Abaturage bafite imibereho myiza y’abaturage (SES) batuye mu mazu y’abaturage aterwa inkunga na leta cyangwa ibigo bitanga inkunga ya leta bashobora guhura n’ibibazo byinshi byo kwica udukoko dukoreshwa mu nzu kuko imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu mazu bitewe n’imiterere mibi y’inyubako, isuku idahagije, n’ibindi.
Mu 2017, udukoko 28 twapimwe mu kirere cyo mu nzu mu mazu 46 y’amazu arindwi y’abaturage akize i Toronto, muri Kanada, hakoreshejwe imashini zisukura umwuka zakoreshejwe mu gihe cy’icyumweru kimwe. Imashini zasesenguwe zari zisanzwe kandi ubu zikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko twavuye mu byiciro bikurikira: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, na strobilurin.
Nibura umuti umwe wica udukoko wabonetse muri 89% by'uduce, aho igipimo cyo kuvumbura (DRs) ku miti yica udukoko ku giti cyayo cyageze kuri 50%, harimo organochlorines gakondo n'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa ubu. Pyrethroids ikoreshwa ubu yari ifite DF nyinshi n'ibipimo byayo, aho pyrethroid I yari ifite ibipimo byinshi bya particles phase kuri 32.000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, yari yaragabanijwe muri Kanada mu 1985, yari ifite ibipimo byinshi byagenwe by'umwuka wose (particles plus gas phase) kuri 443.000 pg/m3. Ibipimo bya heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, na permethrin (usibye mu bushakashatsi bumwe) byari hejuru kurusha ibyapimwe mu ngo zikennye zavuzwe ahandi. Uretse ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ku bushake mu kurwanya udukoko no kuyikoresha mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi no mu marangi, kunywa itabi byafitanye isano rikomeye n'ibipimo bitanu by'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa ku bihingwa by'itabi. Gukwirakwiza imiti yica udukoko ifite DF nyinshi mu nyubako imwe imwe bigaragaza ko amasoko y’ingenzi y’imiti yica udukoko yabonetse ari gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko zakorwaga n’abayobozi b’inyubako cyangwa ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko n’abayituyemo.
Amazu y’abaturage afite amikoro make arakenewe cyane, ariko aya mazu ashobora kwandura udukoko kandi yishingikiriza ku miti yica udukoko kugira ngo ayibungabunge. Twasanze 89% by’ibikoresho 46 byose byageragejwe byahuye n’umuti wica udukoko 28, aho imiti ikoreshwa ubu ikoreshwa na pyrethroids na organochlorines (urugero, DDT, heptachlor) ifite ubwinshi bwinshi bitewe nuko ikomeza gukoreshwa mu nzu. Ubwinshi bw’imiti yica udukoko myinshi itanditswe ngo ikoreshwe mu nzu, nka strobilurin ikoreshwa ku bikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa ku bihingwa by’itabi, nabyo byarapimwe. Ibi bisubizo, amakuru ya mbere yo muri Kanada ku miti myinshi yica udukoko yo mu nzu, bigaragaza ko abantu bahura n’imiti myinshi muri yo.
Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi kugira ngo igabanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’udukoko. Mu 2018, hafi 72% by’imiti yica udukoko yagurishijwe muri Kanada yakoreshejwe mu buhinzi, aho 4.5% gusa yakoreshejwe mu miturire.[1] Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku bwinshi bw’imiti yica udukoko n’uburyo yakoreshejwe bwibanda ku miturire.[2,3,4] Ibi bisiga icyuho kinini mu bijyanye n’imiterere y’imiti yica udukoko n’urwego rwayo mu ngo, aho imiti yica udukoko nayo ikoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya udukoko. Mu miturire, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu nzu rimwe bishobora gutuma 15 mg y’imiti yica udukoko irekurwa mu bidukikije.[5] Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu mazu mu kurwanya udukoko nk’inyenzi n’udukoko two mu buriri. Indi mikoreshereze y’imiti yica udukoko irimo kurwanya udukoko two mu matungo no kuyikoresha nk’imiti yica udukoko ku bikoresho byo mu nzu no ku bicuruzwa (urugero: amatapi y’ubwoya, imyenda) n’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi (urugero: amarangi yo ku nkuta arimo imiti yica udukoko, imitako idapfa kwibasirwa n’ibihumyo) [6,7,8,9]. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa by’abayituyemo (urugero: kunywa itabi mu nzu) bishobora gutuma imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu guhinga itabi mu nzu [10]. Indi soko yo kohereza imiti yica udukoko mu nzu ni uburyo itwarwa iturutse hanze [11,12,13].
Uretse abakozi b'ubuhinzi n'imiryango yabo, hari amatsinda amwe na amwe ashobora kwibasirwa n'imiti yica udukoko. Abana bahura cyane n'ibintu byinshi byanduza mu nzu, harimo n'imiti yica udukoko, kurusha abantu bakuru bitewe n'umuvuduko mwinshi wo guhumeka, kunywa ivumbi, no kugira ingeso yo kuva mu kanwa ugereranyije n'uburemere bw'umubiri [14, 15]. Urugero, Trunnel n'abandi basanze ubwinshi bwa pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) mu bitambaro byo hasi bifitanye isano ryiza n'ubwinshi bwa PYR mu nkari z'abana [16]. DF y'imiti yica udukoko ya PYR yavuzwe mu Inyigo y'Ubuvuzi ya Canadian Health Measures (CHMS) yari hejuru mu bana bari hagati y'imyaka 3-5 ugereranyije n'abari mu matsinda y'abasaza [17]. Abagore batwite n'abana babo bafatwa nk'itsinda rishobora kwibasirwa n'ingaruka zo kwibasirwa n'imiti yica udukoko mu buzima bwabo bwa mbere. Wyatt n'abandi batangaje ko imiti yica udukoko mu maraso y'ababyeyi n'abana bato yari ifite isano rikomeye, ijyanye no kwimura abana kuva ku nda [18].
Abantu batuye mu mazu atujuje ubuziranenge cyangwa ay’amikoro make bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwanduzwa n’imyanda yo mu nzu, harimo n’imiti yica udukoko [19, 20, 21]. Urugero, muri Kanada, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abantu bafite imiterere y’ubukungu (SES) bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwanduzwa n’ibintu bihumanya ikirere, ibitera umuriro bita halogenated, ibintu bitera phosphorus na fire retardants, hamwe na polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kurusha abantu bafite SES nyinshi [22, 23, 24]. Bimwe muri ibi byavumbuwe bireba abantu batuye mu "mazu y’imibereho myiza," dusobanura ko ari amazu akodeshwa aterwa inkunga na leta (cyangwa ibigo biterwa inkunga na leta) arimo abaturage bafite imiterere y’ubukungu buke [25]. Amazu y’imibereho myiza mu mazu y’abaturage menshi (MURBs) ashobora kwanduzwa n’udukoko, ahanini bitewe n’imiterere yayo mibi (urugero: imiyoboro n’imyanya iri mu nkuta), kutagira isuku/gusanwa neza, serivisi zo gusukura no guta imyanda zidahagije, no gucucikana kenshi [20, 26]. Nubwo hari gahunda zihuriweho zo kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo bigabanye gukenerwa kwa gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko mu micungire y’inyubako bityo bigabanye ibyago byo kwandura udukoko, cyane cyane mu nyubako zifite amazu menshi, udukoko dushobora gukwirakwira mu nyubako yose [21, 27, 28]. Gukwirakwira kw’udukoko n’ikoreshwa ry’udukoko bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku mwuka wo mu nzu no gushyira abaturiye mu kaga ko kwandura udukoko, bigatera ingaruka mbi ku buzima [29]. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakorewe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bwagaragaje ko urwego rwo kwanduzwa n’udukoko twabujijwe kandi dukoreshwa ubu ruri hejuru mu mazu y’amikoro make kurusha mu mazu y’amikoro menshi bitewe n’imiterere mibi y’amazu [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Kubera ko abaturage bafite amikoro make bakunze kugira amahitamo make yo kuva mu ngo zabo, bashobora guhora bahura n’udukoko mu ngo zabo.
Mu ngo, abaturage bashobora guhura n’imiti yica udukoko mu gihe kirekire kuko ibisigazwa by’imiti yica udukoko bikomeza kubaho bitewe no kubura urumuri rw’izuba, ubushuhe, n’inzira zo kwangirika kwa mikorobe [33,34,35]. Byatangajwe ko imiti yica udukoko ifitanye isano n’ingaruka mbi ku buzima nko kugira ubumuga bwo mu mikurire y’ubwonko (cyane cyane ubwenge buke bwo kuvuga ku bahungu), ndetse na kanseri y’amaraso, kanseri yo mu bwonko (harimo na kanseri y’abana), ingaruka ziterwa no kutumvikana kw’imitsi, n’indwara ya Alzheimer.
Nk’umwe mu bagize Amasezerano ya Stockholm, Kanada ifite amategeko agenga OCP icyenda [42, 54]. Kongera gusuzuma ibisabwa mu mategeko muri Kanada byatumye ikoreshwa rya OPP na carbamate hafi ya byose mu ngo rivanwaho. [55] Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura imicungire y’udukoko muri Kanada (PMRA) nacyo kibuza ikoreshwa rya PYR mu nzu. Urugero, ikoreshwa rya cypermethrin mu kuvura no gutangaza amakuru mu nzu ryahagaritswe kubera ingaruka zishobora kugira ku buzima bw’abantu, cyane cyane ku bana [56]. Ishusho ya 1 itanga incamake y’aya mategeko [55, 57, 58].
Umurongo wa Y uhagarariye imiti yica udukoko yabonetse (uri hejuru y’umupaka wo kuyimenya, Imbonerahamwe ya S6), naho umurongo wa X uhagarariye urwego rw’imiti yica udukoko mu kirere mu cyiciro cy’udukoko hejuru y’umupaka wo kuyimenya. Ibisobanuro birambuye ku nshuro zo kuyimenya n’ibipimo ntarengwa bitangwa mu mbonerahamwe ya S6.
Intego zacu zari ugupima ubwinshi bw'umwuka wo mu nzu n'uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa ubu n'iya kera ikoreshwa mu ngo zituye mu mazu y’abaturage i Toronto, muri Kanada, no gusuzuma zimwe mu mpamvu zijyanye n'iyi miti. Intego y'iyi nyandiko ni ukuzuza icyuho mu makuru ku bijyanye n'uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa ubu n'iya kera ikoreshwa mu ngo z'abaturage batishoboye, cyane cyane ko amakuru y'imiti yica udukoko yo mu nzu muri Kanada ari make cyane [6].
Abashakashatsi bakurikiranye ubucucike bw'imiti yica udukoko mu mazu arindwi ya MURB yubatswe mu myaka ya 1970 ahantu hatatu mu Mujyi wa Toronto. Inyubako zose ziri nibura kilometero 65 uvuye mu gace k'ubuhinzi (usibye ibibanza byo mu gikari). Izi nyubako zihagarariye amazu ya Toronto y’abaturage. Ubushakashatsi bwacu ni inyongera y'ubushakashatsi bunini bwasuzumye urugero rw'udukoko (PM) mu mazu y’abaturage mbere na nyuma yo kongera ingufu [59,60,61]. Kubwibyo, ingamba zacu zo gupima zari zigamije gusana PM mu kirere.
Kuri buri gice, hakozwe impinduka zirimo kuzigama amazi n'ingufu (urugero: gusimbuza ibikoresho byo guhumeka, ibyuma bishyushya n'ibikoresho bishyushya) kugira ngo bigabanye ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kunoza ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu no kongera ubushyuhe [62, 63]. Inzu zigabanyijwe hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'abantu batuyemo: abageze mu zabukuru, imiryango n'abantu batabasha kuba bonyine. Ibiranga n'ubwoko bw'inyubako bisobanurwa mu buryo burambuye ahandi [24].
Ingero 46 z'imashini ziyungurura umwuka zakusanyijwe mu mazu 46 ya MURB social housing mu gihe cy'itumba rya 2017 zasesenguwe. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubushakashatsi, ikusanyirizo ry'ingero, n'uburyo bwo kubika byasobanuwe birambuye na Wang et al. [60]. Muri make, ishami rya buri wese mu bitabiriye ryari rifite icyuma gisukura umwuka cya Amaircare XR-100 gifite icyuma gisukura umwuka cya mm 127 gifite ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura umwuka (ibikoresho bikoreshwa muri filter za HEPA) mu gihe cy'icyumweru 1. Imashini zose zisukura umwuka zogejwe zasukuwe n'udupira twa isopropyl mbere na nyuma yo gukoreshwa kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa. Imashini zisukura umwuka zogejwe zashyizwe ku rukuta rw'icyumba cyo kubamo muri cm 30 uvuye ku gisenge cyangwa nk'uko abaturage babisabwe kugira ngo birinde imbogamizi ku baturage no kugabanya amahirwe yo kwinjira mu buryo butemewe (reba Amakuru y'inyongera SI1, Ishusho S1). Mu gihe cyo gufata ingero buri cyumweru, impuzandengo y'amazi yari 39.2 m3/umunsi (reba SI1 kugira ngo umenye ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwakoreshejwe mu kumenya amazi asohoka). Mbere yo gushyiraho ingero muri Mutarama na Gashyantare 2015, hakozwe isuzuma ry’ibanze ry’imico y’urugo n’imyitwarire y’abarutuye (urugero nko kunywa itabi). Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe nyuma ya buri ruzinduko kuva mu 2015 kugeza 2017. Ibisobanuro birambuye bitangwa muri Touchie et al. [64] Muri make, intego y’ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma imyitwarire y’abarutuye n’impinduka zishobora kubaho mu mico y’urugo n’imyitwarire y’abarutuye nko kunywa itabi, gukoresha inzugi n’amadirishya, no gukoresha utubati two gukurura cyangwa utwuma two mu gikoni mu gihe cyo guteka. [59, 64] Nyuma yo guhindura, hasesenguwe imashini 28 zivura imiti yica udukoko (endosulfan I na II na α- na γ-chlordane byafatwaga nk’ibintu bitandukanye, kandi p,p′-DDE yari metabolite ya p,p′-DDT, ntabwo ari umuti wica udukoko), harimo n’imiti yica udukoko ishaje n’iy’ubusanzwe (Imbonerahamwe S1).
Wang n'abandi [60] basobanuye uburyo bwo gukuramo no gusukura mu buryo burambuye. Buri cyitegererezo cya firigo cyagabanijwemo kabiri, igice kimwe cyakoreshejwe mu gusesengura imiti yica udukoko 28 (Imbonerahamwe ya S1). Ingero za firigo n'ibice bya laboratwari byari bigizwe n'ifirigo za fibre z'ibirahure, kimwe kuri buri ngero eshanu ku icyenda zose hamwe, byashyizwemo uduce dutandatu twanditseho imiti yica udukoko (Imbonerahamwe ya S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) kugira ngo bigenzurwe. Ingano y'imiti yica udukoko yapimwe mu bice bitanu by'ubutaka. Buri cyitegererezo cya firigo cyashyizwemo filigo inshuro eshatu mu gihe cy'iminota 20 buri kimwe gikoresheje 10 mL ya hexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (urwego rwa HPLC, Fisher Scientific). Ingufu zavuye mu bicuruzwa bitatu byakuwemo zashyizwe hamwe zishyirwa kuri 1 mL muri Zymark Turbovap evaporator munsi y'amazi ahoraho ya azote. Iyi mvange yasukuwe hakoreshejwe inkingi za Florisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, Supelco) hanyuma ishyirwa kuri 0.5 mL hakoreshejwe Zymark Turbovap hanyuma yoherezwa mu kabari ka GC k'umuhondo. Hanyuma Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) yongewemo nk'igipimo cy'imbere. Isesengura ryakozwe hakoreshejwe gaze chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC na Agilent 5977A MSD) mu buryo bwa electron impact na chemical ionization. Ibipimo by'ibikoresho bitangwa muri SI4 kandi amakuru ya iyoni atangwa muri Table S3 na S4.
Mbere yo gukuramo imiti, imiti ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko yashyizwe mu byiciro n'ibice by'ubusa (Imbonerahamwe ya S2) kugira ngo ikurikirane gukira mu gihe cyo gusesengura. Gukuramo imiti mu bipimo byari hagati ya 62% na 83%; ibisubizo byose ku miti imwe n'imwe byakosowe kugira ngo bigaruke. Amakuru yakosowe hakoreshejwe impuzandengo ya laboratwari n'agaciro k'ubusa kuri buri muti (agaciro kari mu Imbonerahamwe ya S5) hakurikijwe ibipimo byasobanuwe na Saini et al. [65]: iyo impuzandengo y'ubusa yari munsi ya 5% by'ingano y'icyitegererezo, nta gukosora ubusa kwakozwe ku miti imwe n'imwe; iyo impuzandengo y'ubusa yari hagati ya 5-35%, amakuru yakosowe; niba impuzandengo y'ubusa yari irenga 35% by'agaciro, amakuru yarajugunywaga. Umupaka wo kumenya uburyo (MDL, Imbonerahamwe ya S6) wagenwe nk'impuzandengo y'ubusa bwa laboratwari (n = 9) wongeyeho inshuro eshatu z'itandukaniro risanzwe. Iyo ikintu kitabonetse mu mwanya, ikigereranyo cy'urusaku ku kintu mu gisubizo gito cyane (~10: 1) cyakoreshejwe mu kubara umupaka wo kumenya ibikoresho. Ibipimo bya laboratwari n'ibipimo byo mu murima byari
Uburemere bw'ibinyabutabire ku ruhushya rw'umwuka buhindurwa mu rwego rw'uduce tw'umwuka duhujwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya gravimetric, kandi umuvuduko w'urujya n'uruza rw'uduce tw'umwuka n'imikorere yarwo bihindurwa mu rwego rw'uduce tw'umwuka duhujwe hakurikijwe ikigereranyo cya 1:
aho M (g) ari uburemere bwose bwa PM yafashwe n'akayunguruzo, f (pg/g) ni ubwinshi bw'imyanda muri PM yakusanyijwe, η ni ubushobozi bw'akayunguruzo (bifatwa ko ari 100% bitewe n'ibikoresho bya kayunguruzo n'ingano y'uduce [67]), Q (m3/h) ni igipimo cy'umwuka unyura mu cyuma gisukura umwuka, naho t (h) ni igihe cyo gusohora. Uburemere bwa kayunguruzo bwanditswe mbere na nyuma yo gusohora. Ibisobanuro birambuye ku bipimo n'igipimo cy'umwuka unyuramo bitangwa na Wang et al. [60].
Uburyo bwo gufata ingero bwakoreshejwe muri iyi nyandiko bwapimye gusa ingano y’igice cy’udukoko. Twapimye ingano ingana y’imiti yica udukoko mu gice cy’umwuka dukoresheje ikigereranyo cya Harner-Biedelman (Ikigereranyo cya 2), dufata uburinganire bw’imiti hagati y’igice [68]. Ikigereranyo cya 2 cyakomotse ku bintu by’udukoko hanze, ariko cyanakoreshejwe mu gupima ikwirakwira ry’udukoko mu kirere no mu nzu [69, 70].
aho log Kp ari ihinduka rya logarithmic ry’ikigereranyo cy’igabanywa ry’uduce duto n’umwuka mu kirere, log Koa ni ihinduka rya logarithmic ry’ikigereranyo cya octanol/umwuka, Koa (idafite ibipimo), na \({fom}\) ni igice cy’ibintu nyabuzima mu bintu bito (idafite ibipimo). Agaciro ka fom gafatwa nka 0.4 [71, 72]. Agaciro ka Koa kakuwe muri OPERA 2.6 kabonetse hakoreshejwe dashboard ya CompTox chemical monitoring (US EPA, 2023) (Ishusho S2), kubera ko ifite ibipimo bike cyane ugereranyije n’ubundi buryo bwo gupima [73]. Twabonye kandi agaciro k’igerageza rya Koa na Kowwin/HENRYWIN hakoreshejwe EPISuite [74].
Kubera ko DF ku miti yose yica udukoko yabonetse yari ≤50%, agaciro
Ishusho S3 n'Imbonerahamwe S6 na S8 bigaragaza agaciro ka Koa gashingiye kuri OPERA, ingano y'udukoko (akayunguruzo) twa buri tsinda ry'imiti yica udukoko, hamwe n'ingano ya gaze yabazwe hamwe n'ingano yose. Ingano y'agakoko gatera gaze hamwe n'ingano ntarengwa y'imiti yica udukoko yabonetse kuri buri tsinda ry'imiti (ni ukuvuga Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, na Σ3STR) byabonetse hakoreshejwe agaciro ka Koa kavuye muri EPISuite kavuye mu bushakashatsi n'akabazwe biraboneka mu mbonerahamwe S7 na S8, uko bikurikirana. Dutanga raporo y'ingano y'udukoko twapimwe kandi tugereranya ingano y'umwuka wose wabazwe hano (dukoresheje ibigereranyo bishingiye kuri OPERA) hamwe n'ingano y'umwuka uturutse ku mubare muto w'amakuru atari ay'ubuhinzi y'ingano y'imiti yica udukoko mu kirere ndetse no mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bwakorewe ku ngo zifite SES nke [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Imbonerahamwe S9). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko iri gereranya ari iry'ikigereranyo bitewe n'itandukaniro mu buryo bwo gufata ingero n'imyaka y'ubushakashatsi. Dukurikije ubumenyi bwacu, amakuru yatanzwe hano ni yo ya mbere yapimye imiti yica udukoko uretse organochlorines gakondo mu mwuka wo mu nzu muri Kanada.
Mu cyiciro cy’udukoko, igipimo ntarengwa cya Σ8OCP cyari 4400 pg/m3 (Imbonerahamwe S8). OCP yari ifite igipimo kinini cyane yari heptachlor (yagabanijwe mu 1985) ifite igipimo ntarengwa cya 2600 pg/m3, ikurikirwa na p, p′-DDT (yagabanijwe mu 1985) ifite igipimo ntarengwa cya 1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil ifite igipimo ntarengwa cya 1200 pg/m3 ni umuti wica udukoko urwanya udukoko ukoreshwa mu marangi. Nubwo kwiyandikisha kwayo mu irangi byahagaritswe mu 2011, DF yayo iracyari kuri 50% [55]. Agaciro ka DF kari hejuru cyane n’igipimo cya OCP gakondo bigaragaza ko OCP zakoreshejwe cyane mu bihe byashize kandi ko zikomeza gukoreshwa mu nzu [6].
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko imyaka yo kubaka ifitanye isano ryiza n’ubwinshi bw’udukoko twa OCP twa kera [6, 79]. Ubusanzwe, OCP zakoreshejwe mu kurwanya udukoko two mu nzu, cyane cyane lindane mu kuvura inda zo mu mutwe, indwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu ngo zifite imibereho myiza y’abaturage kurusha ingo zifite imibereho myiza y’abaturage [80, 81]. Ingano nini ya lindane yari 990 pg/m3.
Ku bijyanye n'ibintu byose bigize uduce duto n'igice cya gaze, heptachlor yari ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyane, aho igipimo ntarengwa cya 443.000 pg/m3. Igipimo ntarengwa cy'umwuka wa Σ8OCP cyagereranyijwe uhereye ku gipimo cya Koa mu zindi ntera cyanditswe mu mbonerahamwe ya S8. Igipimo cya heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, na endosulfan I cyari hagati ya 2 (chlorothalonil) na 11 (endosulfan I) kiri hejuru y'inshuro 2 ugereranyije n'ibyabonetse mu bundi bushakashatsi ku miturire y'abantu bafite amikoro make n'akennye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bufaransa yapimwe mu myaka 30 ishize [77, 82,83,84].
Igipimo cy’udukoko twose two mu bwoko bwa OPs eshatu (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, na diazinon—cyari 3.600 pg/m3. Muri izi, malathion yonyine niyo yanditswe kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu ngo muri Kanada.[55] Trichlorfon yari ifite igipimo cy’udukoko twose two mu bwoko bwa OPP, aho ntarengwa 3.600 pg/m3. Muri Kanada, trichlorfon yakoreshejwe nk'umuti wica udukoko mu bindi bicuruzwa byo kurwanya udukoko, nko kurwanya isazi n'inyenzi zidakira.[55] Malathion yanditswe nk'umuti wica udukoko wo mu ngo, aho ntarengwa 2.800 pg/m3.
Igipimo ntarengwa cya Σ3OPPs (gas + particles) mu kirere ni 77.000 pg/m3 (60.000–200.000 pg/m3 hashingiwe ku gaciro ka Koa EPISuite). Igipimo cya OPP cyo mu kirere kiri hasi (DF 11–24%) ugereranyije n’igipimo cya OCP (DF 0–50%), ibi bikaba bishoboka cyane bitewe n’uko OCP ikomeza cyane [85].
Igipimo cya diazinon na malathion cyavuzwe hano kiri hejuru ugereranyije n’icyapimwe mu myaka 20 ishize mu ngo zifite imibereho myiza mu bukungu muri Texas y’Amajyepfo na Boston (aho diazinon yonyine yavuzwe) [26, 78]. Igipimo cya diazinon twapimye cyari hasi ugereranyije n’icyapimwe mu bushakashatsi ku ngo zifite imibereho myiza n’ubukungu buri hagati muri New York na Kaliforuniya y’Amajyaruguru (ntitwashoboye kubona raporo ziheruka mu bitabo) [76, 77].
Imiti yica udukoko ya PYR ni yo miti ikoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya udukoko two mu buriri mu bihugu byinshi, ariko ubushakashatsi buke bwapimye ingano yatwo mu kirere cyo mu nzu [86, 87]. Ni ubwa mbere amakuru y’ingano ya PYR yo mu nzu atangazwa muri Kanada.
Mu cyiciro cy’udukoko, agaciro ntarengwa \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) ni 36.000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I ni yo yagaragaye cyane (DF% = 48), ifite agaciro ka 32.000 pg/m3 mu miti yose yica udukoko. Pyrethroid I yanditse muri Kanada mu rwego rwo kurwanya udukoko two mu buriri, inyenzi, udukoko tuguruka, n’udukoko two mu matungo [55, 88]. Byongeye kandi, pyrethrin I ifatwa nk'umuti wa mbere wo kuvura indwara zo mu matungo muri Kanada [89]. Bitewe n'uko abantu batuye mu mazu yo guturamo baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura udukoko two mu buriri n'udukoko [80, 81], twiteze ko pyrethrin I izaba iri hejuru. Uko tubizi, ubushakashatsi bumwe gusa ni bwo bwagaragaje ko pyrethrin I iba iri mu mwuka wo mu nzu mu mazu yo guturamo, kandi nta n'umwe wagaragaje ko pyrethrin I iba iri mu mazu yo guturamo. Ingano twabonye yari iri hejuru kurusha iyavuzwe mu nyandiko [90].
Igipimo cya Allethrin nacyo cyari hejuru cyane, aho igipimo cya kabiri kinini kiri mu gice cy’udukoko kuri 16.000 pg/m3, gikurikirwa na permethrin (igipimo ntarengwa cya 14.000 pg/m3). Allethrin na permethrin bikoreshwa cyane mu bwubatsi bw’amazu. Kimwe na pyrethrin I, permethrin ikoreshwa muri Kanada mu kuvura inda zo mu mutwe.[89] Igipimo kinini cya L-cyhalothrin cyabonetse cyari 6.000 pg/m3. Nubwo L-cyhalothrin itanditswe ngo ikoreshwe mu rugo muri Kanada, yemewe gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi kugira ngo irinde imbaho iterwa n’udusimba tw’ibiti.[55, 91]
Igipimo ntarengwa cya \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) mu mwuka cyari 740.000 pg/m3 (110.000–270.000 hashingiwe ku gaciro ka Koa EPISuite). Igipimo cya Allethrin na permethrin hano (ntarengwa 406.000 pg/m3 na 14.500 pg/m3, uko bikurikirana) cyari hejuru ugereranyije n’ibyagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi ku mwuka wo mu nzu wo mu nzu wo mu nzu wo mu nzu wo mu nzu wo mu Mujyi wa New York [26, 77, 78]. Ariko, Wyatt et al. bavuze ko igipimo cya permethrin kiri hejuru mu mwuka wo mu nzu wo mu nzu zo mu nzu zo mu Mujyi wa New York ugereranyije n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu (cyari cyikubye inshuro 12) [76]. Igipimo cya permethrin twapimye cyari hagati ya 5300 pg/m3.
Nubwo imiti ya STR itanditswe ngo ikoreshwe mu ngo muri Kanada, ishobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho bimwe na bimwe by'ubwubatsi nko mu gice kidapfa guhumeka [75, 93]. Twapimye ibipimo biri hasi cyane by'uduce duto cyane, dufite igipimo ntarengwa cya \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) cya 1200 pg/m3 n'igipimo cy'umwuka wose \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) kigera kuri 1300 pg/m3. Igipimo cya STR mu mwuka wo mu nzu nticyapimwe mbere.
Imidacloprid ni umuti wica udukoko wa neonicotinoid wanditswe muri Kanada mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza amatungo yo mu rugo.[55] Igipimo ntarengwa cya imidacloprid mu gice cy’udukoko cyari 930 pg/m3, naho igipimo ntarengwa mu kirere muri rusange cyari 34.000 pg/m3.
Umuti wa propiconazole wo mu bwoko bwa fungicide wanditswe muri Kanada kugira ngo ukoreshwe nk'umuti urinda ibiti mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi.[55] Igipimo ntarengwa twapimye mu gice cy'udukoko cyari 1100 pg/m3, naho igipimo ntarengwa mu mwuka muri rusange cyagereranyijwe kuba 2200 pg/m3.
Pendimethalin ni umuti wica udukoko wa dinitroaniline ufite igipimo ntarengwa cya particles 4400 pg/m3 n'igipimo ntarengwa cy'umwuka cyose cya 9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin ntabwo yanditswe ngo ikoreshwe mu ngo muri Kanada, ariko imwe mu mpamvu zishobora gutuma umuntu ahura n'itabi ni ukunywa itabi, nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru.
Imiti myinshi yica udukoko yahujwe (Imbonerahamwe S10). Nkuko byari byitezwe, p,p′-DDT na p,p′-DDE byari bifite isano rikomeye kuko p,p′-DDE ari metabolite ya p,p′-DDT. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, endosulfan I na endosulfan II nabyo byari bifite isano rikomeye kuko ari diastereoisomers ebyiri zibera hamwe muri endosulfan ya tekiniki. Igipimo cya diastereoisomers ebyiri (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) kiratandukanye kuva kuri 2:1 kugeza kuri 7:3 bitewe n'uruvange rwa tekiniki [94]. Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, igipimo cyari hagati ya 1:1 na 2:1.
Hanyuma twashatse aho imiti yica udukoko ihurira n’ikoreshwa ry’imiti myinshi yica udukoko mu muti umwe (reba ishusho ya breakpoint iri ku Ishusho ya S4). Urugero, aho imiti yica udukoko ishobora kubaho kuko ibintu bikora bishobora guhuzwa n’indi miti yica udukoko hamwe n’uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora, nko kuvanga pyriproxyfen na tetramethrin. Aha, twabonye isano (p < 0.01) n’aho imiti yica udukoko ihurira n’iy’imiti (ibice 6) (Ishusho ya S4 n’Imbonerahamwe ya S10), bihuye n’uburyo ikoreshwa [75]. Hari isano ikomeye (p < 0.01) n’aho imiti yica udukoko ihurira n’iy’imiti ya OCP nka p,p′-DDT na lindane (ibice 5) na heptachlor (ibice 6), bigaragaza ko byakoreshejwe mu gihe runaka cyangwa bishyirwa hamwe mbere y’uko amabwiriza ashyirwaho. Nta hantu na hamwe hagaragaye OFPs, usibye diazinon na malathion, byagaragaye mu bice 2.
Igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ubutabazi bw’indwara (ibice 8) cyagaragaye hagati ya pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid na permethrin gishobora gusobanurwa no gukoresha iyi miti itatu yica udukoko mu miti yica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko, inda n’ibisazi ku mbwa [95]. Byongeye kandi, igipimo cy’ubutabazi bw’indwara ya imidacloprid na L-cypermethrin (ibice 4), propargyltrine (ibice 4) na pyrethrin I (ibice 9) nacyo cyagaragaye. Uko tubizi, nta raporo zasohotse zigaragaza ko imidacloprid na L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine na pyrethrin I muri Kanada byagaragaye. Ariko, imiti yica udukoko yanditswe mu bindi bihugu irimo uruvange rwa imidacloprid na L-cypermethrin na propargyltrine [96, 97]. Byongeye kandi, nta bicuruzwa bifite uruvange rwa pyrethrin I na imidacloprid. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko yombi bishobora gusobanura uburyo yagaragaye ihurirana, kuko byombi bikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko two ku buriri, dukunze kugaragara mu miturire y’abaturage [86, 98]. Twasanze permethrin na pyrethrin I (ibice 16) bifitanye isano rikomeye (p < 0.01) kandi bifite umubare munini w’ibintu bihurirana, bigaragaza ko byakoreshejwe hamwe; ibi byari ukuri no kuri pyrethrin I na allethrin (ibice 7, p < 0.05), mu gihe permethrin na allethrin byari bifite isano iri hasi (ibice 5, p < 0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin na thiophanate-methyl, bikoreshwa ku bihingwa by’itabi, nabyo byagaragaje isano n’ihurirana ku bice icyenda. Hari isano irindi n’ihurirana ryagaragaye hagati y’imiti yica udukoko aho ihurirana na yo itaragaragajwe, nka permethrin hamwe na STRs (ni ukuvuga, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, na trifloxystrobin).
Guhinga no gutunganya itabi bishingiye cyane ku miti yica udukoko. Igipimo cy’imiti yica udukoko mu itabi kiragabanuka mu gihe cyo gusarura, gukosora no gukora ibicuruzwa bya nyuma. Ariko, ibisigazwa by’imiti yica udukoko biracyari mu mababi y’itabi.[99] Byongeye kandi, amababi y’itabi ashobora kuvurwa n’imiti yica udukoko nyuma yo gusarura.[100] Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiti yica udukoko yabonetse mu mababi y’itabi no mu mwotsi.
Muri Ontario, inyubako zirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’inyubako 12 nini cyane zikorerwamo imirimo y’ubutabazi ntizifite politiki yo kutanywa itabi, ibyo bikaba bishyira abaturage mu kaga ko kunywera itabi ku banywa itabi. [101] Inyubako zikorerwamo imirimo y’ubutabazi za MURB mu bushakashatsi bwacu ntizari zifite politiki yo kutanywa itabi. Twakoze ubushakashatsi ku baturage kugira ngo tubone amakuru ajyanye n’ingeso zabo zo kunywa itabi kandi twakoze igenzura ry’ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gusura ingo zabo kugira ngo tumenye ibimenyetso by’itabi. [59, 64] Mu gihe cy’itumba cya 2017, 30% by’abaturage (14 kuri 46) banywaga itabi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-06-2025