Acariside nicyiciro cyimiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mubuhinzi, inganda nizindi nganda.Ikoreshwa cyane mugucunga mite yubuhinzi, cyangwa amatiku ku matungo cyangwa amatungo.Buri mwaka isi igira igihombo kinini kubera udukoko twangiza.Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi rivuga ko 80 ku ijana by'amatungo y'inka ku isi yatewe n'amatiku, bikaba byaratwaye isi miliyari 7.3 z'amadolari ku mwaka mu gihombo cy'ubukungu.Muri Amerika yepfo, ibihingwa bya soya byangijwe nigitagangurirwa cyitwa Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) cyatakaje hafi 18.28% mu musaruro w’ibinyampeke.Mu Bushinwa, hafi hegitari miliyoni 40 za citrus nazo zatewe na Panonychus citri (McGregor).Kubwibyo, isoko ryisi yose ikenera acariside iriyongera uko umwaka utashye.Ibicuruzwa umunani byambere ku isoko rya acariside muri 2018 ni: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, na propargite, hexythiazox, na fenpyroximate, ibicuruzwa byabo byose ni miliyoni 572 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 69.1% by'isoko rya acariside. ingano iteganijwe kugera kuri miliyari 2 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2025. Ingano y’isoko rya acariside irashobora kuba nini mu gihe ubutaka bwo guhinga ku isi bugabanuka, abaturage bakiyongera, icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa karemano kikiyongera, kandi n’uburyo bukenewe mu buhinzi burambye.
Isesengura ry’isoko rya acariside ku isi ryerekana ko igitagangurirwa gitukura, Panclaw citrus na Panonychus urmi ari ubwoko bw’ingenzi mu bukungu bw’udukoko twangiza, bingana na 80% by’isoko.Ibindi biti bifitanye isano ni pseudo nigitagangurirwa (cyane cyane igitagangurirwa kigufi), ingese ya rust hamwe na gall na fite.Imboga n'imbuto, harimo citrusi, imizabibu, soya, ipamba, n'ibigori, nibyo bihingwa nyamukuru bikoreshwa muri acariside.
Nyamara, kubera ubuzima bwigihe gito, parthenogenezesi, ibikoresho byihariye bya metabolike hamwe n’ibidukikije bihindagurika cyane by’ibiti byangiza ibyatsi nka miti y'igitagangurirwa na mitiweli, kurwanya indwara ya acariside byiyongereye vuba.Mites ifite 3 kuri 12 arthropods irwanya raporo.Mu gukoresha isi yose acariside, acariside isanzwe yimiti nka organofosifate, karbamate, organochlorine, na pyrethroide iracyafite umwanya wiganje.Mu myaka yashize, nubwo hasohotse cyane acariside nka bifenazate na acetafenac, ikibazo cyo guhuza homariside ya acaricide kiracyakomeye.Hamwe nogukoresha igihe kirekire kandi siyanse yubumenyi bwa acariside, ibyinshi mu byatsi biva mu bimera byateje imbere uburyo butandukanye bwo kurwanya acariside yimiti ku isoko, kandi ingaruka zabyo zaragabanutse cyane.Ku rundi ruhande, hamwe no kurushaho kwita ku bibazo by’ibidukikije ndetse no kwiyongera buhoro buhoro mu bijyanye n’ubuhinzi-mwimerere, icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa karemano byo kurinda ibihingwa ku isoko ry’isi cyiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara.Kubwibyo, iterambere ryumutekano, rikora neza, ryangiza ibidukikije, ntirishobora kwangiza abanzi karemano hamwe na acaricide yumutekano mishya kandi yoroshye itoroshye guteza imbere kurwanya.
Hashingiwe kuri ibi, birakenewe byihutirwa inganda n’iterambere ry’inganda gukoresha neza umutungo w’ibinyabuzima by’Ubushinwa mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubushakashatsi n’iterambere no gukoresha acariside y’ibinyabuzima.
1. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwa veratrotrol alkaloide
Hellebore, izwi kandi nk'igitunguru cyo ku misozi, umukara wa hellebore, ni imiti ivura imyaka myinshi.Nk’igihingwa kavukire cyica udukoko mu Bushinwa, abantu bakunze gucukumbura imvubu zayo mugihe cyibimera bakayikaranga mu buryo bworoshye kugirango intama, ihene, inka n’andi matungo akonje, ndetse no guhangana n’inzoka zo mu rugo hamwe n’izindi parasite.Abashakashatsi basanze hellebore nayo igira ingaruka nziza zo kurwanya udukoko.Kurugero, ibishishwa bya Ethyl acetate ya Veratrum rhizome bifite ibikorwa byiza byica udukoko kuri livre ya kabiri na gatatu ya instar ya Plutella xylostella, mugihe ibimera bya Veratrol alkaloid bigira ingaruka zica kubantu bakuze na kane ya instar ya kokoka yo mu Budage.Muri icyo gihe, abashakashatsi basanze kandi ibimera bitandukanye bya Veratrum rhizome bifite ibikorwa byiza bya acaricidal, muri byo hakuramo Ethanol ikuramo> chloroform ikuramo> n-butanol.
Ariko, uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu bikora nikibazo kitoroshye.Abashakashatsi b'Abashinwa bakunze gukoresha ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic, kuvoma amazi, gukuramo Ethanol percolation, hamwe no gukuramo CO2 ndengakamere kugirango babone ibintu bifatika biva muri rhizomes.Muri byo, ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic yo gukuramo ikoresha uburyo bwinshi bwa chloroform ya toxic solvent nubwo igipimo cyo kuyikuramo ari kinini;uburyo bwo kuvoma amazi bufite inshuro nyinshi zo kuvoma, gukoresha amazi menshi, nigipimo gito cyo kuvoma;igipimo kiri hasi.Uburyo bwo gukuramo CO2 ndengakamere yo gukuramo alkaloide ya veratroline ntabwo ifite gusa igipimo kinini cyo kuyikuramo, ibiyigize bikora ntabwo byangiritse, ahubwo nibikorwa byubuvuzi hamwe nubuziranenge bwibintu bikora mubicuruzwa byabonetse byateye imbere cyane.Byongeye kandi, ibisigazwa bya CO2 bidafite ubumara kandi bidafite ibishishwa byangiza umubiri w’umuntu n’ibidukikije, bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko w’ibidukikije biterwa n’uburyo gakondo bwo kuvoma, kandi byashyizwe ku rutonde nk’ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo kuvoma no gutandukanya ibihingwa bivura.Nyamara, inzira ishobora kubyara umusaruro hamwe nigiciro kinini kibangamira ikoreshwa ryinganda nini.
2. Ubushakashatsi niterambere ryiterambere rya veratrotrol alkaloide
Kwiga kubijyanye no gukuramo tekinoroji ya Veratrum.Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuramo rishingiye cyane cyane ku miti gakondo y’imiti y’imiti ya veratrorum, yunganirwa n’ibikoresho by’imiti bisanzwe., Veratrotoin nibindi bikoresho byinshi byateguwe byateguwe hamwe, kandi mugihe kimwe, imiti itandukanye ikoreshwa mugukomeza gukuramo ibikoresho byimiti yimiti ya botaniki, kugirango bigabanye kweza no kugwa kwingirakamaro yibikoresho bikora mubikoresho byubuvuzi bwibimera mubyiciro.Kubona amatsinda yibigize hamwe nibikorwa bitandukanye cyangwa imikorere isa kuva mugice kimwe cyibikoresho fatizo.Kunoza cyane igipimo cyo gukoresha ibikoresho fatizo bikomoka ku bimera, kugabanya ibiciro by’umusaruro, no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku isoko.
Kwiga kuburyo bwibikorwa bya Veratrum ibintu bifatika.Ibinyomoro bya Veratrol ni ubwoko bwimvange, burimo ibintu birenga icumi bikora nka veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, na okiside ya resveratrol.Sisitemu y'udukoko twangiza.
Raporo y’ubushakashatsi ivuga ko uburozi bwabwo bushingiye ku gufungura imiyoboro ya Na + iterwa na voltage, ari nako ifungura imiyoboro ikoreshwa na voltage ya Ca2 +, bigatuma neurotransmitter irekurwa.Umuyoboro wa sodium ion umuyoboro ni igice cyingenzi cyerekana ibimenyetso bya neuronal n'imitsi.Ibice bikora mubikomoka kuri Veratrum birashobora gutera imvururu zubu mumiyoboro ya sodium ion, bikavamo impinduka mumyanya ya membrane, bigatera ubwoba no gupfa.
Muri icyo gihe, intiti zimwe z’Abafaransa zavuze ko alkaloide ya veratroline ishobora kandi kutabuza guhangana na acetylcholinesterase (AChE) y’udukoko.Bitewe nuburyo bushya bwibikorwa bya veratrotrol alkaloide, igitero cyibibanza byinshi gishobora kubaho, kandi biragoye ko mite ihuza imiti yibikorwa byinshi binyuze mumihindagurikire yimiterere yabo, kubwibyo ntibyoroshye guteza imbere kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome ikuramo tekinoroji yo gutegura.Gushyigikirwa nubuhanga buhanitse bwo kuvoma no kongerwaho nubuhanga buhebuje bwo gutegura, impagarara z’imiti ni nto, zishobora kuzinga vuba umubiri w’udukoko, zigatera kwinjirira no kwinjiza imiti y’ibiyobyabwenge, kandi bikongera ingaruka z’ibikoresho bikora.Ifite itandukaniro ryiza mumazi, kandi igisubizo kiragaragara kandi ni kimwe nyuma yo gutatana.Inshuro 1000 kuyungurura, igihe cyo guhanagura rwose urupapuro rwa canvas ni amasegonda 44, kandi irashobora guhita yihuta kandi ikinjira.Imirasire myinshi ikwirakwiza amakuru yerekana ko 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome ikuramo ibishishwa byari bifite ituze ryiza kandi byujuje byuzuye ibidukikije bitandukanye.
Iterambere ryubushakashatsi kubijyanye na tekinoroji ya 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome ikuramo
Ikoranabuhanga rishya ryateje imbere cyane imiterere-yihuse yibiyobyabwenge.Ugereranije n'ikoranabuhanga ryabanje, ibicuruzwa byagabanije gukoresha ikoreshwa rimwe.Binyuze mubikorwa bidasanzwe, ibiyigize mubicuruzwa ni byinshi, kandi ingaruka zo guhuza imbaraga ziragaragara.
Muri icyo gihe, iyo ikoreshejwe hamwe n’imiti yica udukoko dusanzwe, icya mbere, irashobora kugabanya cyane umubare w’abaturage b’igitagangurirwa gitukura, kugabanya umubare w’imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti no kunoza ingaruka zo kugenzura.Muri make, mugihe kinini cyanduye citrus Panonychus mite i Hezhou, Guangxi, mubushinwa, gutera 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome ikuramo + 30% etoxazole yagize akamaro muminota 20, nta udukoko nzima twabonetse nyuma yiminsi 3 dusabye, na kugenzura ingaruka byari iminsi 11 nyuma yo gusaba.irashobora kugumaho hejuru ya 95%.Mubyiciro byambere bya Jiangxi Ruijin navel orange citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome ikuramo + 30% tetramizine bifenazate bose bapfuye nyuma yumunsi 1 babisabye, kandi nta gakoko nzima kabonetse nyuma yiminsi 3 babisabye., ingaruka zo kugenzura ziri hafi 99% nyuma yiminsi 16.
Ibisubizo bioassay yavuzwe haruguru byerekana ko mugihe umubare fatizo wibitagangurirwa bitukura ari muke cyangwa muremure, gukoresha umukozi umwe hamwe no gukoresha imiti hamwe nimiti ikoreshwa, imiti ya rhizome ya Veratella vulgaris irashobora kugabanya umubare fatizo winyo yigitagangurirwa gitukura no kunoza igenzura ingaruka zica udukoko twica udukoko.Yerekanye ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura.Muri icyo gihe, rhizome ikuramo ya hellebore ikomoka ku bimera.Mugihe cyifuzo cyo kwibandaho, ni byiza gukoresha mugihe cyimera, indabyo, nimbuto zikiri nto, kandi nta ngaruka bigira ku kwaguka kw'imishitsi, indabyo n'imbuto.Ifite umutekano kandi yangiza ibidukikije ku binyabuzima bidafite intego nkabanzi karemano ba mite, kandi ntigishobora kurwanya imiti yica udukoko hamwe na acariside.Birakwiriye cyane gucunga imiyoborere (IPM).Kandi hamwe no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti, ibisigisigi by’imiti yica udukoko nka etoxazole, spirodiclofen, na bifenazate muri citrus birashobora kuzuza byimazeyo "Ubushinwa bw’umutekano w’ibiribwa mu Bushinwa ku buryo ntarengwa bw’ibisigazwa by’udukoko twangiza udukoko", "Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi Ibiryo ”.Ibipimo by’imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’ibipimo by’imiti yica udukoko twangiza Amerika mu biribwa bitanga ingwate ihamye yo kwihaza mu biribwa ndetse n’ubuziranenge n’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi.
Tekinoroji yo guhindura Gene iteza imbere inganda za hellebore
Hellebore ni imiti isanzwe kandi ni ibyatsi bimera mumuryango wa Liliaceae.Ikurira mu misozi, mu mashyamba cyangwa mu bihuru.Ikwirakwizwa muri Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu n'ahandi mu Bushinwa.Ikungahaye ku mutungo wo mu gasozi.Nk’uko iperereza ryabigaragaje, umusaruro wa buri mwaka wa hellebore y’imiti igera kuri toni 300-500, kandi muri ubwo bwoko harimo ubwoko bwinshi, nka hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, na Guling hellebore, kandi ibice bigize buri bwoko ni ntabwo ari kimwe.
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryibinyabuzima nubushakashatsi bwimbitse kubikoresho byimiti ya hellebore, gukoresha tekinoroji yo guhindura gene mugutezimbere amoko yimiti ya hellebore no gutunga ibinyabuzima byubwoko bwa hellebore byateye imbere mubyiciro.Guhinga ibihingwa byubwoko bwa hellebore bizagabanya cyane ibyangijwe nubucukuzi bwa hellebore kubutunzi bwa germplasm yo mu gasozi, kandi bizateza imbere inganda za hellebore mu murima w’ubuhinzi n’ubuvuzi.
Mu bihe biri imbere, ibimera bya hellebore rhizome bikomoka ku bimera bivura imiti biteganijwe ko bizagabanya buhoro buhoro ikoreshwa rya acariside y’imiti gakondo, kandi bikarushaho kunozwa mu kuzamura ireme ry’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, kuzamura ireme n’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, kuzamura ibidukikije by’ubuhinzi. no kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima.umusanzu ukomeye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-08-2022