Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe no kwihutisha iterambere ry’imijyi no kwihutisha iterambere ry’ubutaka, abakozi bo mu cyaro biyongereye cyane mu mijyi, kandi ibura ry’abakozi ryarushijeho kugaragara, bigatuma ikiguzi cy’abakozi cyiyongera; kandi umubare w’abagore mu bakozi wiyongera uko umwaka utashye, kandi imirimo isanzwe ikoreshwa cyane Imiti ihura n’imbogamizi. Cyane cyane iyo ikomeje gushyira mu bikorwa imiti yica udukoko no kongera imikorere myiza, ishobora kunoza umuvuduko w’ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko, ikagabanya akazi, kandi ikazana amahirwe meza yo guteza imbere imiti igabanya abakozi hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyikoresha. Imiti igabanya abakozi kandi igabanya abakozi nk’ibitonyanga, utubuto two mu mazi, amavuta akwirakwiza filime, utubuto twa U, na microcapsules byabaye ahantu hakunze kugaragara ubushakashatsi mu nganda mu myaka yashize, bitanga amahirwe meza yo kwiteza imbere. Iterambere ryabyo n’ikoreshwa ryabyo byagiye byigarurira isoko rinini mu mirima y’umuceri, harimo n’ibihingwa bimwe na bimwe bitanga umusaruro, kandi amahirwe ni manini cyane.
Iterambere ry'imyiteguro yo kuzigama abakozi ririmo kugenda rirushaho kuba ryiza
Mu myaka icumi ishize, ikoranabuhanga ryo mu gihugu cyanjye ryo gukora imiti yica udukoko ryageze ku iterambere ryihuse, kandi icyerekezo cy’iterambere ryo kubungabunga ibidukikije cyarushijeho kugaragara; kunoza imikorere, kwibanda ku mutekano w’ibidukikije, no kugabanya ingano no kongera imikorere ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo guteza imbere.
Uburyo bwo kugabanya abakozi ni udushya mu gukora imiti ikoreshwa mu kugabanya abakozi dukurikiza iyo gahunda. By'umwihariko, ubushakashatsi ku miti ikoreshwa mu kugabanya abakozi busobanura ko abayikora bashobora kuzigama amasaha y'abakozi n'akazi mu bikorwa byo gukoresha imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura udukoko binyuze mu buryo butandukanye, ni ukuvuga kwiga uburyo bwo gukoresha uburyo bwo kugabanya abakozi no kuzigama abakozi kugira ngo bashyireho vuba kandi neza ibintu bikora imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura udukoko. Shyira ku gice cy'ibihingwa.
Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, Ubuyapani ni cyo gihugu kiri mu nzira y’amajyambere yihuta mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzigama imiti yica udukoko, gikurikirwa na Koreya y’Epfo. Iterambere ry’imiti igabanya ubukana bw’abakozi ryanyuze mu bikorwa bitatu by’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere kuva ku duce duto kugeza ku duce duto, imiti ishyuha, imiti itemba, hanyuma kugeza ku miti ikwirakwiza amavuta, uduce duto duto, na U.
Mu myaka icumi ishize, imiti yica udukoko yateye imbere cyane mu gihugu cyanjye, kandi iterambere n'ikoranabuhanga ry'imiti ijyanye nayo byakomeje gutezwa imbere no gukoreshwa mu bihingwa bigaragazwa n'imirima y'umuceri. Kuri ubu, imiti yica udukoko itera udukoko ikoreshwa mu miti irimo amavuta akwirakwiza filime, utunyangingo duto, utunyangingo twa U, utunyangingo duto, imiti ikwirakwiza amazi ku buso, imiti itera umwuka mwinshi (ibinini), utunyangingo tunini, utunyangingo twinshi, imiti itera umwotsi, imiti itera ibishuhe, nibindi.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, umubare w'imiti igabanya abakozi yanditswe mu gihugu cyanjye wiyongereye buri mwaka. Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2021, Ikigo gishinzwe amakuru ku miti yo mu Bushinwa kigaragaza ko hari ibicuruzwa 24 byanditswe by'udusimba tunini mu gihugu cyanjye, ibicuruzwa 10 by'amavuta akwirakwiza firime, ikintu 1 cyanditswe cy'umuti ukwirakwiza amazi hejuru y'amazi, ibintu 146 bitanga umwotsi, ibintu 262 bitanga umwotsi, n'ibinini bitanga umwotsi. Ibinini 17 n'imiti 303 ya microcapsule.
Mingde Lida, Zhongbao Lunong, Xin'an Chemical, Shaanxi Thompson, Shandong Kesaiji Nong, Chengdu Xinchaoyang, Shaanxi Xiannong, Jiangxi Zhongxun, Shandong Xianda, Hunan Dafang, Anhui Huaxing Chemical, nibindi byose biri kuriyi nzira. 'Umuyobozi.
Amategura akoreshwa cyane mu kugabanya abakozi mu mirima y'umuceri
Kuvuga ko gutegura kugabanya abakozi ari byo bikoreshwa cyane, kandi uburyo bwa tekiniki bukaba bugeze ku rwego rwo hejuru, biracyari umurima w’ubuhinzi.
Imirima y'umuceri ni ibihingwa bikoreshwa cyane mu gutegura ibiryo bigabanya abakozi mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Nyuma y'iterambere ryakozwe mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubwoko bw'ibipimo by'ibiryo bigabanya abakozi bikoreshwa mu mirima y'umuceri mu gihugu cyanjye ni amavuta akwirakwiza firime, utubumbe duto duto n'utubumbe duto dutanyagurika ku mazi (U granules). Muri byo, amavuta akwirakwiza firime ni yo akoreshwa cyane.
Amavuta akwirakwiza firime ni ubwoko bw'ingano aho umuti wica udukoko wa mbere ushongeshwa mu mavuta. By'umwihariko, ni amavuta akorwa no kongeramo ikintu cyihariye gikwirakwiza no gukwirakwiza mu mavuta asanzwe. Iyo akoreshejwe, ajugunywa mu murima w'umuceri kugira ngo akwirakwizwe, kandi nyuma yo gukwirakwizwa, akwirakwizwa ku mazi ubwayo kugira ngo agire ingaruka nziza. Kuri ubu, ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo nka 4% by'amavuta akwirakwiza firime ya thifur·azoxystrobin, 8% by'amavuta akwirakwiza firime ya thiazide, 1% by'amavuta akwirakwiza firime ya spirulina ethanolamine, nibindi, bikoreshwa mu gutonyanga, ibyo bikaba byoroshye cyane. Imiterere y'amavuta akwirakwiza firime irimo ibintu bikora, surfactants, n'amavuta asukura, kandi ibipimo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge birimo ingano y'ibintu bikora, pH, imbaraga z'ubuso, imbaraga z'ubuso, ubushuhe, umuvuduko wo gukwirakwizwa, agace gakwirakwizwa, ubushyuhe buke, ububiko bw'ubushyuhe.
Uduce duto two mu mazi ni ubwoko bushya bw'imiti yica udukoko ireremba ku mazi nyuma yo gushyirwa mu mazi, igakwirakwira vuba ku mazi yose, hanyuma igasenyuka ikagera mu mazi. Ibice byayo ahanini birimo ibintu bikora imiti yica udukoko, ibikoresho bifasha mu kuzura udukoko, ibikoresho bifunga, ibikoresho bikwirakwiza udukoko, nibindi. Imiterere y'uduce duto two mu mazi irimo ibintu bikora, ibikoresho bifasha mu kuzura udukoko, n'ibikoresho bifasha mu kuzura udukoko, kandi ibipimo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge byayo birimo imiterere, igihe cyo gusenyuka, umuvuduko wo kuzura udukoko, intera yo gukwirakwira, umuvuduko wo gusenyuka, n'umuvuduko wo gusenyuka.
Uduce twa U tugizwe n'ibintu bikora, ibintu bitwara, ibyo gufunga n'ibintu bikwirakwiza. Iyo dukoreshejwe mu mirima y'umuceri, utwo duce duhagarara ku butaka by'agateganyo, hanyuma utwo duce dusubira kureremba. Amaherezo, ikintu gikora kirashonga kandi kigakwirakwira mu mpande zose ku buso bw'amazi. Iterambere rya mbere ryabaye gutegura cypermethrin kugira ngo irwanye udusimba two mu mazi y'umuceri. Ibigize U duce dukubiyemo ibintu bikora, ibintu bitwara, ibyo gufunga, n'ibintu bikwirakwiza, kandi ibipimo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwabyo birimo imiterere, igihe cyo gutangira kureremba, igihe cyo kurangiza kureremba, intera yo gukwirakwira, igipimo cyo gusenyuka, no gusenyuka.
Nk’uko abahanga mu nganda babitangaza, Ubuyapani na Koreya y'Epfo byateje imbere ikoreshwa rya U granules na floating granules ku rwego runini, ariko hari ubushakashatsi buke mu gihugu, kandi nta bicuruzwa bifitanye isano nabyo byashyizwe ku isoko kugeza ubu. Ariko, bikekwa ko hazabaho granules zigenda ku isoko mu Bushinwa mu gihe cya vuba. Muri icyo gihe, granules zimwe na zimwe zisanzwe zo ku mazi cyangwa ibinini bigenda biguruka bizasimbuzwa mu miti ikoreshwa mu murima w'umuceri, ibi bizatuma hakoreshwa byinshi mu murima w'umuceri wo mu rugo. Abahinzi bungukira ku buryo zikoreshwa.
Amategura ya microcapsulated aba isoko rikurikira mu irushanwa mu nganda
Mu byiciro by’imyitozo yo kuzigama abakozi, imyitozo yo mu bwoko bwa microcapsules ni yo yibanzweho cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha n’inganda.
Ikoreshwa rya microcapsule suspension (CS) risobanura uburyo bwo gutera imiti yica udukoko bukoresha ibikoresho bya polymeri byakozwe cyangwa karemano kugira ngo bukore igikoresho cy’ibanze cy’ibumba, bugapfuka umuti wica udukoko muri wo, hanyuma bugashyirwa mu mazi. Bugizwe n’ibice bibiri, igishishwa cya capsule n’inkingi ya capsule, igice cy’imbere cy’ibumba ni ikintu gikora mu miti yica udukoko, kandi igishishwa cya capsule ni ibikoresho bya polymeri bikora filime. Ikoranabuhanga rya microencapsulation ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu mahanga, harimo imiti yica udukoko n’imiti yica udukoko, byatsinze ibibazo bya tekiniki n’ibiciro, kandi byanatejwe imbere cyane mu Bushinwa mu myaka ya vuba aha. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo cy’itangazamakuru rya China Pesticide, kugeza ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2021, umubare w’ibicuruzwa bya microencapsulated byanditswe mu gihugu cyanjye byose hamwe byari 303, kandi imiti yanditswe irimo 245 microcapsule suspensions, 33 microcapsule suspensions, n’imbuto microcapsule suspensions. Uduce 11 tw’umusemburo, utundi duce 8 two gusunika imbuto, ifu 3 za microcapsule, uduce 7 twa microcapsule, microcapsule 1, na emulsion 1 y’amazi yo gusunika ya microcapsule.
Bigaragara ko umubare w'imiti ya microcapsule yanditswe mu mategura ya microcapsule yo mu rugo ari wo munini, kandi ubwoko bw'imiti yanditswe ni mike, bityo hakaba hari umwanya munini wo kuyitera imbere.
Liu Runfeng, umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere cya Yunfa Biological Group, yavuze ko uduce duto tw’imiti yica udukoko, nk’umuti urinda ibidukikije, dufite ibyiza byo kugira ingaruka nziza ku gihe, umutekano no kurengera ibidukikije. Imwe muri zo ni ahantu hakunze kugaragara ubushakashatsi mu myaka ya vuba aha, kandi ni n’ahantu hashya ho mu misozi miremire abakora imiti bashobora guhangana. Kuri ubu, ubushakashatsi bw’imbere mu gihugu ku duce duto bwibanze cyane muri za kaminuza n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi bya siyansi, kandi ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze bw’inyigisho burambuye. Kubera ko hari imbogamizi nyinshi za tekiniki mu ikorwa ry’itegurwa rya microcapsule, munsi ya 100 mu by’ukuri ni zo zigurishwa, kandi nta n’imwe mu mitegurire ya microcapsule ihari mu Bushinwa. Ibicuruzwa bya capsule ni ibigo bitegura imiti yica udukoko bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibindi.
Mu irushanwa rikomeye ririho ku isoko, uretse kuba amasosiyete ashaje y’abanyamahanga mu mitima y’Abashinwa ahora ari mu mitima y’Abashinwa, amasosiyete ahanga udushya yo mu gihugu nka Mingde Lida, Hailier, Lier, na Guangxi Tianyuan yishingikiriza ku bwiza kugira ngo ace mu kaga. Muri bo, Mingde Lida yavumbuye igitekerezo cy’uko ibicuruzwa by’Abashinwa bitari byiza nk’amasosiyete y’abanyamahanga ari muri uru rugendo.
Liu Runfeng yasobanuye ko ikoranabuhanga rya microencapsulation ari ryo shingiro ry’irushanwa rya Mindleader. Mindleader yakoze ibintu nka beta-cyhalothrin, metolachlor, prochloraz, na abamectin: Hari ibicuruzwa birenga 20 byemejwe kandi biri ku murongo kugira ngo byandikwa mu nzego enye z’ingenzi: uruhererekane rw’udukoko twa microcapsule duterwa na fungicide, uruhererekane rw’udukoko twa microcapsule duterwa na fungicide, uruhererekane rw’udukoko twa microcapsule duterwa na fungicide, uruhererekane rw’udukoko twa microcapsule duterwa na fungicide, n’uruhererekane rw’udukoko twa microcapsule duterwa n’imbuto. Ibihingwa bitandukanye byashyizwemo, nk’umuceri, indimu, imboga, ingano, pome, ibigori, pome, imizabibu, ubunyobwa, n’ibindi.
Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bya Mingde Lida byashyizwe ku rutonde cyangwa bigiye gushyirwa ku rutonde mu Bushinwa birimo Delica® (25% beta-cyhalothrin na clothianidin microcapsule suspension-suspension agent), Lishan® (45% essence Metolachlor Microcapsule Suspension), Lizao® (30% Oxadiazone·Butachlor Microcapsule Suspension), Minggong® (30% Prochloraz Microcapsule Suspension), Jinggongfu ® (23% beta-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension), Miaowanjin® (25% clothianidin·metalaxyl·fludioxonil seed treatment microcapsule suspension-suspension), Deliang® (5% Abamectin Microcapsule Suspension), Mingdaoshou® (25% Prochloraz·Blastamide Microcapsule Suspension), nibindi. Mu gihe kizaza, hazabaho uburyo bushya bwo guhuza bukozwe muri microcapsule suspension. Nyuma yo kwiyandikisha mu mahanga, ibikoresho bya Mingde Lida bya microcapsule bizagenda birushaho kwamamazwa no gukoreshwa ku isi hose.
Avuga ku bushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'imiti mito ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko mu gihe kizaza, Liu Runfeng yahishuye ko hazabaho ibyerekezo bitanu bikurikira: ① kuva ku kurekura buhoro buhoro kugeza ku kurekura mu buryo bugenzurwa; ② ibikoresho byo ku nkuta bitangiza ibidukikije aho gukoresha ibikoresho byo ku nkuta byakozwe mu buryo bw'ubukorano kugira ngo bigabanye kurekura "mikoroplastike" mu bidukikije; ③ bishingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera cya Formula ku bintu bitandukanye bikoreshwa; ④ Uburyo bwo gutegura bufite umutekano kandi butangiza ibidukikije; ⑤ Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma siyansi. Kunoza ireme ry'ibicuruzwa byo guhagarika mikorocapsule bizaba ari byo bigo bihagarariwe na Mingde Lida mu gihe kizaza.
Muri make, hamwe n’iterambere ryimbitse ryo kugabanya imiti yica udukoko no kunoza imikorere, isoko ry’ibikenewe n’ubushobozi bw’imiti igabanya abakozi bizarushaho gukoreshwa, kandi ahazaza hayo hazaba nta mupaka. Birumvikana ko hazabaho n’amasosiyete menshi yo gutegura neza muri uru rugendo, kandi irushanwa rizarushaho kuba rikomeye. Kubwibyo, abantu bo mu nganda barasaba amasosiyete yo mu gihugu gukomeza ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko, kongera ishoramari mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi, gusuzuma ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya imiti yica udukoko, guteza imbere iterambere ry’imiti igabanya abakozi, no gukorera ubuhinzi neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-05-2022