Imiti yica udukoko ni ubwoko bw'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi, inganda n'izindi nganda. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya udukoko two mu buhinzi, cyangwa udukoko ku matungo cyangwa amatungo. Buri mwaka isi ihura n'igihombo gikomeye bitewe n'udukoko duto. Nk'uko Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi ribivuga, 80 ku ijana by'amatungo y'inka ku isi aba afite udukoko, ibyo bikaba byarateje igihombo cy'ubukungu kingana na miliyari 7.3 z'amadolari ku mwaka. Muri Amerika y'Epfo, ibimera bya soya byangijwe n'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa spider mite Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) byatakaje hafi 18.28% by'umusaruro w'ibinyampeke. Mu Bushinwa, hegitari hafi miliyoni 40 z'indimu nazo zibasiwe na Panonychus citri (McGregor). Kubwibyo, isoko ry'isi ry'imiti icaricides ririyongera uko umwaka utashye. Ibicuruzwa umunani bya mbere ku isoko ry’uburozi bw’ibimera mu 2018 ni: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, na propargite, hexythiazox, na fenpyroximate, ibyo bagurisha byose ni miliyoni 572 z’amadolari y’Amerika, bingana na 69.1% by’isoko ry’uburozi bw’ibimera, kandi ingano y’isoko biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari 2 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2025. Ingano y’isoko ry’uburozi bw’ibimera ishobora kuba nini uko ubutaka buhingwa ku isi bugenda bugabanuka, umubare w’abaturage ukiyongera, ubwiyongere bw’ibikomoka ku bimera karemano, n’ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe mu buhinzi burambye.
Isesengura ry’isoko ry’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “acaricide” ku isi ryerekana ko udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “red spider mite”, “Panclaw citrus” na “Panonychus urmi” ari byo binini cyane mu bukungu bw’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “duce duto”, tugize 80% by’isoko. Izindi dukoko dufitanye isano ni udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “pseudo-spider mite” (cyane cyane udukoko duto), udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “rust mite” n’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “gall and horsefly mite”. Imboga n’imbuto, harimo indimu, imizabibu, soya, ipamba, n’ibigori, ni byo bihingwa by’ingenzi bikoreshwamo imiti yo mu bwoko bwa “acaricide”.
Ariko, bitewe n'ubuzima bugufi bw'udukoko, parthenogenesis, ibikoresho byihariye byo guhindura imikorere y'umubiri ndetse no kwihutisha ibidukikije kw'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa arthropods nk'udukoko tw'igitagangurirwa n'udukoko twa panclaw, ubudahangarwa bwatwo kuri acaricides bwariyongereye cyane. Udukoko tugize udukoko 3 muri 12 twihanganira arthropods twavuzwe. Mu ikoreshwa rya acaricides ku isi yose, imiti isanzwe ya acaricides nka organophosphates, carbamate, organochlorines, na pyrethroids iracyari ku mwanya ukomeye. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, nubwo imiti ya acaricides ikora neza cyane nka bifenazate na acetafenac yagaragaye, ikibazo cyo guhuza imiti ya acaricides kiracyari gikomeye. Kubera ikoreshwa ry'iyi miti igihe kirekire kandi kidahuje na siyansi, udukoko twinshi two mu bwoko bwa acaricides twagize urwego rutandukanye rwo kudahangarwa na acaricides ku isoko, kandi ingaruka zabyo zaragabanutse cyane. Ku rundi ruhande, bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ibibazo by'ibidukikije n'ubwiyongere bw'ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere, icyifuzo cy'ibikomoka ku bimera karemano cyo kurinda imyaka ku isoko mpuzamahanga cyariyongereye cyane. Bityo rero, iterambere ry’imiti itekanye, ikora neza, itangiza ibidukikije, idatera ingaruka mbi ku banzi karemano hamwe n’imiti mishya kandi itekanye kandi idashobora kugira ubudahangarwa bw’ibinyabuzima riri hafi.
Hashingiwe kuri ibi, ni ngombwa byihutirwa ko iterambere ry’inganda n’inganda rikoresha byimazeyo inyungu z’umutungo kamere w’Ubushinwa mu guteza imbere ubushakashatsi n’iterambere n’ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima.
1. Ubushakashatsi ku birebana na alkaloids za veratrotrol
Hellebore, izwi kandi nka 'mountain tungurusumu', 'black hellebore', ni umuti uhoraho. Nk'igihingwa cyica udukoko mu Bushinwa, abantu bakunze gucukura imirasire yacyo mu gihe cy'ibimera bakayikaranga mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo boge intama, ihene, inka n'andi matungo akonje, ndetse no kurwanya inyo z'isazi zo mu rugo n'izindi parasites. Hanyuma abashakashatsi basanze hellebore ifite ingaruka nziza zo kurwanya utundi dukoko. Urugero, 'ethyl acetate extract' ya Veratrum rhizome ifite imikorere myiza yo kwica udukoko ku mirasire ya kabiri n'iya gatatu ya Plutella xylostella, mu gihe 'Veratrol alkaloid extract' igira ingaruka mbi ku mirasire yakuze n'iya kane ya German cockroach. Muri icyo gihe, abashakashatsi basanze kandi imirasire itandukanye ya Veratrum rhizome ifite imikorere myiza yo kwica acaricides, muri yo harimo 'ethanol extract'>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract'.
Ariko, uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu bikora ni ikibazo kigoye. Abashakashatsi b'Abashinwa bakoresha ubusanzwe ikoreshwa rya chloroform ultrasonic ikoresheje ammonia-alkalized, ikoreshwa ry'amazi, ikoreshwa rya ethanol percolation, n'ikoreshwa rya CO2 supercritical kugira ngo babone ibintu bikora bivuye muri veratrum rhizomes. Muri byo, uburyo bwo gukuramo chloroform ultrasonic ikoresheje ammonia alkalized chloroform bukoresha ingano nini ya chloroform solvent nubwo igipimo cyo gukuramo kiri hejuru; uburyo bwo gukuramo amazi bufite inshuro nyinshi, ikoreshwa ry'amazi menshi, n'igipimo gito cyo gukuramo; igipimo ni gito. Uburyo bwo gukuramo CO2 supercritical bwo gukuramo alkaloids za veratroline ntabwo bufite igipimo cyo gukuramo kinini gusa, ibintu bikora ntibirimburwa, ahubwo n'imikorere y'imiti n'ubuziranenge bw'ibintu bikora mu bicuruzwa biboneka birarushaho kuba byiza. Byongeye kandi, ibisigazwa bya CO2 bidahumanya kandi bidafite solvent ntacyo bitwaye ku mubiri w'umuntu no ku bidukikije, bishobora kugabanya umwanda uterwa n'uburyo gakondo bwo gukuramo, kandi byashyizwe ku rutonde rw'ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo gukuramo no gutandukanya ingaruka z'imiti ku bimera. Ariko, uburyo bwo gukora bushobora guteza akaga n'igiciro kinini bibangamira ikoreshwa ryayo mu nganda nini.
2. Ubushakashatsi n'iterambere rya alkaloids za veratrotrol
Iga ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuramo Veratrum. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuramo hamwe rishingiye ahanini ku bikoresho gakondo by’ubuvuzi by’Abashinwa bya veratrorum, byiyongereyeho ibikoresho karemano by’ubuvuzi. , Veratroin n’ibindi bikoresho byinshi bikora bitegurwa hamwe, kandi icyarimwe, hakoreshwa imiti itandukanye mu gukuramo ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi by’ibimera buri gihe, kugira ngo byoroshye gutunganya no kurohora ibice bikora neza mu bikoresho by’ubuvuzi by’ibimera mu byiciro. Kubona ibice by’ibinyabutabire bifite imikorere itandukanye cyangwa imikorere isa mu itsinda rimwe ry’ibikoresho fatizo. Kunoza cyane igipimo cy’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibimera, kugabanya ikiguzi cy’umusaruro, no kongera cyane ipiganwa ku isoko.
Iga ku buryo ibintu bikora bya Veratrum bikoreshwa. Veratrum rhizome extract ni ubwoko bw'uruvange, rurimo ibintu birenga icumi bikora nka veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, na resveratrol oxide. Sisitemu y'imitsi y'udukoko.
Nk’uko raporo z’ubushakashatsi zibigaragaza, uburozi bwayo bushingiye ku gufungura imiyoboro ya Na+ ishingiye ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi, ibyo bigatuma imiyoboro ya Ca2+ ikoreshwa na voltage irekurwa, bigatera kurekurwa kwa neurotransmitter. Imiyoboro ya sodium ion ifite voltage ni igice cy’ingenzi cy’ibimenyetso by’imitsi n’imitsi. Ibice bikora muri Veratrum bishobora gutera ibibazo mu miyoboro ya sodium ion, bigatera impinduka mu kwinjira kwa membrane, bigatera gutigita no gupfa.
Muri icyo gihe, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'Abafaransa bavuze ko alkaloids za veratroline zishobora kandi gukumira acetylcholinesterase (AChE) y'udukoko mu buryo budahanganye. Bitewe n'uburyo bushya bw'imikorere ya alkaloids za veratrotrol, igitero cy'ahantu henshi gishobora kubaho, kandi biragoye ko udukoko dushobora kumenyera imiti y'ahantu henshi binyuze mu mpinduka zatwo, bityo ntibyoroshye kugira ubudahangarwa bw'imiti.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutegura imvange ya hellebore rhizome ya 0.1% CE. Ishyigikiwe n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukuramo imvange kandi ikongerwamo n'ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo gutegura, ubushyuhe bw'umuti ni buto, bushobora gupfunyika vuba umubiri w'udukoko, bugatuma umuti winjira kandi ugakurura, kandi bukongera ingaruka z'ibintu bikora. Bushobora gukwirakwira neza mu mazi, kandi umuti uba ubonerana kandi uhuye nyuma yo gukwirakwira. Inshuro 1000 zo gushonga, igihe cyo kunywesha burundu urupapuro rw'imvange ni amasegonda 44, kandi bushobora gutosesha vuba kandi bugacengera. Amakuru menshi yerekeye uburyo urumuri ruhagaze bwerekanye ko imvange ya 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome yari ifite ubuziranenge kandi ihuye neza n'ahantu hatandukanye hakoreshwa mu murima.
Iterambere ry'ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rya 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Ikoranabuhanga rishya ryazamuye cyane imiterere y'umuti ikora vuba. Ugereranyije n'ikoranabuhanga ryabanje, uyu muti wagabanyije ikoreshwa ry'ikintu kimwe. Binyuze muri iyi nzira idasanzwe, ibintu biri muri uyu muti ni byinshi, kandi ingaruka z'ubufatanye ziragaragara cyane.
Muri icyo gihe, iyo ikoreshejwe hamwe n'imiti yica udukoko isanzweho, icya mbere, ishobora kugabanya cyane umubare w'udukoko tw'umutuku, ikagabanya ingano y'imiti yica udukoko kandi ikanoza ingaruka zo kuyirwanya. Muri make, mu gihe cy'ubwiyongere bw'udukoko twa Panonychus mu bwoko bwa citrus i Hezhou, Guangxi, mu Bushinwa, gutera umuti wa 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole byagize ingaruka mu minota 20, nta dukoko tuzima twabonetse nyuma y'iminsi 3 ikoreshejwe, kandi ingaruka zo kuyirwanya zari iminsi 11 nyuma yo kuyikoresha. Ishobora gukomeza kuba hejuru ya 95%. Mu ntangiriro za Jiangxi Ruijin navel orange citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate zose zapfuye nyuma y'umunsi umwe ikoreshejwe, kandi nta dukoko tuzima twabonetse nyuma y'iminsi 3 ikoreshejwe. , ingaruka zo kuyirwanya ziri hafi ya 99% nyuma y'iminsi 16.
Ibisubizo byavuzwe haruguru ku bipimo by’ibinyabuzima bigaragaza ko iyo umubare fatizo w’udusimba dutukura ari muto cyangwa mwinshi, ikoreshwa rimwe gusa kandi ikoreshwa mu buryo buvanze n’imiti, ikivange cya Veratella vulgaris gishobora kugabanya umubare fatizo w’udusimba dutukura kandi kikanoza ingaruka zo kugenzura imiti yica udukoko. Cyagaragaje ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura. Muri icyo gihe, ikivange cya hellebore gikomoka ku bimera. Ku rugero rwagenwe, ni byiza kuyikoresha mu gihe cy’ibimera byinshi bitangiye kumera, kurabya indabyo, n’imbuto ntoya, kandi nta ngaruka bigira ku kwaguka kw’imishibu, indabyo n’imbuto. Ni nziza kandi irinda ibidukikije ku binyabuzima bitari ibyangiza nk’abanzi b’udusimba, kandi ntigira ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imiti yica udukoko n’imiti yica udukoko isanzweho. Irakwiriye cyane mu gucunga imiti yica udukoko (IPM). Kandi hamwe no kugabanuka kw’ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko, ibisigazwa by’imiti yica udukoko nka etoxazole, spirodiclofen, na bifenazate mu mbuto z’indimu bishobora kubahiriza neza "Ibipimo by’Igihugu by’Ubushinwa by’Umutekano w’Ibiribwa ku Mipaka Ntarengwa y’Ibisigazwa by’Imiti mu Biryo", "Ibiribwa by’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi". Ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibisigazwa by’imiti n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibisigazwa by’imiti bya Amerika mu biribwa bitanga icyizere gikomeye cy’umutekano w’ibiribwa n’ubwiza n’umutekano w’ibikomoka ku buhinzi.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imiterere y'ibinyabuzima riteza imbere inganda za hellebore
Hellebore ni umuti usanzwe kandi ni icyatsi kiramba cyo mu muryango wa Liliaceae. Ikura mu misozi, mu mashyamba cyangwa mu bihuru. Ikwirakwira muri Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu n'ahandi mu Bushinwa. Ikungahaye ku mutungo wo mu gasozi. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi, umusaruro w'umusaruro w'umuti wa hellebore ku mwaka ugera kuri toni 300-500, kandi ubwoko burimo ubwoko bwinshi, nka hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, na Guling hellebore, kandi ibice bikora kuri buri bwoko ntabwo ari bimwe.
Bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga mu binyabuzima n’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bikoresho by’ubuvuzi bya hellebore, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura ingirabuzimafatizo mu kunoza amoko y’ibinyabuzima bya hellebore no kororera ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima bya hellebore mu buryo bw’ubukorano ryateye imbere mu byiciro bitandukanye. Guhinga ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima bya hellebore mu buryo bw’ubukorano bizagabanya cyane kwangirika kw’ibikomoka ku mabuye y’agaciro ku butaka, kandi birusheho guteza imbere inganda za hellebore mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ubuvuzi.
Mu gihe kizaza, ibikomoka ku bimera bikomoka ku bimera bivura by’umwimerere bya hellebore rhizome bizajya bigabanya buhoro buhoro ikoreshwa ry’imiti gakondo ya acaricides, kandi birusheho kunoza ireme ry’ibikomoka ku buhinzi, kunoza ireme n’umutekano w’ibikomoka ku buhinzi, kunoza ibidukikije by’ubuhinzi no kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-08-2022