Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye ubwicanyi, ubwicanyi, n'uburozi bw'ubucuruzicypermethrinibisobanuro kuri anuran tadpoles. Mu kizamini gikaze, ubushakashatsi bwa 100-800 μg / L bwageragejwe kuri 96 h. Mu kizamini cya karande, ibisanzwe byitwa cypermethrine (1, 3, 6, na 20 μg / L) byapimwe ku rupfu, hakurikiraho kwipimisha micronucleus no gutukura kwa selile itukura mu minsi 7. LC50 yubucuruzi bwa cypermethrine yubucuruzi kuri tadpole yari 273.41 μg L - 1. Mu kizamini cya karande, kwibanda cyane (20 μg L - 1) byatumye abantu bapfa barenga 50%, kuko byishe kimwe cya kabiri cya tadpole zapimwe. Ikizamini cya micronucleus cyerekanye ibisubizo bigaragara kuri 6 na 20 μg L - 1 kandi hagaragaye ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe bya kirimbuzi, byerekana ko ubucuruzi bwa cypermethrine bw’ubucuruzi bufite ubushobozi bwa genotoxique kuri P. gracilis. Cypermethrin ni ibyago byinshi kuri ubu bwoko, byerekana ko ishobora gutera ibibazo byinshi kandi ikagira ingaruka ku mikorere yiyi ecosystem mugihe gito kandi kirekire. Kubwibyo, dushobora kwemeza ko ubucuruzi bwa cypermethrin bugira ingaruka zuburozi kuri P. gracilis.
Bitewe no gukomeza kwagura ibikorwa byubuhinzi no gushyira mubikorwa cyanekurwanya udukokoingamba, inyamaswa zo mu mazi zikunze guhura n’imiti yica udukoko1,2. Umwanda w’amazi hafi y’imirima y’ubuhinzi urashobora kugira ingaruka ku iterambere no kubaho kw'ibinyabuzima bidafite intego nka amphibian.
Amphibians iragenda iba ingenzi mugusuzuma imibare y'ibidukikije. Anurans ifatwa nka bioindicator nziza yangiza ibidukikije bitewe nibiranga bidasanzwe nkizunguruka ryubuzima bugoye, umuvuduko ukabije wubwiyongere bukabije, imiterere yubushyuhe, uruhu rworoshye10,11, kwishingikiriza kumazi kugirango yororoke12 n'amagi adakingiwe11,13,14. Igikeri gito cyamazi (Physalaemus gracilis), bakunze kwita igikeri kirira, byagaragaye ko ari ubwoko bwa bioindicator bwangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko 4,5,6,7,15. Ubwoko buboneka mumazi ahagaze, ahantu harinzwe cyangwa ahantu hafite ahantu hatandukanye muri Arijantine, Uruguay, Paraguay na Berezile1617 kandi bifatwa nkaho bihagaze neza mubyiciro bya IUCN kubera gukwirakwizwa kwinshi no kwihanganira ahantu hatandukanye18.
Ingaruka za Sublethal zagaragaye muri amphibian nyuma yo guhura na cypermethrine, harimo imyitwarire, imyitwarire ya morfologiya na biohimiki ihinduka muri tadpoles 23,24,25, guhindura imfu nigihe cya metamorphose, ihinduka ryimisemburo, kugabanuka kubyara 24,25, hyperactivite26, kubuza ibikorwa bya cholinesterase27 nimpinduka mubikorwa byo koga7,28. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwingaruka za genotoxique ya cypermethrine muri amphibian ni nke. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa gusuzuma uburyo bworoshye bwubwoko bwa anuran kuri cypermethrine.
Umwanda w’ibidukikije ugira ingaruka ku mikurire isanzwe n’iterambere ry’amafi, ariko ingaruka mbi cyane ni iyangirika ry’irondakoko ryatewe na ADN iterwa no kwangiza udukoko 13. Isesengura ryimiterere yimitsi yamaraso ni bioindicator yingenzi yumwanda nuburozi bushobora kuba bwibinyabuzima byamoko29. Ikizamini cya micronucleus ni bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu kumenya genotoxicitike y’imiti mu bidukikije30. Nuburyo bwihuse, bukora neza kandi buhendutse nikimenyetso cyiza cyo kwanduza imiti yibinyabuzima nka amphibian 31,32 kandi birashobora gutanga amakuru kubyerekeranye no kwanduza umwanda wa genotoxique33.
Icyari kigamijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma ubushobozi bw’uburozi bwa cypermethrine y’ubucuruzi kuri tadpole yo mu mazi hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya micronucleus no gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije.
Impfu ziterwa (%) za P. gracilis tadpoles zahuye nubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa cypermethrine yubucuruzi mugihe gikomeye cyibizamini.
Impfu ziterwa (%) za P. gracilis tadpoles zahuye nubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa cypermethrine yubucuruzi mugihe cyizamini kidakira.
Imfu nyinshi zagaragaye zatewe n'ingaruka za genotoxique muri amphibian zagaragaye cyane kuri cypermethrine (6 na 20 μg / L), nkuko bigaragazwa no kuba hari micronuclei (MN) hamwe nibidasanzwe bya kirimbuzi muri erythrocytes. Ishirwaho rya MN ryerekana amakosa muri mitose kandi rifitanye isano no guhuza nabi chromosomes na microtubules, inenge ziri mu nganda za poroteyine zishinzwe gufata chromosome no gutwara, amakosa yo gutandukanya chromosome hamwe n’amakosa yo kwangiza ADN 38,39 kandi birashobora kuba bifitanye isano na piside yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza 40,41. Ibindi bidasanzwe byagaragaye kuri concentration zose zasuzumwe. Kwiyongera kwa cypermethrine byongereye ingufu za kirimbuzi muri erythrocytes kuri 5% na 20% kurwego rwo hasi (1 μg / L) hamwe na dosiye ndende (20 μg / L). Kurugero, impinduka muri ADN yubwoko zirashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima bwigihe gito nigihe kirekire, bikaviramo kugabanuka kwabaturage, guhindura imyororokere yimyororokere, kubyara, gutakaza amoko atandukanye, no guhindura umubare wimuka. Izi ngingo zose zirashobora kugira ingaruka kumoko no kubaho 42,43. Ihinduka rya erythroide idasanzwe irashobora kwerekana ihagarikwa rya cytokinesis, bikavamo igabana ridasanzwe (binucleated erythrocytes) 44,45; nuclei ninshi ni protrus ya membrane ya kirimbuzi hamwe na lobes nyinshi 46, mugihe izindi erythroide zidasanzwe zishobora kuba zifitanye isano no kongera ADN, nk'impyiko za kirimbuzi / blebs47. Kuba erythrocytes ihumeka irashobora kwerekana ko umwuka wa ogisijeni wangiritse cyane cyane mumazi yanduye 48,49. Apoptose yerekana urupfu rw'utugingo50.
Ubundi bushakashatsi nabwo bwerekanye ingaruka za genotoxique ya cypermethrine. Kabaña et.51 yerekanye ko hari micronuclei nimpinduka za kirimbuzi nka selile binucleated selile na apoptotic selile muri selile ya Odontophrynus americanus nyuma yo guhura na cypermethrine (5000 na 10,000 μg L - 1) kuri 96 h. Cypermethrin iterwa na apoptose nayo yagaragaye muri P. biligonigerus52 na Rhinella arenarum53. Ibisubizo byerekana ko cypermethrine igira ingaruka za genotoxique ku binyabuzima bitandukanye byo mu mazi kandi ko ubushakashatsi bwa MN na ENA bushobora kuba ikimenyetso cy’ingaruka ziterwa na amphibian kandi gishobora gukoreshwa ku moko kavukire ndetse n’abaturage bo mu gasozi bahura n’uburozi12.
Ubucuruzi bwa cypermethrine butera ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije (haba hakabije ndetse na karande), HQs ikarenga ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) urwego 54 rushobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku moko iyo ihari mu bidukikije. Mu isuzuma ry’ingaruka zidakira, NOEC ku rupfu yari 3 μg L - 1, yemeza ko kwibumbira mu mazi bishobora guteza ibyago amoko 55. NOEC yica kuri lisiti ya R. arenarum yahuye nuruvange rwa endosulfan na cypermethrine yari 500 μg L - 1 nyuma ya 168 h; agaciro kagabanutse kugera kuri 0.0005 μg L - 1 nyuma ya 336 h. Abanditsi berekana ko igihe kirekire kigaragara, niko kugabanuka kwangiza ubwoko. Ni ngombwa kandi kwerekana ko indangagaciro za NOEC zari zisumba izya P. gracilis mugihe kimwe cyo kwerekana, byerekana ko amoko yitabira cypermethrine ari ubwoko bwihariye. Byongeye kandi, ku bijyanye n’impfu, agaciro ka CHQ ka P. gracilis nyuma yo guhura na cypermethrine kageze kuri 64.67, kikaba kiri hejuru y’agaciro kashyizweho n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije 54, kandi agaciro ka CHQ k’ibinyomoro bya R. arenarum na byo kari hejuru y’agaciro (CHQ> 388.00 nyuma ya 336 h), byerekana ko udukoko tw’udukoko twize twangiza amphib. Urebye ko P. gracilis isaba iminsi igera kuri 30 kugirango metamorphose56 irangire, dushobora kwemeza ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na cypermethrine bushobora kugira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwabaturage mu kubuza abantu banduye kwinjira mu cyiciro cy’abakuze cyangwa imyororokere bakiri bato.
Mu isuzuma ry’imibare yabazwe kuri micronuclei nizindi erythrocyte zidasanzwe za kirimbuzi, indangagaciro za CHQ zari hagati ya 14.92 na 97.00, byerekana ko cypermethrine yari ifite ibyago bya genotoxique kuri P. gracilis ndetse no mubuturo bwaho. Urebye impfu, ubwinshi bwibintu bya xenobiotic byihanganira P. gracilis byari 4.24 μg L - 1. Nyamara, kwibanda kuri 1 μg / L nabyo byagaragaje ingaruka za genotoxique. Uku kuri kurashobora gutuma ubwiyongere bwabantu badasanzwe57 kandi bikagira ingaruka kumikurire n’imyororokere y’ibinyabuzima aho batuye, bigatuma igabanuka ry’abaturage ba amphibian.
Ubucuruzi bwa cypermethrine yica udukoko bwerekanaga uburozi bukabije kandi budakira kuri P. gracilis. Umubare munini w'impfu zagaragaye, bishoboka ko biterwa n'ingaruka z'uburozi, nk'uko bigaragazwa no kuba hari micronuclei na erythrocyte zidasanzwe za kirimbuzi, cyane cyane nuclei zanduye, nuclei lobed, na nuclei vesicular. Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bwakorewe ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ingaruka z’ibidukikije ziyongera, zikaze ndetse n’igihe kirekire. Aya makuru, afatanije nubushakashatsi bwibanze bwakozwe nitsinda ryacu ryubushakashatsi, yerekanaga ko nuburyo butandukanye bwubucuruzi bwa cypermethrine bwakomeje gutuma igabanuka rya acetylcholinesterase (AChE) na butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) hamwe na stress ya okiside 58, bikavamo impinduka mubikorwa byo koga hamwe n’imikorere mibi yo mu kanwa 59 muri P. gracilis, byerekana ko ubucuruzi bw’ubwoko bwa cypermethrine bufite uburozi bukabije. Hartmann n'abandi. 60 basanze ko ubucuruzi bwa cypermethrine aribwo bwangiza cyane P. gracilis nubundi bwoko bwubwoko bumwe (P. cuvieri) ugereranije nindi miti icyenda yica udukoko. Ibi byerekana ko kwemererwa n'amategeko byemewe na cypermethrine mu kurengera ibidukikije bishobora kuviramo impfu nyinshi no kugabanuka kwabaturage igihe kirekire.
Ubundi bushakashatsi burakenewe kugirango hamenyekane uburozi bwica udukoko twangiza amphibian, kubera ko kwibanda ku bidukikije bishobora guteza impfu nyinshi kandi bikaba bishobora guteza P. gracilis. Ubushakashatsi ku moko ya amphibian bugomba gushishikarizwa, kubera ko amakuru kuri ibyo binyabuzima ari make, cyane cyane ku bwoko bwa Berezile.
Ikizamini cyuburozi bwigihe kirekire cyamaze 168 h (iminsi 7) mubihe bihagaze kandi ibyerekezo bya sublethal byari: 1, 3, 6 na 20 μg ai L - 1. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi bwombi, tadpole 10 kuri buri tsinda ryavuwe zasuzumwe hamwe esheshatu zisubirwamo, zose hamwe 60 za tadpole kuri buri kwibanda. Hagati aho, gutunganya amazi gusa byabaye nk'igenzura ribi. Buri cyiciro cyubushakashatsi cyari kigizwe nibiryo byikirahure bidafite ubushobozi bwa ml 500 hamwe nubucucike bwa tadpole 1 kuri ml 50 yumuti. Flask yari yuzuyeho firime ya polyethylene kugirango birinde guhumeka kandi ikomeza guhumeka.
Amazi yasesenguwe mu buryo bwa shimi kugirango hamenyekane ubunini bw’udukoko kuri 0, 96, na 168 h. Ku bwa Sabin n'abandi. 68 na Martins n'abandi. 69, isesengura ryakorewe muri Laboratoire yisesengura yica udukoko (LARP) yo muri kaminuza nkuru ya Santa Maria hakoreshejwe chromatografi ya gaze ihujwe na triple quadrupole mass spectrometrie (moderi ya Varian 1200, Palo Alto, California, USA). Kugena ingano yimiti yica udukoko mumazi yerekanwa nkibikoresho byiyongera (Imbonerahamwe SM1).
Ikizamini cya micronucleus (MNT) hamwe na selile itukura ya selile idasanzwe (RNA), hasesenguwe tadpole 15 muri buri tsinda rivura. Tadpoles yatewe aneste hamwe na 5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) kandi amaraso yakusanyirijwe hamwe no gutobora umutima hakoreshejwe siringi ya heparinize ikoreshwa. Amaraso yateguwe kuri sisitemu ya microscope sterile, yumisha umwuka, ushyirwaho na methanol 100% (4 ° C) muminota 2, hanyuma ushiramo 10% ya Giemsa kuminota 15 mumwijima. Iyo gahunda irangiye, amashusho yogejwe namazi yatoboye kugirango akureho umwanda mwinshi kandi yumishijwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba.
Nibura RBCs 1000 kuri buri tadpole zasesenguwe hakoreshejwe microscope 100 × ifite intego 71 yo kumenya ko MN na ENA zihari. Hasesenguwe RBCs 75.796 ziva muri tadpoles hasuzumwe ubukana bwa cypermethrine hamwe nubugenzuzi. Genotoxicity yasesenguwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwa Carrasco n'abandi. na Fenech et al.38,72 muguhitamo inshuro ibikomere bya kirimbuzi bikurikira: (1) anucleate selile: selile idafite nuclei; (2) selile apoptotique: gucamo ibice bya kirimbuzi, urupfu rwa selile; (3) ingirabuzimafatizo: selile zifite nuclei ebyiri; . (5) selile ya karyolyzed: selile zifite urucacagu rwa nucleus gusa zidafite ibikoresho byimbere; . (7) ingirabuzimafatizo: selile zifite ingufu za kirimbuzi nini kuruta imitsi yavuzwe haruguru; na (8) microcells: selile zifite nuclei zegeranye kandi zigabanya cytoplazme. Impinduka zagereranijwe nibisubizo bibi byo kugenzura.
Ibisubizo bikaze byuburozi (LC50) byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe software ya GBasic hamwe nuburyo bwa TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber uburyo74. Ikizamini cyigihe kirekire cyageragejwe mbere yikosa risanzwe (Shapiro-Wilks) hamwe nuburinganire bwibintu bitandukanye (Bartlett). Ibisubizo byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe isesengura-nzira imwe yo gutandukana (ANOVA). Ikizamini cya Tukey cyakoreshejwe mu kugereranya amakuru hagati yabo, naho ikizamini cya Dunnett cyakoreshejwe mu kugereranya amakuru hagati yitsinda rivura nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura nabi.
LOEC na NOEC amakuru yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya Dunnett. Ibizamini bishingiye ku mibare byakozwe hifashishijwe porogaramu ya Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft) ifite urwego rufite akamaro ka 95% (p <0.05).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-13-2025