Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye ubwicanyi, ubukana, n'uburozi bw'ubucuruzicypermethrineImiti ikoreshwa mu gupima udukoko twa anuran. Mu isuzuma ry’ibanze, igipimo cya 100–800 μg/L cyapimwe mu gihe cy’amasaha 96. Mu isuzuma ry’igihe kirekire, igipimo cya cypermethrin gisanzwe (1, 3, 6, na 20 μg/L) cyapimwe kugira ngo harebwe urupfu, hakurikiraho isuzuma rya micronucleus na rémal cell rémal cells mu gihe cy’iminsi 7. LC50 y’imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima cypermethrin mu gupima udukoko yari 273.41 μg L−1. Mu isuzuma ry’igihe kirekire, igipimo kinini cyane (20 μg L−1) cyagize ingaruka ku rupfu rurenga 50%, kuko cyishe kimwe cya kabiri cy’udukoko twapimwe. Isuzuma rya micronucleus ryagaragaje ibisubizo bikomeye kuri 6 na 20 μg L−1 kandi hagaragaye indwara nyinshi za kirimbuzi, bigaragaza ko iyi miti ikoreshwa mu gupima cypermethrin ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya P. gracilis. Cypermethrin ni ibyago byinshi kuri ubu bwoko bw'ibinyabuzima, bigaragaza ko ishobora guteza ibibazo byinshi no kugira ingaruka ku mikorere y'uru rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima mu gihe gito no mu gihe kirekire. Kubwibyo, byafatwa umwanzuro ko imiti ya cypermethrin icuruzwa igira ingaruka mbi kuri P. gracilis.
Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi bukomeje kwiyongera no gukoresha cyanekurwanya udukokoingamba, inyamaswa zo mu mazi zikunze guhura n’imiti yica udukoko1,2. Kwanduza umutungo w’amazi hafi y’imirima y’ubuhinzi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku iterambere n’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima bitari ibyabo nk’inyamaswa zo mu mazi.
Inyamaswa zo mu mazi zigenda zirushaho kuba ingenzi mu gusuzuma ibidukikije. Inyamaswa zo mu mazi zifatwa nk'izigaragaza neza ihumana ry'ibidukikije bitewe n'imiterere yazo yihariye nko kubaho mu buryo bugoye, gukura kw'uduheri vuba, imiterere y'ikirere, uruhu rushobora kwinjira mu mazi10,11, kwishingikiriza ku mazi mu kororoka12 n'amagi adakingiye11,13,14. Inyamaswa nto yo mu mazi (Physalaemus gracilis), izwi cyane nka inkeri irira, byagaragaye ko ari ubwoko bw'ihumana ry'imiti yica udukoko4,5,6,7,15. Ubwoko bw'iyi nyamaswa buboneka mu mazi ahagaze, ahantu harinzwe cyangwa ahantu hatandukanye ho gutura muri Arijantine, Urugwai, Paraguay na Brezili1617 kandi bufatwa nk'ubuhamye n'itsinda rya IUCN bitewe n'uko bukwirakwira cyane kandi bukihanganira ahantu hatandukanye18.
Ingaruka mbi zagaragaye mu nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa amphibian nyuma yo kwandura cypermethrin, harimo impinduka mu myitwarire, imiterere n'ibinyabutabire mu miterere y'uturemangingo23,24,25, impinduka mu rupfu no mu gihe cyo guhinduka kw'uturemangingo, impinduka mu by'imitsi, kugabanuka kw'intsinzi yo gusohora uturemangingo24,25, gukora cyane26, gukumira imikorere ya kolinesterase27 n'impinduka mu mikorere yo koga7,28. Ariko, ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za cypermethrin mu nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa amphibian ni nke. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gusuzuma uburyo ubwoko bwa anuran bushobora kwanduzwa na cypermethrin.
Umwanda wo kwangiza ibidukikije ugira ingaruka ku mikurire n'iterambere bisanzwe by'inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa amphibian, ariko ingaruka mbi cyane ni ukwangirika kwa ADN guterwa n'imiti yica udukoko13. Isesengura ry'imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'amaraso ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'umwanda n'uburozi bushobora kuba ku binyabuzima ku bwoko bw'inyamaswa zo mu gasozi29. Ikizamini cya mikoronucleus ni bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu kumenya uburozi bw'ibinyabutabire mu bidukikije30. Ni uburyo bwihuse, bufite akamaro kandi buhendutse, bukaba ari ikimenyetso cyiza cy'umwanda w'ibinyabutabire ku binyabuzima nka amphibian31,32 kandi bushobora gutanga amakuru ku bijyanye no guhura n'imyanda ihumanya ibidukikije33.
Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma ubushobozi bw'uburozi bw'imiti ya cypermethrin icuruzwa ku dusimba duto two mu mazi hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya micronucleus no gusuzuma ingaruka z'ibidukikije.
Impfu z’abantu benshi (%) z’ibihumyo bya P. gracilis byagaragaye ku rugero rutandukanye rwa cypermethrin icuruzwa mu gihe cy’ikizamini gikomeye.
Impfu z’abantu benshi (%) z’ibihumyo bya P. gracilis byagaragaye ku rugero rutandukanye rwa cypermethrin icuruzwa mu gihe cy’ikizamini cy’igihe kirekire.
Impfu nyinshi zagaragaye zatewe n’ingaruka mbi za genotoxic mu nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa amphibian zagaragaye ku gipimo gitandukanye cya cypermethrin (6 na 20 μg / L), nk'uko bigaragazwa no kuba hari micronuclei (MN) n'ibitagenda neza mu miyoboro y'amaraso. Iremwa rya MN rigaragaza amakosa mu mitose kandi rijyana no gufatana nabi kwa chromosomes kuri microtubules, inenge mu miyoboro ya poroteyine ituma chromosome yinjira kandi ikagenda, amakosa mu gutandukanya chromosomes n'amakosa mu gusana ADN yangiritse38,39 kandi bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n'umuvuduko wa oxidative uterwa n'imiti40,41. Hari ibindi bintu bitagenda neza byagaragaye ku gipimo cyose cyasuzumwe. Kongera ingano ya cypermethrin byongera ibitagenda neza mu miyoboro y'amaraso ku kigero cya 5% na 20% ku gipimo gito cyane (1 μg / L) n'igipimo cyo hejuru cyane (20 μg / L). Urugero, impinduka muri ADN y'ubwoko runaka zishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku kubaho igihe gito no kirekire, bigatuma umubare w'ibinyabuzima ugabanuka, ubuzima bwo kubyara buhinduka, amoko y'ibinyabuzima biva mu muryango umwe, gutakaza ubwoko butandukanye bw'uturemangingo, no guhinduka k'umuvuduko w'ubwimukira. Ibi bintu byose bishobora kugira ingaruka ku kubaho no kubungabunga amoko42,43. Iremwa ry'uturemangingo tw'amaraso rishobora kugaragaza ko hari ikibazo muri cytokinesis, bigatera kwigabanya kudasanzwe kw'uturemangingo (erythrocytes zigizwe na binucleated)44,45; nuclei zifite imigozi myinshi ni uduce tw'urukiramende rw'amaraso rufite utwo turemangingo twinshi46, mu gihe ubundi busembwa bwa erythrocytes bushobora kuba bufitanye isano no kongera ADN, nk'impyiko/blebs za nucleic47. Kuba hari utwo turemangingo dufite imigozi bishobora kugaragaza ko ogisijeni idakora neza, cyane cyane mu mazi yanduye48,49. Apoptosis igaragaza ko uturemangingo twapfuye50.
Ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ingaruka za cypermethrin ku burozi bwa genositike. Kabaña n'abandi.51 bagaragaje ko hari impinduka za mikoronuklei na nuclei nk'uturemangingo twa binukleti na apoptotike mu turemangingo twa Odontophrynus americanus nyuma yo guhura n'ubwinshi bwa cypermethrin (5000 na 10.000 μg L−1) mu gihe cy'amasaha 96. Apoptosis iterwa na Cypermethrin nayo yagaragaye muri P. biligonigerus52 na Rhinella arenarum53. Ibi byavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko cypermethrin igira ingaruka za genositike ku binyabuzima bitandukanye byo mu mazi kandi ko isuzuma rya MN na ENA rishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy'ingaruka mbi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi kandi rishobora gukoreshwa ku binyabuzima kavukire n'inyamaswa zo mu gasozi zihura n'ibintu bihumanya12.
Imiti ya cypermethrin ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi itera ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije (byaba ari acute cyangwa chronic), aho HQ irenga urugero rwa US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)54 bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima iyo bihari mu bidukikije. Mu isuzuma ry’ingaruka zidakira, NOEC ku rupfu yari 3 μg L−1, yemeza ko ingano iboneka mu mazi ishobora guteza ingorane ku bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima55. NOEC yica ku binyabuzima bya R. arenarum byahuye n’uruvange rwa endosulfan na cypermethrin yari 500 μg L−1 nyuma y’amasaha 168; iki gipimo cyaragabanutse kigera kuri 0.0005 μg L−1 nyuma y’amasaha 336. Abanditsi bagaragaza ko uko bimara igihe kirekire, niko ingano yangiza ibinyabuzima igabanuka. Ni ngombwa kandi kugaragaza ko agaciro ka NOEC kari hejuru ugereranyije n’aka P. gracilis mu gihe kimwe cyo guhura n’ibinyabuzima, bigaragaza ko uburyo ubwoko bwitabira cypermethrin bushingiye ku bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima. Byongeye kandi, ku bijyanye n'impfu, agaciro ka CHQ ka P. gracilis nyuma yo kwandura cypermethrin kageze kuri 64.67, kari hejuru y'agaciro kagenwe n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cya Amerika54, kandi agaciro ka CHQ k'udukoko twa R. arenarum na ko kari hejuru y'aka gaciro (CHQ > 388.00 nyuma y'amasaha 336), bigaragaza ko imiti yica udukoko yakozweho ubushakashatsi itera ibyago byinshi ku bwoko bwinshi bw'udukoko two mu mazi. Dukurikije ko P. gracilis ifata iminsi hafi 30 kugira ngo ihinduke56, byafatwa umwanzuro ko ingano ya cypermethrin yizwe ishobora kugira uruhare mu kugabanuka kw'abaturage mu kubuza abantu banduye kwinjira mu cyiciro cy'abantu bakuru cyangwa cy'imyororokere bakiri bato.
Mu isuzuma ry’ibyago byakozwe ku mikorobe n’ibindi bintu bidafite akamaro mu mubiri, agaciro ka CHQ kari hagati ya 14.92 na 97.00, bigaragaza ko cypermethrin ishobora guteza akaga gashobora kwangiza P. gracilis ndetse no mu buzima bwayo busanzwe. Ukurikije impfu, igipimo ntarengwa cy’ibinyabutabire bya xenobiotic byihanganirwa na P. gracilis cyari 4.24 μg L−1. Ariko, igipimo kiri hasi cya 1 μg/L nacyo cyagaragaje ingaruka za genotoxic. Ibi bishobora gutuma umubare w’ibinyabuzima bidasanzwe wiyongera57 kandi bigira ingaruka ku iterambere n’ubwiyongere bw’ibinyabuzima mu buzima bwabyo, bigatuma umubare w’inyamaswa zo mu mazi ugabanuka.
Imiti yica udukoko ya cypermethrin yagurishijwe mu bucuruzi yagaragaje uburozi bwinshi bukabije kandi buhoraho kuri P. gracilis. Igipimo cy’impfu nyinshi cyagaragaye, gishobora kuba giterwa n’ingaruka z’uburozi, nk’uko byagaragajwe no kuba hari ibintu bidasanzwe bya mikorobe na erythrocyte, cyane cyane nucleus ifite ibice binini, nucleus ifite ibice binini, na nucleus ya vesicular. Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bwakoreweho ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ingaruka nyinshi ku bidukikije, haba mu buryo butunguranye cyangwa mu buryo burambye. Aya makuru, hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’itsinda ryacu ry’ubushakashatsi, yagaragaje ko n’imiti itandukanye ya cypermethrin yagurishijwe mu bucuruzi yateraga kugabanuka kwa acetylcholinesterase (AChE) na butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ndetse n’umuvuduko wa oxidative58, kandi byateje impinduka mu koga no mu kanwa59 muri P. gracilis, bigaragaza ko imiterere ya cypermethrin yagurishijwe mu bucuruzi ifite uburozi bwinshi kandi bwica kuri ubu bwoko. Hartmann et al. 60 basanze imiti ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi ya cypermethrin ari yo ihumanya cyane P. gracilis n'ubundi bwoko bw'ubwoko bumwe (P. cuvieri) ugereranije n'indi miti icyenda yica udukoko. Ibi bigaragaza ko ingano yemewe n'amategeko ya cypermethrin mu kurengera ibidukikije ishobora gutera impfu nyinshi no kugabanuka k'umubare mu gihe kirekire.
Hakenewe ubundi bushakashatsi kugira ngo hasuzumwe uburozi bw’umuti wica udukoko ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi, kuko ubwinshi buboneka mu bidukikije bushobora gutera impfu nyinshi kandi bugatera P. gracilis ibyago. Ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi bukwiye gushishikarizwa, kuko amakuru kuri ibi binyabuzima ari make cyane, cyane cyane ku binyabuzima byo muri Brezili.
Ikizamini cy’uburozi budakira cyamaze amasaha 168 (iminsi 7) mu bihe bidahinduka kandi igipimo cy’uburozi cyari: 1, 3, 6 na 20 μg ai L−1. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi bwombi, inkende 10 kuri buri tsinda ry’ubuvuzi zasuzumwe hamwe n’inkende esheshatu, ku buryo inkende 60 kuri buri gipimo. Hagati aho, uburyo bwo kuvura amazi gusa bwabaye nk'uburyo bwo kugenzura nabi. Buri gipimo cy’igerageza cyari kigizwe n’isahani y’ikirahure idafite uburozi ifite ubushobozi bwa mililitiro 500 n’ubucucike bwa nkende 1 kuri mililitiro 50 z’umuti. Icupa ryari ritwikiriwe na poliyetinamu kugira ngo ridahumeka kandi ryakomezaga guhumeka umwuka.
Amazi yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe imiti kugira ngo hamenyekane ingano y’imiti yica udukoko ku masaha 0, 96, na 168. Nk’uko Sabin et al. 68 na Martins et al. 69 babivuga, isesengura ryakorewe muri Laboratwari yo gusesengura imiti yica udukoko (LARP) ya Kaminuza ya Leta ya Santa Maria hakoreshejwe gaze chromatography ihujwe na triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian model 1200, Palo Alto, California, USA). Igenwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu mazi rigaragazwa nk’ibikoresho by’inyongera (Imbonerahamwe ya SM1).
Ku ikizamini cya mikoronucleus (MNT) n'ikizamini cya RNA cy'ubusumbane bw'uturemangingo dutukura, hasesenguwe udukoko 15 twavuye muri buri tsinda ry'ubuvuzi. Udukoko twatewe ikinya hifashishijwe 5% ya lidocaine (50 mg g-170) kandi amaraso yakusanyijwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutobora umutima hakoreshejwe inshinge za heparinized. Amaraso yakozwe ku dukoko twa microscope, yumishwa mu mwuka, ashyirwaho 100% methanol (4 °C) mu gihe cy'iminota 2, hanyuma ashyirwaho 10% ya Giemsa solution mu gihe cy'iminota 15 mu mwijima. Mu mpera z'igikorwa, udukoko twogejwe n'amazi meza kugira ngo haveho ibara ryinshi hanyuma twumishwe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
Nibura RBC 1000 zo muri buri nyoni zasesenguwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya 100 × ifite intego ya 71 kugira ngo hamenyekane niba MN na ENA zihari. RBC 75.796 zo muri nyoni zasesenguwe hashingiwe ku ngano ya cypermethrin n'uburyo bwo kugenzura. Uburozi bwa genotocide bwasesenguwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwa Carrasco et al. na Fenech et al.38,72 hagenwa inshuro z'ibisebe bya nuclear bikurikira: (1) uturemangingo twa anucleate: uturemangingo tudafite nuclei; (2) uturemangingo twa apoptotic: gucikamo ibice bya nuclei, gupfa kw'uturemangingo; (3) uturemangingo twa binucleate: uturemangingo dufite nuclei ebyiri; (4) utubuto twa nuclei cyangwa uturemangingo twa bleb: uturemangingo dufite nuclei dufite uduce duto tw'urukiramende rwa nuclei, blebs zisa n'uturemangingo twa micronuclei; (5) uturemangingo twa karyolyzed: uturemangingo dufite gusa imiterere y'uturemangingo tudafite ibintu by'imbere; (6) uturemangingo twacitse: uturemangingo dufite nuclei zifite imiturire igaragara cyangwa uduce duto mu ishusho yatwo, twitwa nuclei imeze nk'impyiko; (7) uturemangingo twa lobed: uturemangingo dufite imiterere ya nuclei nini kurusha utundi twavuzwe haruguru; na (8) uturemangingo duto: uturemangingo dufite nuclei zifunze hamwe na cytoplasme yagabanutse. Impinduka zagereranyijwe n'ibyavuye mu igenzura ribi.
Ibisubizo by’ibizamini by’uburozi bw’akaga (LC50) byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya GBasic na TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber method74. Amakuru y’ibizamini by’igihe kirekire yapimwe mbere kugira ngo harebwe niba hari amakosa asanzwe (Shapiro-Wilks) na homogeneity of variance (Bartlett). Ibisubizo byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe bwo gusesengura itandukaniro (ANOVA). Ikizamini cya Tukey cyakoreshejwe mu kugereranya amakuru hagati yabo, naho ikizamini cya Dunnett cyakoreshejwe mu kugereranya amakuru hagati y’itsinda ry’ubuvuzi n’itsinda ry’abagenzurwa n’abatari basanzwe.
Amakuru ya LOEC na NOEC yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya Dunnett. Ibizamini by'ibarurishamibare byakozwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft) bifite urwego rw'uburemere rwa 95% (p < 0.05).
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-13-2025