ubwandu bumwe muri butandatu ku isi, aho imibu itera abarwayi benshi3,4. Culex, Anopheles na Aedes ni zo nkomoko eshatu z’imibu zikunze kugaragara mu kwandura indwara5. Ubukana bwa dengue, ubwandu bwanduzwa n’umubu wa Aedes aegypti, bwiyongereye mu myaka icumi ishize kandi bugateza ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima rusange4,7,8. Nk’uko bivugwa n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS), abantu barenga 40% by’abatuye isi bashobora kurwara dengue, aho abantu bashya miliyoni 50–100 bandura buri mwaka mu bihugu birenga 1009,10,11. Dengue yahindutse ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima rusange kuko ubukana bwayo bwiyongereye ku isi yose12,13,14. Anopheles gambiae, izwi cyane nka umubu wo muri Afurika witwa Anopheles, ni wo mutera wa malariya w’ingenzi mu turere dushyuha n’utundi dushyuha15. Virusi ya Nile y’Iburengerazuba, encephalitis ya St. Louis, encephalitis yo mu Buyapani, n’indwara zandura ku mafarashi n’inyoni zandura n’umubu wa Culex, ukunze kwitwa umubu usanzwe wo mu nzu. Byongeye kandi, ni na zo zitwara indwara za bagiteri n’udukoko16. Hari amoko arenga 3.000 y’inyenzi ku isi, kandi zimaze imyaka irenga miliyoni 15017. Udukoko twinshi tuba mu butaka kandi turya ibiti n’ibikomoka ku biti birimo selulose. Inyenzi zo mu Buhinde zitwa Odontotermes obesus ni udukoko tw’ingenzi twangiza cyane imyaka y’ingenzi n’ibiti byo mu mirima18. Mu turere tw’ubuhinzi, inyenzi zandura mu byiciro bitandukanye zishobora kwangiza cyane ubukungu bw’ibihingwa bitandukanye, amoko y’ibiti n’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi. Inyenzi zishobora kandi guteza ibibazo by’ubuzima bw’abantu19.
Ikibazo cyo kurwanya udukoko n'udukoko mu rwego rw'imiti n'ubuhinzi muri iki gihe ni ingorabahizi20,21. Kubwibyo, amasosiyete yombi agomba gushaka imiti mishya ihendutse kandi irinda udukoko n'imiti yica udukoko. Imiti yica udukoko ikoze mu nganda ubu iraboneka kandi byagaragaye ko yandura kandi ikirukana udukoko tudakunda kwibasirwa. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi ku miti ikoreshwa mu nganda za biosurfactants bwaragutse bitewe n'ikoreshwa ryayo mu nganda zitandukanye. Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda za biosurfactants ni ingirakamaro cyane mu buhinzi, gutunganya ubutaka, gukuramo peteroli, gukuraho bagiteri no gukuraho udukoko, no gutunganya ibiribwa23,24. Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda za microsurfactants ni imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda nka bagiteri, imisemburo n'ibihumyo mu duce two ku nkombe no mu duce twandujwe n'amavuta25,26. Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda za biosurfactants ni ubwoko bubiri buboneka mu bidukikije karemano27. Imiti itandukanye ikoreshwa mu nganda za biosurfactants iboneka mu duce two mu mazi28,29. Kubwibyo, abahanga mu bya siyansi barimo gushaka ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gukora imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda za biosurfactants ishingiye kuri bagiteri karemano30,31. Iterambere muri ubwo bushakashatsi rigaragaza akamaro k'ibi binyabutabire mu kurengera ibidukikije32. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium n'izi ngano za bagiteri ni bimwe mu bipimo byizweho23,33.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'imiti ikoreshwa mu binyabuzima ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyikoresha34. Akamaro gakomeye k'iyi miti ni uko imwe muri yo ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko, kwica udukoko no kwica udukoko. Ibi bivuze ko ishobora gukoreshwa mu buhinzi, imiti, imiti n'ubwiza35,36,37,38. Kubera ko imiti ikoreshwa mu binyabuzima muri rusange ishobora kwangirika kandi ikaba ingirakamaro ku bidukikije, ikoreshwa muri gahunda zihuriweho zo kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo irinde imyaka39. Bityo, habonetse ubumenyi bw'ibanze ku mikorere yo kwica udukoko no kurwanya inyenzi y'imiti ikoreshwa na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Twasuzumye impfu n'impinduka mu miterere y'ibinyabuzima iyo bihuye n'ingano zitandukanye z'imiti ikoreshwa mu binyabuzima ya rhamnolipide. Byongeye kandi, twasuzumye porogaramu ya mudasobwa ya Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) ikoreshwa cyane kugira ngo hamenyekane uburozi bukabije ku binyabuzima bito, daphnia, n'amafi.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, imikorere yo kurwanya inyenzi (uburozi) bw'ibinyabutabire bya biosurfactants byasukuwe ku rugero rutandukanye kuva kuri 30 kugeza kuri 50 mg/ml (ku rugero rwa 5 mg/ml) yageragejwe ku nyenzi zo mu Buhinde, O. obesus n'ubwoko bwa kane )Suzuma. Imisemburo ya instar Cx. Imisemburo y'imibu quinquefasciatus. Ingano ya Biosurfactant LC50 mu masaha 48 ugereranije na O. obesus na Cx. C. solanacearum. Imisemburo y'imibu yabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhuza nonlinear regression curve. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko urupfu rw'inyenzi rwiyongera uko umubare w'ibinyabutabire bya biosurfactant wiyongera. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko biosurfactant yari ifite ubushobozi bwo kwica udukoko (Ishusho ya 1) n'uburyo bwo kurwanya inzi (Ishusho ya 2), ifite agaciro ka LC50 mu masaha 48 (95% CI) ka 26.49 mg/L (25.40 kugeza 27.57) na 33.43 mg/l (Ishusho ya 31.09 kugeza 35.68), uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Ku bijyanye n'uburozi bukabije (amasaha 48), biosurfactant ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy ""icyangiza" ibinyabuzima byapimwe. Biosurfactant yakozwe muri ubu bushakashatsi yagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwica udukoko, aho urupfu rwabaye 100% mu masaha 24-48 nyuma yo guhura n'iyi ndwara.
Kubara agaciro ka LC50 ku gikorwa cyo kwica udukoko. Guhuza umurongo utari umurongo (umurongo ukomeye) n'ikigero cy'icyizere cya 95% (ahantu hari igicucu) ku rupfu (%).
Kubara agaciro ka LC50 ku gikorwa cyo kurwanya inyenzi. Guhuza umurongo utari umurongo ugororotse (umurongo ukomeye) n'ikigero cy'icyizere cya 95% (ahantu hari igicucu) ku rupfu (%).
Mu mpera z'igerageza, impinduka mu miterere n'ibitagenda neza byagaragaye hifashishijwe mikorosikopi. Impinduka mu miterere zagaragaye mu matsinda yagenzuwe kandi yavuwe ku nshuro 40. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3, kwangirika k'imikurire kwabayeho mu nyoni nyinshi zavuwe na biosurfactants. Ishusho ya 3a igaragaza Cx. quinquefasciatus isanzwe, Ishusho ya 3b igaragaza Cx idasaza. Itera nyoni eshanu za nematode.
Ingaruka z'ibinini by'ibinyabuzima bitera indwara (LC50) ku mikurire y'ibinyampeke bya Culex quinquefasciatus. Ishusho yoroheje ya mikorosikopu (a) y'ubunini busanzwe bwa Cx kuri 40 × magnification. quinquefasciatus (b) Ubunini budasanzwe bwa Cx. Bitera ibinyampeke bitanu.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, isuzuma ry’imitsi ryakorewe ku ngirabuzimafatizo zavuwe (Ishusho ya 4) n’inyenzi (Ishusho ya 5) ryagaragaje ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe, birimo kugabanuka k’igice cy’inda no kwangirika kw’imitsi, ibice byo mu nda no mu nda. Histology yagaragaje uburyo bwo gukumira imikorere y’iyi biosurfactant yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Histopathology y'uturemangingo twa Cx two mu cyiciro cya kane tudavuwe. Uturemangingo twa quinquefasciatus (kugenzura: (a, b)) kandi tugavurwa na biosurfactant (ubuvuzi: (c, d)). Imyambi igaragaza epithelium y'amara yavuwe (epi), nuclei (n), n'imitsi (mu). Uduce = 50 µm.
Histopathology y'indwara isanzwe ya O. obesus (igenzura: (a, b)) n'indwara ya biosurfactant (ubuvuzi: (c, d)). Imyambi igaragaza epithelium y'amara (epi) n'imitsi (mu), uko bikurikirana. Umwanya = 50 µm.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ECOSAR yakoreshejwe mu guhanura uburozi bukabije bw’ibikomoka kuri rhamnolipide biosurfactant ku bahanga b’ibanze (algae green), abakoresha b’ibanze (inyenzi zo mu mazi) n’abakoresha b’ibanze (amafi). Iyi gahunda ikoresha moderi zigezweho z’imiterere n’ibikorwa kugira ngo isuzume uburozi hashingiwe ku miterere ya molekile. Iyi moderi ikoresha porogaramu ya SAR kugira ngo ibare uburozi bukabije n’igihe kirekire bw’ibintu ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi. By’umwihariko, Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igaragaza muri make ingano y’ibice byica (LC50) n’ingano y’ibice ikora neza (EC50) ku binyabuzima byinshi. Uburozi bukekwaho bwashyizwe mu byiciro bine hakoreshejwe Sisitemu Ihuriweho Mpuzamahanga yo Gushyira mu Bice no Gushyira mu Bice Ibinyabutabire (Imbonerahamwe ya 3).
Kurwanya indwara ziterwa n’udukoko, cyane cyane ubwoko bw’imibu n’imibu ya Aedes. Abanyamisiri, ubu bakora akazi katoroshye 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Nubwo imiti yica udukoko iboneka mu buryo bw’imiti, nka pyrethroids na organophosphates, ifite akamaro gato, itera ibyago bikomeye ku buzima bw’abantu, harimo diyabete, indwara zo kubyara, indwara z’imitsi, kanseri, n’indwara z’ubuhumekero. Byongeye kandi, uko igihe kigenda gihita, utu dukoko dushobora kutwihanganira13,43,48. Bityo, ingamba zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima zikora neza kandi zitangiza ibidukikije zizaba uburyo buzwi cyane bwo kurwanya imibu49,50. Benelli51 yavuze ko kugenzura hakiri kare imibu itera udukoko byaba ingirakamaro mu mijyi, ariko ntibatanze inama yo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu byaro52. Tom n’abandi 53 bavuze kandi ko kurwanya imibu mu gihe itarakura byaba ari ingamba yizewe kandi yoroshye kuko iba yoroshye kuyirwanya54.
Gukora biosurfactant hakoreshejwe ubwoko bukomeye (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) byagaragaje imikorere ihamye kandi itanga icyizere. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwa mbere bwagaragaje ko Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ikora neza mu gukora biosurfactant ikoresheje ibipimo bya fizikikemike26. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwabo, imiterere myiza yo gukora biosurfactant hakoreshejwe E. cloacae isolate ishobora kuba incubation mu masaha 36, guhindagurika kuri 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, umunyu 1 ppt, 2% glucose nk'isoko ya karuboni, 1% y'umusemburo. Iki gikoresho cyakoreshejwe nk'isoko ya azote kugira ngo haboneke 2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Byongeye kandi, biosurfactants zagaragajwe hakoreshejwe TLC, FTIR na MALDI-TOF-MS. Ibi byemeza ko rhamnolipide ari biosurfactant. Glycolipid biosurfactants ni ubwoko bw'ibindi bwoko bwa biosurfactants bwigwa cyane55. Bugizwe na karubohidrati na lipide, cyane cyane urunigi rwa aside irike. Muri glycolipides, ibiyigize by'ingenzi ni rhamnolipide na sophorolipide56. Rhamnolipide zirimo ibice bibiri bya rhamnose bifitanye isano na aside mono‐ cyangwa di‐β‐hydroxydecanoic 57. Ikoreshwa rya rhamnolipide mu nganda z'ubuvuzi n'iz'imiti rirazwi cyane58, hiyongereyeho ikoreshwa ryazo vuba aha nk'imiti yica udukoko 59.
Uburyo biosurfactant ikorana n'agace ka hydrophobic k'umuyoboro w'ubuhumekero butuma amazi anyura mu mwobo wayo w'inda, bityo byongera imikoranire y'udusimba n'ibidukikije byo mu mazi. Kuba hari biosurfactants bigira ingaruka no ku muyoboro w'amazi, uburebure bwawo bukaba buri hafi y'ubuso, ibyo bigatuma byoroha ko udusimba tujya hejuru no guhumeka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imbaraga z'amazi zigabanuka. Kubera ko udusimba tudashobora kwihambira ku buso bw'amazi, tugwa hasi mu kigega, bigahagarika umuvuduko w'amazi, bigatera ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nyinshi n'urupfu ruterwa no kurohama38,60. Ibisubizo nk'ibyo byabonetse na Ghribi61, aho biosurfactant yakozwe na Bacillus subtilis yagaragaje imikorere yo kwica udusimba kuri Ephestia kuehniella. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imikorere yo kwica udusimba ya Cx. Das na Mukherjee23 nabo basuzumye ingaruka za lipopeptides zikora ku dusimba twa quinquefasciatus.
Ibisubizo by'ubu bushakashatsi bireba imikorere y'uturemangingo twa rhamnolipide mu kurwanya Cx. Kwica imibu ya quinquefasciatus bihuye n'ibyatangajwe mbere. Urugero, hakoreshwa uturemangingo twa surfactine dukorwa na bagiteri zitandukanye zo mu bwoko bwa Bacillus. na Pseudomonas spp. Raporo zimwe na zimwe za mbere64,65,66 zavuze ko uturemangingo twa lipopeptidee dukomoka kuri Bacillus subtilis23 twica uturemangingo. Deepali n'abandi 63 basanze umuti wa rhamnolipide ukomoka kuri Stenotropomonas maltophilia wari ufite imikorere ikomeye yo kwica uturemangingo ku gipimo cya 10 mg/L. Silva n'abandi 67 batangaje imikorere y'uturemangingo twa rhamnolipide mu kurwanya Ae ku gipimo cya 1 g/L. Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande n'abandi. 68 bavuze ko imiti ya lipopeptide yakozwe na Bacillus subtilis yateje urupfu muri rusange mu tunyangingo twa Culex n'imiswa hamwe n'igice cya lipophilic cya Eucalyptus. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Masendra n'abandi 69 bavuze ko impfu z'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) zabaye 61.7% mu bice bya lipophilic n-hexane na EtOAc bya E. crude extract.
Parthipan n'abandi 70 bavuze ko imiti yica udukoko ya lipopeptide biosurfactants yakozwe na Bacillus subtilis A1 na Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 yakoreshejwe mu kurwanya Anopheles Stephensi, umusemburo w’udukoko twa malariya twa Plasmodium. Babonye ko udukoko n'udukoko twabayeho igihe kirekire, dufite igihe gito cyo kwinjirira mu nda, ntitwari dufite ubwandu, kandi twabayeho igihe gito iyo twavuwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bitandukanye bya biosurfactants. Agaciro ka LC50 ka B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 kari 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 na 7.99 mg/L ku miterere itandukanye ya B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 (ni ukuvuga udukoko twa I, II, III, IV na stage pupae) uko bikurikirana. Ugereranije, imiti yica udukoko twa biosurfactants ku cyiciro cya I-IV cy'udukoko twa Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 yari 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 na 6.99 mg/L uko bikurikirana. Ihindagurika ry’imiterere y’udusimba n’udusimba bikiri bizima riterwa n’ibibazo bikomeye by’umubiri n’imikorere y’uturemangingo biterwa no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko71.
Ubwoko bwa Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 butanga umuti uvura indwara z’imibu ufite ubwiyongere bwa 100% mu kurwanya imibu ya Aedes. Igihe cy’amasaha 24 cya aegypti 38 cyari hejuru ugereranyije n’ibyatangajwe na Silva et al. Umuti uvura indwara z’imibu wakozwe muri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ukoresheje amavuta y’izuba nk’isoko ya karuboni byagaragaye ko wica 100% by’imibu mu masaha 48. Abinaya et al.72 na Pradhan et al.73 nabo bagaragaje ingaruka zo kwica cyangwa kwica udukoko twa surfactants zikorwa n’udukoko twinshi two mu bwoko bwa Bacillus. Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mbere bwakozwe na Senthil-Nathan et al. bwagaragaje ko 100% by’imibu ihura n’ibimera byo mu kiyaga byashoboraga gupfa. 74.
Gusuzuma ingaruka z’imiti yica udukoko ku miterere y’udukoko ni ingenzi kuri gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko kuko ingero/ubwinshi bw’udukoko butica udukoko ariko bushobora kugabanya umubare w’udukoko mu bisekuru bizaza binyuze mu kubangamira imiterere y’ibinyabuzima10. Siqueira n’abandi 75 babonye imikorere yuzuye yo kwica udukoko (100% by’impfu) z’umuti wa rhamnolipide (300 mg/ml) iyo byageragejwe ku rugero rutandukanye ruri hagati ya 50 na 300 mg/ml. Icyiciro cy’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Aedes aegypti. Basesenguye ingaruka zo gupfa no gupfa ndetse n’ubwinshi bw’udukoko butica ku kubaho no koga. Byongeye kandi, babonye kugabanuka k’umuvuduko wo koga nyuma y’amasaha 24-48 yo guhura n’ubwinshi bw’udukoko butica (urugero, 50 mg/mL na 100 mg/mL). Uburozi bufite uruhare runini mu kwica bufatwa nk’ingirakamaro mu kwangiza udukoko twinshi twagaragaye76.
Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu bigaragaza ko imiti ikoreshwa na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ihindura cyane ingingo z'umubu (Cx. quinquefasciatus) n'umuswa (O. obesus). Utundi tunyangingo nk'utwo twatewe n'amavuta ya basil mu bwoko bwa An. gambiaes.s na An. arabica byasobanuwe na Ochola77. Kamaraj n'abandi.78 nabo bavuze ku miterere imwe mu miterere y'umubu. Umubu wa Stephanie wahuye n'uduce duto twa zahabu. Vasantha-Srinivasan n'abandi.79 nabo bavuze ko amavuta y'ingenzi ya shepherd yangije cyane urwego rw'imbere n'urw'imbere rwa Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti. Raghavendran n'abandi bavuze ko umubu wavuwe n'ikinyabutabire cya 500 mg/ml cy'udukoko twa Penicillium. Ae igaragaza kwangirika gukomeye kwa histological. aegypti na Cx. Igipimo cy'impfu 80. Mbere, Abinaya n'abandi. Umubu wa kane wa instar wa An wigwagaho. Stephensi na Ae. aegypti basanze impinduka nyinshi mu miterere y’umubiri muri Aedes aegypti yavuwe na B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, harimo cecum yo mu gifu, gucika kw’imitsi, kwangirika no kutumvikana kwa ganglia y’imitsi72. Nk’uko Raghavendran n’abandi babivuga, nyuma yo kuvurwa na P. daleae mycelial extract, uturemangingo tw’imibu yapimwe (uturemangingo twa 4 tw’imbere) twagaragaje kubyimba kwa lumen y’amara, kugabanuka kw’ibiri mu turemangingo, no kwangirika kwa nucleaire81. Impinduka zimwe mu miterere y’umubiri zagaragaye mu mibu yavuwe na echinacea leaf extract, bigaragaza ubushobozi bwo kwica udukoko tw’imiti yavuwe50.
Ikoreshwa rya porogaramu ya ECOSAR ryamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga82. Ubushakashatsi buriho bugaragaza ko uburozi bukabije bwa ECOSAR ku binyabuzima bito (C. vulgaris), inda zo mu mazi n'amafi (D. magna) buri mu cyiciro cy' "uburozi" cyagenwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye83. Uburyo bwa ECOSAR bwo kurwanya uburozi bushingiye ku bidukikije bukoresha SAR na QSAR mu guhanura uburozi bukabije n'igihe kirekire bw'ibintu kandi bukunze gukoreshwa mu guhanura uburozi bw'imyanda ihumanya ibidukikije82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) n'indi miti yose yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi yaguzwe muri HiMedia Laboratories, mu Buhinde.
Umusaruro w’ibinyabutabire byakozwe mu macupa ya Erlenmeyer ya mL 500 arimo mL 200 z’amavuta ya Bushnell Haas yanduye yongewemo 1% by’amavuta ya karuboni nk’isoko yonyine ya karuboni. Mbere yo korora Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) yatewe inshinge hanyuma iterwa ku gikoresho cyo gushyushya ku bushyuhe bwa 37°C, 200 rpm mu gihe cy’iminsi 7. Nyuma yo koroshya, ibinyabutabire byakuwemo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ibinyabutabire kuri 3400 × g mu gihe cy’iminota 20 kuri 4°C, hanyuma supernatant yavuyemo ikoreshwa mu gusuzuma. Uburyo bwo kunoza no kumenya ibinyabutabire byakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi bwacu bwa mbere26.
Udukoko twa Culex quinquefasciatus twakuwe mu Kigo cy’Ubushakashatsi Buhanitse mu Binyabuzima byo mu Nyanja (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (Ubuhinde). Udukoko twororerwaga mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki byuzuyemo amazi yakuwemo iyoni ku bushyuhe bwa 27 ± 2°C n’igihe cyo kuringaniza ikirere cya 12:12 (icyoroheje: umwijima). Udukoko twakuwemo imyumbati twahawe 10% bya glucose.
Udukoko twa Culex quinquefasciatus twabonetse mu bigega by’amazi bifunguye kandi bitarinzwe. Koresha amabwiriza asanzwe yo gushyira mu byiciro kugira ngo umenye kandi umenye udukoko muri laboratwari85. Igerageza ry’imiti yica udukoko ryakozwe hakurikijwe inama z’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Ubuzima 86. SH. Udukoko twa kane tw’inkoko twa quinquefasciatus twakusanyijwe mu miyoboro ifunze mu matsinda ya mililitiro 25 na mililitiro 50 hamwe n’aho umwuka ugera kuri bibiri bya gatatu by’ubushobozi bwatwo. Umuyoboro wa biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) wongewe kuri buri muyoboro ukwawo maze ubikwa kuri 25 °C. Umuyoboro wo kugenzura wakoreshaga amazi yaciwe gusa (50 ml). Udukoko twapfuye twafatwaga nk’utwo tutagaragaje ibimenyetso byo koga mu gihe cyo gutwikirwa (amasaha 12–48) 87. Gerageza kubara ijanisha ry’impfu z’udukoko ukoresheje ikigereranyo. (1)88.
Umuryango wa Odontotermitidae urimo inyenzi zo mu Buhinde zo mu bwoko bwa Odontotermes obesus, ziboneka mu biti bibora muri Kaminuza y'Ubuhinzi (Annamalai University, mu Buhinde). Gerageza iyi biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) ukoresheje uburyo busanzwe kugira ngo umenye niba ari mbi. Nyuma yo kuma mu mwuka utemba mu minota 30, buri gapande k'impapuro za Whatman kasizwe biosurfactant ku gipimo cya 30, 40, cyangwa 50 mg/ml. Udupapuro tw'impapuro twari twarasizwe mbere n'utwo tutarasizwe twageragejwe kandi tugereranywa hagati mu isahani ya Petri. Buri sahani ya petri irimo inyenzi zigera kuri mirongo itatu zikora O. obesus. Inyenzi zo kugenzura no kugerageza zahawe impapuro zitose nk'isoko y'ibiribwa. Amasahani yose yabikwaga ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba mu gihe cyose cyo kuyishyiramo. Inyenzi zapfuye nyuma y'amasaha 12, 24, 36 na 4889,90. Ikigereranyo cya 1 cyakoreshejwe mu gupima ijanisha ry'impfu z'inyenzi ku gipimo gitandukanye cya biosurfactant. (2).
Ingero zabitswe ku rubura hanyuma zishyirwa mu miyoboro mito irimo mililitiro 100 za 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) hanyuma zoherezwa muri Laboratwari Nkuru y’Ubuhinzi bw’Amazi (CAPL) y’Ikigo cya Rajiv Gandhi cy’Ubuhinzi bw’Amazi (RGCA). Laboratwari y’Ubuhinzi, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. Akarere, Tamil Nadu, mu Buhinde kugira ngo zikorerwe isesengura rirambuye. Ingero zahise zishyirwa muri 4% ya paraformaldehyde kuri 37°C mu gihe cy’amasaha 48.
Nyuma yo gufunga, ibikoresho byogejwe inshuro eshatu hakoreshejwe 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), bigashyirwa mu ethanol buhoro buhoro hanyuma byinjizwa muri LEICA resin mu gihe cy'iminsi 7. Hanyuma ibintu bishyirwa mu ibumba rya pulasitiki ryuzuyemo resin na polymerizer, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu itanura rishyushye kugeza kuri 37°C kugeza igihe agace karimo ibintu kamaze guhindurwa polymer burundu.
Nyuma yo gupima, uduce twaciwe hakoreshejwe microtome ya LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) kugeza ku bugari bwa mm 3. Ibice bishyizwe mu matsinda ku duce, hamwe n'ibice bitandatu kuri buri duce. Uduce twarumitswe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, hanyuma dusigwa na hematoxylin mu gihe cy'iminota 7 hanyuma twozwa n'amazi atemba mu gihe cy'iminota 4. Byongeye kandi, shyira umuti wa eosin ku ruhu mu gihe cy'iminota 5 hanyuma woze n'amazi atemba mu gihe cy'iminota 5.
Uburozi bukabije bwarahanuwe hakoreshejwe ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi byo mu turere dutandukanye two mu turere dushyuha: ifi ikora amasaha 96 LC50, D. magna LC50 ikora amasaha 48, na algae ikora amasaha 96 EC50. Uburozi bw'ibinyabutabire bya rhamnolipide ku mafi n'algae ikora bwapimwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya ECOSAR verisiyo ya 2.2 ya Windows yakozwe n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika. (Iboneka kuri interineti kuri https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Ibizamini byose byo gusuzuma ibikorwa byo kwica udukoko no kurwanya inyenzi byakozwe mu byiciro bitatu. Imibare y’impfu z’udukoko n’iz’inyenzi yakozwe kugira ngo harebwe igipimo cy’uburozi bw’ibiceri (LC50) hamwe n’igihe cy’icyizere cya 95%, kandi imiterere y’igipimo yakozwe hakoreshejwe Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ubushobozi bw'udukoko twa mikorobe twakozwe na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 nk'udukoko twangiza imibu n'udukoko, kandi ubu bushakashatsi buzagira uruhare mu gusobanukirwa neza uburyo udukoko twangiza imibu n'udukoko twangiza imibu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku dukoko twavuwe n'udukoko twangiza imibu bwagaragaje ko inzira y'igifu yangiritse, mu nda, mu bwonko no mu mara yangiritse cyane. Ibisubizo: Isuzuma ry'uburozi ku mikorere ya rhamnolipide biosurfactant yakozwe na Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ryagaragaje ko iyi isolate ari umuti wica udukoko ushobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara z'imibu (Cx quinquefasciatus) n'udukoko (O. obesus). Hakenewe gusobanukirwa uburozi bw'udukoko twangiza imibu n'ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'ibidukikije. Ubu bushakashatsi butanga ishingiro rya siyansi ryo gusuzuma ingaruka z'udukoko twangiza imibu ku bidukikije.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-09-2024