Abaturage bafite ubuzima buciriritse (SES) baba mu miturire iterwa inkunga na leta cyangwa ibigo bitera inkunga leta barashobora guhura cyane n’imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu ngo kuko imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa kubera inenge zubatswe, kubungabunga nabi, nibindi.
Muri 2017, imiti yica udukoko 28 yapimwe mu kirere cyo mu nzu mu bice 46 by’amazu arindwi y’imiturire iciriritse y’imiturire i Toronto, muri Kanada, hifashishijwe ibyuma byangiza ikirere byakorewe icyumweru kimwe. Imiti yica udukoko yasesenguwe yari isanzwe kandi ubu ikoreshwa imiti yica udukoko kuva mu byiciro bikurikira: organochlorine, ibinyabuzima bya organofosifore, pyrethroide, na strobilurine.
Nibura hagaragaye imiti imwe yica udukoko muri 89% yibice, aho igipimo cyo gutahura (DRs) kumiti yica udukoko kigeze kuri 50%, harimo na organochlorine gakondo ndetse nubu ikoreshwa nudukoko. Kugeza ubu pyrethroide ikoreshwa yari ifite DF nini cyane hamwe na concentration, hamwe na pyrethroide I ifite ibice byinshi byibanze kuri 32.000 pg / m3. Heptachlor, yabujijwe muri Kanada mu 1985, yari ifite igipimo kinini cyo hejuru cy’ikirere (ibintu byongeweho na gaze) kuri 443.000 pg / m3. Ihuriro rya heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, na permethrine (usibye mu bushakashatsi bumwe) ryari hejuru ugereranije n'izapimwe mu ngo zinjiza amafaranga make zavuzwe ahandi. Usibye gukoresha nkana imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko no kuyikoresha mu bikoresho byubaka no gusiga amarangi, kunywa itabi byari bifitanye isano cyane n’imiti yica udukoko dutanu ikoreshwa ku bihingwa by’itabi. Ikwirakwizwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twinshi DF mu nyubako ku giti cye ryerekana ko isoko nyamukuru y’imiti yica udukoko yagaragaye ari gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko twakozwe n’abashinzwe inyubako no / cyangwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko.
Amazu y’imibereho iciriritse akenera ibikenewe cyane, ariko izi nzu zishobora kwibasirwa n’udukoko kandi zishingiye ku miti yica udukoko kugira ngo zibungabunge. Twasanze 89% mubice 46 byose byapimwe byaragaragaye byibuze kimwe muri 28 byica udukoko twica udukoko, hamwe na pyrethroide ikoreshwa hamwe na organochlorine imaze igihe kirekire ibujijwe (urugero, DDT, heptachlor) ifite ingufu nyinshi kubera gukomera kwabo mumazu. Hapimwe kandi ibipimo by’imiti yica udukoko twandikirwa gukoreshwa mu ngo, nka strobilurine ikoreshwa mu bikoresho byubaka ndetse n’udukoko twica udukoko dukoreshwa mu bihingwa by’itabi. Ibisubizo, amakuru ya mbere yo muri Kanada kuri pesticide nyinshi zo murugo, byerekana ko abantu bahura na benshi muribo.
Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu musaruro w’ibihingwa ngandurarugo kugirango ugabanye ibyangizwa n’udukoko. Muri 2018, hafi 72% by'imiti yica udukoko twagurishijwe muri Kanada yakoreshejwe mu buhinzi, 4.5% gusa ni yo yakoreshejwe mu gutura. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwibanze ku miti yica udukoko no guhura n’ibanze byibanze ku buhinzi. Ahantu hatuwe, imiti imwe yica udukoko twangiza murugo irashobora gutuma mg 15 zica udukoko twangiza ibidukikije. Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu ngo kugirango irinde udukoko nka kokoka hamwe nudusimba. Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko harimo kurwanya udukoko twangiza inyamaswa zo mu rugo no kuzikoresha nka fungiside ku bikoresho byo mu nzu n’ibicuruzwa (urugero, itapi y’ubwoya, imyenda) hamwe n’ibikoresho byo kubaka (urugero, irangi ry’urukuta ririmo irangi ry’urukuta, icyuma cyangiza ibishishwa) [6,7,8,9]. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byabayirimo (urugero, kunywa itabi mu ngo) bishobora kuvamo kurekura imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu guhinga itabi ahantu h'imbere [10]. Iyindi soko yo kurekura imiti yica udukoko ahantu h'imbere ni ubwikorezi bwabo buva hanze [11,12,13].
Usibye abakozi bashinzwe ubuhinzi nimiryango yabo, amatsinda amwe ashobora kwibasirwa nudukoko. Abana bahura cyane n’imyanda myinshi yo mu ngo, harimo n’imiti yica udukoko, kurusha abantu bakuru bitewe n’umuvuduko mwinshi wo guhumeka, gufata umukungugu, hamwe n’ingeso zo mu kanwa ugereranije n'uburemere bw'umubiri [14, 15]. Kurugero, Trunnel nibindi. basanze kwibanda kwa pyrethroid / pyrethrin (PYR) mu guhanagura hasi byari bifitanye isano neza n’ubushakashatsi bwa PYR metabolite mu nkari z’abana [16]. DF ya metabolite yica udukoko twa PYR yavuzwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ubuzima bwa Kanada (CHMS) yari hejuru ku bana bafite hagati y’imyaka 3-5 ugereranije no mu myaka y'ubukure [17]. Abagore batwite n'inda zabo nabo bafatwa nk'itsinda ryugarijwe n'ibibazo kubera ibyago byo kwandura imiti yica udukoko. Wyatt n'abandi. yatangaje ko imiti yica udukoko mu maraso y’ababyeyi n’abana bavuka yari ifitanye isano rya bugufi, ijyanye no kwimura nyina n’inda [18].
Abantu baba mu mazu atujuje ubuziranenge cyangwa make bafite ibyago byinshi byo guhura n’imyanda ihumanya mu ngo, harimo n’imiti yica udukoko [19, 20, 21]. Kurugero, muri Kanada, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko abantu bafite imibereho mike yubukungu nubukungu (SES) bakunze guhura na phalite, halogenated flame retardants, plasitike ya organofosifore na retardants, hamwe na hydrocarbone ya polycyclic aromatic (PAHs) kurusha abantu bafite SES yo hejuru [22,23,24]. Bimwe muri ibyo byagaragaye bireba abantu baba mu “nzu mbonezamubano,” dusobanura ko ari amazu akodeshwa yatewe inkunga na guverinoma (cyangwa ibigo biterwa inkunga na leta) ikubiyemo abaturage bafite ubuzima buke mu bukungu [25]. Amazu mbonezamubano mu nyubako zituwemo n’ibice byinshi (MURBs) ashobora kwibasirwa n’udukoko twangiza udukoko, cyane cyane bitewe n’imiterere yabyo (urugero nko gutobora no gutoboka mu rukuta), kutabungabunga neza / gusana, serivisi zidahagije zo gusukura no guta imyanda, hamwe n’ubucucike bukabije [20, 26]. Nubwo gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko ihuriweho irahari kugirango hagabanuke ibikenewe muri gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko mu micungire y’inyubako bityo bigabanye ibyago byo kwandura imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane mu nyubako zigizwe n’ibice byinshi, udukoko dushobora gukwira mu nyubako zose [21, 27, 28]. Gukwirakwiza udukoko hamwe no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bwiza bw’imbere mu ngo kandi bikabuza abayirimo ibyago byo kwandura imiti yica udukoko, bikabaviramo ingaruka mbi ku buzima [29]. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakorewe muri Amerika bwerekanye ko urugero rw’imiti yica udukoko twabujijwe kandi ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ari myinshi mu miturire iciriritse ugereranije n’amazu yinjiza menshi kubera amazu mabi [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Kubera ko abaturage bafite amikoro make bakunze kugira amahitamo make yo kuva mu ngo zabo, barashobora guhora bahura n’imiti yica udukoko mu ngo zabo.
Mu ngo, abaturage bashobora guhura n’imiti myinshi yica udukoko mu gihe kirekire kuko ibisigazwa byica udukoko bikomeza kubera kubura urumuri rwizuba, ubushuhe, ninzira zangiza mikorobe [33,34,35]. Imiti yica udukoko ivugwa ko ifitanye isano n’ingaruka mbi z’ubuzima nk’ubumuga bw’imitsi (cyane cyane IQ yo mu magambo yo hasi mu bahungu), ndetse na kanseri y’amaraso, kanseri yo mu bwonko (harimo na kanseri yo mu bwana), ingaruka ziterwa n’ihungabana rya endocrine, n’indwara ya Alzheimer.
Nk’ishyaka ry’amasezerano y'i Stockholm, Kanada ifite imipaka kuri OCP icyenda [42, 54]. Kongera gusuzuma ibyangombwa bisabwa muri Kanada byatumye ibyiciro hafi ya byose bikoreshwa imbere muri OPP na karbamate. Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko muri Kanada (PMRA) nacyo kigabanya imikoreshereze y’imbere mu nzu ya PYR. Kurugero, ikoreshwa rya cypermethrine mukuvura perimeter no murugo byahagaritswe kubera ingaruka zishobora kugira ku buzima bwabantu, cyane cyane kubana [56]. Igishushanyo 1 gitanga incamake yibi bibujijwe [55, 57, 58].
Y. Ibisobanuro birambuye byerekana inshuro nyinshi hamwe nibitekerezo byinshi byatanzwe mumeza S6.
Intego zacu kwari ugupima ikirere cyo mu kirere hamwe n’imurikagurisha (urugero, guhumeka) imiti yica udukoko dukoreshwa muri iki gihe ndetse n’umurage mu mibereho mibi y’ubukungu bw’imibereho ituye mu nzu mbonezamubano i Toronto, muri Kanada, no gusuzuma bimwe mu bintu bifitanye isano n’ibi byerekanwa. Intego y'uru rupapuro ni ukuzuza icyuho cy’amakuru yerekeranye no guhura n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza ndetse n’umurage mu ngo z’abaturage batishoboye, cyane cyane ko amakuru y’udukoko twangiza udukoko two muri Kanada ari make cyane [6].
Abashakashatsi bakurikiranye ubushakashatsi bw’imiti yica udukoko mu nyubako ndwi z’imibereho ya MURB yubatswe mu myaka ya za 70 ahantu hatatu mu Mujyi wa Toronto. Inyubako zose ziri byibura km 65 uvuye muri zone yubuhinzi (usibye ibibanza byinyuma). Izi nyubako zihagarariye amazu yimibereho ya Toronto. Ubushakashatsi bwacu ni ubwiyongere bwubushakashatsi bunini bwasuzumye urwego (PM) urwego rwimiturire mbere na nyuma yo kuzamura ingufu [59,60,61]. Kubwibyo, ingamba zacu zo gutoranya zagarukiye gusa kuri PM yo mu kirere.
Kuri buri gice, hashyizweho impinduka zirimo kuzigama amazi n’ingufu (urugero nko gusimbuza ibyuma bihumeka, amashyiga n’ibikoresho byo gushyushya) kugira ngo bigabanye ingufu, kuzamura ikirere cy’imbere no kongera ubushyuhe bw’umuriro [62, 63]. Ibyumba bigabanijwe ukurikije ubwoko bwabakozi: abasaza, imiryango nabantu batubatse. Ibiranga n'ubwoko bw'inyubako zasobanuwe mu buryo burambuye ahandi [24].
Ingero 46 zo muyunguruzi zo mu kirere zegeranijwe zivuye muri 46 MURB yimiturire yimibereho mugihe cyitumba 2017 zasesenguwe. Igishushanyo mbonera cyo kwiga, gukusanya icyitegererezo, hamwe nuburyo bwo kubika byasobanuwe ku buryo burambuye na Wang n'abandi. [60]. Muri make, buri wese mu bitabiriye amahugurwa yari afite ibikoresho byogeza ikirere cya Amaircare XR-100 byashyizwemo mm 127 mm zifite imbaraga zo mu kirere zungurura ikirere (ibikoresho bikoreshwa muyungurura HEPA) icyumweru 1. Ibikoresho byose byangiza ikirere byahanaguweho isuku ya isopropyl mbere na nyuma yo kuyikoresha kugirango birinde kwanduzanya. Ibikoresho byogeza ikirere byashyizwe ku rukuta rw'icyumba cyo kuraramo cm 30 uvuye ku gisenge kandi / cyangwa nk'uko abaturage babitegetse kugira ngo birinde ibibazo by’abaturage kandi bigabanye amahirwe yo kwinjira bitemewe (reba amakuru y'inyongera SI1, Ishusho S1). Mugihe cyicyitegererezo cyicyumweru, umuvuduko wo hagati wari 39.2 m3 / kumunsi (reba SI1 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro byuburyo bwakoreshejwe mukumenya imigendekere). Mbere yo koherezwa muri Mutarama na Gashyantare 2015, hakozwe uruzinduko ku nzu n'inzu no kugenzura amashusho y'ibiranga urugo n'imyitwarire y'abayirimo (urugero nko kunywa itabi). Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe nyuma ya buri ruzinduko kuva 2015 kugeza 2017. Ibisobanuro birambuye byatanzwe muri Touchie n'abandi. ] [59, 64] Nyuma yo guhinduka, hasesenguwe hifashishijwe imiti 28 yica udukoko twangiza udukoko (endosulfan I na II na α- na γ-chlordane byafatwaga nkibintu bitandukanye, kandi p, p′-DDE yari metabolite ya p, p′-DDT, ntabwo yica udukoko), harimo imiti yica udukoko twa kera na kijyambere (Imbonerahamwe S1).
Wang n'abandi. [60] yasobanuye uburyo bwo gukuramo no gusukura mu buryo burambuye. Buriyungurura icyitegererezo yagabanijwemo kabiri nigice cyakoreshejwe mu gusesengura imiti 28 yica udukoko (Imbonerahamwe S1). Akayunguruzo ntangarugero hamwe na laboratoire yari igizwe nayunguruzo ya fibre fibre, imwe kuri buri ngero eshanu zose hamwe icyenda zose, zashyizwemo na srogate esheshatu zanduza imiti yica udukoko (Imbonerahamwe S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) kugirango igenzure gukira. Intego yibiti byica udukoko nabyo byapimwe mubice bitanu. Buriyungurura icyitegererezo cyatanzwe inshuro eshatu kuminota 20 buri kimwe na mL 10 ya hexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (icyiciro cya HPLC, Fisher Scientific). Ibintu ndengakamere biva muri bitatu byakuweho byahurijwe hamwe bigashyirwa kuri mL 1 mumashanyarazi ya Zymark Turbovap munsi ya azote ihora. Ibikuramo byahanaguwe hifashishijwe inkingi za Florisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, Supelco) hanyuma yibanda kuri 0.5 mL ukoresheje Zymark Turbovap hanyuma yimurirwa mu cyuma cya amber GC. Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Imbonerahamwe S2) noneho yongeweho nkibipimo byimbere. Isesengura ryakozwe na gazi chromatografiya-mass spectrometrie (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC na Agilent 5977A MSD) muburyo bwa electron hamwe nuburyo bwa ionisiyonike. Ibipimo by'ibikoresho bitangwa muri SI4 naho amakuru ya ion yuzuye atangwa muri Imbonerahamwe S3 na S4.
Mbere yo kuyikuramo, yanditseho imiti yica udukoko twandujwe mu ngero no mu busa (Imbonerahamwe S2) kugira ngo ikurikirane gukira mu gihe cyo gusesengura. Kugarura ibimenyetso bya marike mubitegererezo byari hagati ya 62% na 83%; ibisubizo byose kumiti kugiti cye byakosowe kugirango bikire. Ibyatanzwe byari bikosowe hifashishijwe laboratoire hamwe n'umurima wuzuye kuri buri muti wica udukoko (indangagaciro ziri mu mbonerahamwe S5) ukurikije ibipimo byasobanuwe na Saini n'abandi. ] iyo kwibumbira hamwe byari 5-35%, amakuru yari akosowe; niba kwibumbira hamwe byari hejuru ya 35% yagaciro, amakuru yataye. Uburyo bwo kumenya uburyo (MDL, Imbonerahamwe S6) bwasobanuwe nkuburinganire bwa laboratoire busa (n = 9) hiyongereyeho inshuro eshatu gutandukana bisanzwe. Niba ikomatanyirizo ritaragaragaye mubusa, igipimo cyerekana-urusaku rw'urusaku mu gisubizo cyo hasi cyane (~ 10: 1) cyakoreshejwe mu kubara igipimo cyo kumenya ibikoresho. Kwibanda muri laboratoire no murugero rwicyitegererezo byari
Imiti ya chimique kumyuka yo mu kirere ihindurwamo imbaraga ziterwa no guhumeka ikirere hifashishijwe isesengura rya gravimetric, kandi umuvuduko wo kuyungurura no gukora neza muyunguruzi uhindurwamo ibice byinjira mu kirere ukurikije ikigereranyo cya 1:
aho M (g) ni misa rusange ya PM yafashwe nayunguruzo, f (pg / g) nubushakashatsi bwanduye muri PM yakusanyirijwe hamwe, η nuburyo bwo kuyungurura (bifatwa ko ari 100% bitewe nibikoresho byayungurujwe hamwe nubunini buke [67]), Q (m3 / h) nigipimo cyumuyaga mwinshi uva mumasoko yikwirakwiza, kandi t (h) nigihe cyo kohereza. Uburemere bwa filteri bwanditswe mbere na nyuma yo koherezwa. Ibisobanuro birambuye kubipimo nigipimo cyikirere gitangwa na Wang nabandi. [60].
Uburyo bw'icyitegererezo bwakoreshejwe muriyi mpapuro bwapimye gusa ubunini bw'icyiciro cya buke. Twagereranije uburinganire bw’imiti yica udukoko mu cyiciro cya gaze dukoresheje ikigereranyo cya Harner-Biedelman (Ikigereranyo cya 2), dukeka ko uburinganire bw’imiti buri hagati [68]. Ikigereranyo cya 2 cyakomotse ku bintu bito hanze, ariko byanakoreshejwe mu kugereranya ikwirakwizwa ry’ibice mu kirere no mu ngo [69, 70].
aho logi Kp ni logarithmic ihinduka ya coeffice ya gasegereti ya gaze mu kirere, log Koa ni logarithmic ihinduka ya coeffice ya octanol / ikirere, Koa (dimensionless), na \ ({fom} \) nigice cyibintu kama mubintu bito (bidafite urugero). Agaciro ka fom kafashwe kuba 0.4 [71, 72]. Agaciro ka Koa yakuwe muri OPERA 2.6 yabonetse hakoreshejwe ikibaho cyo kugenzura imiti ya CompTox (US EPA, 2023) (Ishusho ya S2), kubera ko ifite igereranya rito ribogamye ugereranije nubundi buryo bwo kugereranya [73]. Twabonye kandi indangagaciro zigeragezwa za Koa na Kowwin / HENRYWIN zigereranya dukoresheje EPISuite [74].
Kubera ko DF kumiti yica udukoko twagaragaye yari ≤50%, indangagaciro
Igishushanyo S3 na Imbonerahamwe S6 na S8 byerekana agaciro ka Koa gishingiye kuri OPERA, icyiciro cya selile (filteri) yibumbiye muri buri tsinda ryica udukoko, hamwe nicyiciro cya gaze kibarwa hamwe nubunini bwuzuye. Ibyiciro bya gazi hamwe numubare ntarengwa wimiti yica udukoko twagaragaye kuri buri tsinda ryimiti (urugero, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, na Σ3STR) wabonye ukoresheje igeragezwa kandi ryabazwe agaciro ka Koa kuva muri EPISuite bitangwa mumeza S7 na S8. Dutanga raporo yapimye ibipimo by'ibice byapimwe kandi tugereranya ubwinshi bwikirere bwabazwe hano (dukoresheje igereranya rishingiye kuri OPERA) hamwe nubushyuhe bwikirere buturuka kumubare muto wa raporo zidafite ubuhinzi zerekana ko udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza ikirere ndetse no mubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe nimiryango mito ya SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Imbonerahamwe S9). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko iri gereranya rigereranijwe bitewe nuburyo butandukanye muburyo bwo gutoranya no mumyaka yo kwiga. Ku bumenyi bwacu, amakuru yatanzwe hano ni yo yambere apima imiti yica udukoko uretse organoglorine gakondo mu kirere cyo muri Kanada.
Mu cyiciro cy'ibice, ubunini bwagaragaye bwa Σ8OCP bwari 4400 pg / m3 (Imbonerahamwe S8). OCP yibanda cyane kuri heptachlor (yabujijwe mu 1985) ifite ubunini bwa 2600 pg / m3, ikurikirwa na p, p′-DDT (yabujijwe mu 1985) hamwe na 1400 pg / m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil ifite ubunini bwa 1200 pg / m3 ni umuti wica udukoko wica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko. Nubwo kwiyandikisha gukoreshwa mu nzu byahagaritswe mu 2011, DF yayo ikomeza kuba 50% [55]. Indangagaciro za DF ziri hejuru hamwe nibitekerezo bya OCP gakondo byerekana ko OCP yakoreshejwe cyane mubihe byashize kandi ko ikomeza kuba murugo [6].
Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko imyaka yo kubaka ifitanye isano neza no kwibanda kuri OCP ishaje [6, 79]. Ubusanzwe, OCPs yakoreshejwe mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza mu ngo, cyane cyane lindane mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, indwara ikunze kugaragara mu ngo zifite ubuzima buke mu mibereho kurusha mu ngo zifite imibereho myiza y’ubukungu [80, 81]. Ubwinshi bwa lindane bwari 990 pg / m3.
Kubintu byose hamwe nicyiciro cya gaze, heptachlor yari ifite ingufu nyinshi, hamwe na 443.000 pg / m3. Umubare ntarengwa Σ8OCP ikirere cyagereranijwe ugereranije nagaciro ka Koa mubindi byiciro biri kurutonde rwa S8. Ihuriro rya heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, na endosulfan I nari inshuro 2 (chlorothalonil) kugeza kuri 11 (endosulfan I) inshuro zirenze izisangwa muyandi masomo y’ubushakashatsi bw’imiturire mito kandi iciriritse muri Amerika no mu Bufaransa bwapimwe mu myaka 30 ishize [77, 82,83,84].
Igice kinini cyane cyibice byibice bitatu bya OP (Σ3OPPs) - malathion, trichlorfon, na diazinon - byari 3.600 pg / m3. Muri byo, malathion yonyine niyo yanditswe kugirango ikoreshwe muri Kanada. Trichlorfon yari ifite ibice byinshi byibanze mu cyiciro cya OPP, hamwe na 3.600 pg / m3. Muri Kanada, trichlorfon yakoreshejwe nk'umuti wica udukoko mu bundi buryo bwo kurwanya udukoko, nko kurwanya isazi zidashobora kwihanganira hamwe n’isake. [55] Malathion yanditswe nka rodentiside kugirango ikoreshwe gutura, hamwe byibuze 2.800 pg / m3.
Umubare ntarengwa wa Σ3OPPs (gaze + ibice) mu kirere ni 77.000 pg / m3 (60.000–200.000 pg / m3 ukurikije agaciro ka Koa EPISuite). Imyuka ya OPP yo mu kirere iri hasi (DF 11-24%) ugereranije na OCP (DF 0-50%), ibyo bikaba bishoboka cyane ko OCP ikomeje [85].
Imyitozo ya diazinon na malathion ivugwa hano irarenze iyapimwe nko mu myaka 20 ishize mu ngo zidafite imibereho myiza y’ubukungu muri Texas yepfo na Boston (ahavugwa gusa diazinon) [26, 78]. Ibipimo bya diazinon twapimye byari bike ugereranije n’ibyatangajwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku ngo z’imibereho mito n'iciriritse hagati y’ubukungu n’ubukungu muri New York na Californiya y’Amajyaruguru (ntitwashoboye kumenya raporo ziheruka mu bitabo) [76, 77].
PYRs nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko two mu buriri mu bihugu byinshi, ariko ubushakashatsi buke ni bwo bwapimye imbaraga zabo mu kirere cyo mu nzu [86, 87]. Ni ubwambere amakuru yo muri PYR yo mu nzu avugwa muri Kanada.
Mu cyiciro cy'ibice, ntarengwa \ (\, {\ sum} _ {8} {PYRs} \) agaciro ni 36.000 pg / m3. Pyrethrin I ni yo yagaragaye cyane (DF% = 48), ifite agaciro gakomeye ka 32.000 pg / m3 mu miti yica udukoko twose. Pyrethroid I niyandikishije muri Kanada muguhashya udukoko twigitanda, isake, udukoko tuguruka, nudukoko twangiza amatungo [55, 88]. Byongeye kandi, pyrethrin I ifatwa nk'umurongo wa mbere wo kuvura pediculose muri Kanada [89]. Urebye ko abantu batuye mu mibereho rusange bakunze kwibasirwa n'udukoko twanduye ku buriri [80, 81], twateganyaga ko pyrethrin I yibanda cyane. Nkuko tubizi, ubushakashatsi bumwe gusa bwerekanye ko pyrethrine I yibanda cyane mu kirere cyo mu nzu y’amazu yo guturamo, kandi nta n'umwe wigeze avuga pyrethrin I mu miturire. Ibitekerezo twabonye byari hejuru kuruta ibyavuzwe mu bitabo [90].
Imyunyungugu ya Allethrin nayo yari hejuru cyane, aho icya kabiri cyibanze cyane kiri mu cyiciro cya 16,000 pg / m3, hagakurikiraho permethrine (kwibanda cyane 14,000 pg / m3). Allethrin na permethrine bikoreshwa cyane mubwubatsi. Kimwe na pyrethrin I, permethrine ikoreshwa muri Kanada mu kuvura ibisebe byo mu mutwe. Ubwinshi bwa L-cyhalothrin bwagaragaye ni 6.000 pg / m3. Nubwo L-cyhalothrin itanditswe ngo ikoreshwe mu rugo muri Kanada, yemerewe gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi kugira ngo irinde ibiti ibimonyo by'ababaji. [55, 91]
Umubare ntarengwa \ ({\ sum} _ {8} {PYRs} \) kwibanda mu kirere byari 740.000 pg / m3 (110.000-227.000 ukurikije agaciro ka Koa EPISuite). Allethrin hamwe na permethrine yibanze hano (ntarengwa 406.000 pg / m3 na 14.500 pg / m3) byari hejuru kurenza ibyavuzwe mubushakashatsi bw’ikirere cyo munsi ya SES [26, 77, 78]. Ariko, Wyatt n'abandi. yatangaje ko urwego rwa permethrine rwinshi mu kirere cyo mu ngo za SES nkeya mu mujyi wa New York kuruta ibisubizo byacu (hejuru inshuro 12) [76]. Ibipimo bya permethrine twapimye byatangiraga kuva kumpera yo hasi kugeza kuri 5300 pg / m3.
Nubwo biocide ya STR itanditswe kugirango ikoreshwe murugo muri Kanada, irashobora gukoreshwa mubikoresho bimwe na bimwe byubaka nka side idashobora kwangirika [75, 93]. Twapimye igipimo gike cyo kugereranya icyiciro hamwe na \ Ibipimo bya STR mu kirere cyo mu nzu ntabwo byigeze bipimwa.
Imidacloprid ni umuti wica udukoko twa neonicotinoid wanditswe muri Kanada mu rwego rwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko two mu rugo. Ubushuhe ntarengwa bwa imidacloprid mugice cya selile ni 930 pg / m3, naho ubwinshi bwibanze mu kirere rusange bwari 34.000 pg / m3.
Fungicide propiconazole yanditswe muri Kanada kugirango ikoreshwe mu kubika ibiti mu bikoresho byubaka. Ubushuhe ntarengwa twapimye mu cyiciro cya 1100 pg / m3, naho ubwinshi bw’ikirere rusange bwagereranijwe ni 2200 pg / m3.
Pendimethalin ni umuti wica udukoko twa dinitroaniline ufite igipimo ntarengwa cya 4400 pg / m3 hamwe n’umwuka mwinshi wa 9100 pg / m3. Pendimethalin ntabwo yanditswe kugirango ikoreshwe gutura muri Kanada, ariko isoko imwe ishobora kugaragara ni ugukoresha itabi, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru.
Imiti myinshi yica udukoko yari ifitanye isano (Imbonerahamwe S10). Nkuko byari byitezwe, p, p′-DDT na p, p′-DDE byari bifitanye isano ikomeye kuko p, p′-DDE ni metabolite ya p, p′-DDT. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, endosulfan I na endosulfan II nazo zagize isano ikomeye kuko ni diastereoisomers ebyiri zibera hamwe muri endosulfan tekinike. Ikigereranyo cya diastereoisomers ebyiri (endosulfan I: endosulfan II) kiratandukanye kuva 2: 1 kugeza 7: 3 bitewe nuruvange rwa tekiniki [94]. Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, igipimo cyari hagati ya 1: 1 na 2: 1.
Ubukurikira twashakishije hamwe bishobora kubaho bishobora kwerekana imiti ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko no gukoresha imiti myinshi yica udukoko mu bicuruzwa bimwe byica udukoko (reba ikibanza cyaciwe ku gishushanyo S4). Kurugero, gufatanya kubaho bishobora kubaho kubera ko ibintu bikora bishobora guhuzwa nindi miti yica udukoko hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa, nkuruvange rwa pyriproxyfen na tetramethrin. Hano, twabonye isano (p <0.01) hamwe no gufatanya kubaho (ibice 6) byiyi miti yica udukoko (Igicapo S4 na Imbonerahamwe S10), bihujwe no guhuriza hamwe [75]. Isano rikomeye (p <0.01) hamwe n’ibisanzwe byagaragaye hagati ya OCPs nka p, p′-DDT hamwe na lindane (ibice 5) na heptachlor (ibice 6), byerekana ko byakoreshejwe mugihe runaka cyangwa bigakoreshwa hamwe mbere yuko bibuzwa. Nta gufatanya kwa OFPs byagaragaye, usibye diazinon na malathion, byagaragaye mubice 2.
Igipimo kinini cyo kubaho (ibice 8) cyagaragaye hagati ya pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid na permethrine gishobora gusobanurwa no gukoresha iyi miti itatu yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko, inyo nimbwa ku mbwa [95]. Hiyongereyeho kandi igipimo cyo kubaho kwa imidacloprid na L-cypermethrine (ibice 4), propargyltrine (ibice 4) na pyrethrin I (ibice 9). Nkuko tubizi, nta makuru yatangajwe yerekana ko imidacloprid iba hamwe na L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine na pyrethrin I muri Kanada. Nyamara, imiti yica udukoko yanditswe mubindi bihugu irimo imvange ya imidacloprid na L-cypermethrin na propargyltrine [96, 97]. Byongeye kandi, ntabwo tuzi ibicuruzwa byose birimo imvange ya pyrethrin I na imidacloprid. Ikoreshwa ry’udukoko twombi rishobora gusobanura ko byagaragaye hamwe, kuko byombi bikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko tw’ibitanda, bikunze kugaragara mu miturire [86, 98]. Twasanze permethrine na pyrethrin I (ibice 16) byari bifitanye isano ku buryo bugaragara (p <0.01) kandi bifite umubare munini wabayeho, byerekana ko byakoreshejwe hamwe; ibi kandi byari ukuri kuri pyrethrin I na allethrin (ibice 7, p <0.05), mugihe permethrine na allethrin byari bifitanye isano rito (ibice 5, p <0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrine na thiophanate-methyl, bikoreshwa ku bihingwa by’itabi, na byo byagaragaje isano iri hagati y’ibice icyenda. Ubundi bufatanye hamwe n’ibisanzwe byagaragaye hagati y’imiti yica udukoko itigeze ivugwa hamwe, nka permethrine hamwe na STR (urugero, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, na trifloxystrobin).
Guhinga itabi no kuyitunganya bishingiye cyane ku miti yica udukoko. Urwego rwica udukoko mu itabi rugabanuka mugihe cyo gusarura, gukiza, no gukora ibicuruzwa byanyuma. Icyakora, ibisigazwa byica udukoko biracyari mu mababi y’itabi. Byongeye kandi, amababi y'itabi ashobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko nyuma yo gusarura. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiti yica udukoko yagaragaye mu mababi y’itabi ndetse n’umwotsi.
Muri Ontario, ibice birenga ica kabiri c'amazu 12 manini manini y’imiturire adafite politiki itagira umwotsi, bigatuma abaturage bashobora guhura n’umwotsi w’itabi. Inyubako z'imibereho ya MURB mubushakashatsi bwacu ntabwo zari zifite politiki itagira umwotsi. Twakoze ubushakashatsi ku baturage kugira ngo tumenye amakuru y’ingeso zabo zo kunywa itabi kandi twakoze igenzura mu gihe twasuye ingo kugira ngo tumenye ibimenyetso by’itabi. [59, 64] Mu itumba rya 2017, abaturage 30% (14 kuri 46) banywa itabi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-06-2025