Umusaruro wumuceri uragabanuka kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere no guhinduka muri Kolombiya.Igenzura ryikura ryibihingwabyakoreshejwe nk'ingamba zo kugabanya ubushyuhe mu bihingwa bitandukanye. Kubwibyo, intego yubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma ingaruka zifatika (imyitwarire ya stomatal, imyitwarire ya stomatal, ibirimo byose bya chlorophyll, igipimo cya Fv / Fm cya genotypes ebyiri zumuceri wubucuruzi ziterwa nubushyuhe bukabije (ubushyuhe bwumunsi nijoro), ubushyuhe bwa canopy nibirimo amazi ugereranije) nibihinduka bya biohimiki (malondialdehyde (MDA) nibirimo aside aside). Ubushakashatsi bwa mbere nubwa kabiri bwakozwe hifashishijwe ibihingwa bibiri byumuceri Federrose 67 (“F67”) na Federrose 2000 (“F2000”). Ubushakashatsi bwombi bwasesenguwe hamwe nkurukurikirane rwubushakashatsi. Ubuvuzi bwashyizweho bwari ubu bukurikira: kugenzura byimazeyo (AC) (ibihingwa byumuceri bihingwa ku bushyuhe bwiza (ubushyuhe bwumunsi / nijoro 30/25 ° C)), kugenzura ubushyuhe (SC) [ibihingwa byumuceri biterwa nubushyuhe bukabije (40/25 ° C). 30 ° C. Gusasira hamwe na SA byongereye chlorophyll yuzuye yubwoko bwombi (uburemere bushya bwibiti byumuceri "F67 ″ na" F2000 ″ byari 3.25 na 3,65 mg / g) ugereranije nibihingwa bya SC (uburemere bushya bwibiti bya "F67 ″ byari 2,36 na mg 2.56 mg). s) ugereranije no kugenzura ubushyuhe. ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, ubushyuhe bwikamba ryibimera bugabanuka kuri 2-3 ° C, naho MDA yibimera bigabanuka. Umubare wo kwihanganira ugereranije ugaragaza ko gukoresha amababi ya CK (97,69%) na BR (60,73%) bishobora gufasha kugabanya ikibazo cyubushyuhe hamwe. guhangayikishwa cyane cyane mubihingwa byumuceri F2000. Mu gusoza, gutera amababi ya BR cyangwa CK birashobora gufatwa nkingamba zubuhinzi zifasha kugabanya ingaruka mbi ziterwa nubushyuhe bwimyororokere kumyitwarire yumubiri wibiti byumuceri.
Umuceri (Oryza sativa) ni uw'umuryango wa Poaceae kandi ni umwe mu binyampeke bihingwa ku isi hamwe n'ibigori n'ingano (Bajaj na Mohanty, 2005). Ubuso buhingwamo umuceri ni hegitari 617.934, naho umusaruro w’igihugu mu 2020 wari toni 2,937.840 hamwe n’umusaruro ugereranije wa toni 5.02 / ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi bugira ingaruka ku bihingwa byumuceri, biganisha ku bwoko butandukanye bw’imihindagurikire y’ibihe nk’ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ibihe by’amapfa. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe itera ubushyuhe ku isi kuzamuka; Biteganijwe ko ubushyuhe buzamuka kuri 1.0-3.7 ° C mu kinyejana cya 21, ibyo bikaba bishobora kongera inshuro n’ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe. Ubwiyongere bw’ibidukikije bwagize ingaruka ku muceri, bituma umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugabanukaho 6-7%. Ku rundi ruhande, imihindagurikire y’ikirere nayo iganisha ku bidukikije bitameze neza ku bihingwa, nk'ibihe by'amapfa akomeye cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi mu turere dushyuha no mu turere dushyuha. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bitandukanye nka El Niño bishobora gutera ubushyuhe no kongera ibyangiritse mubihingwa mu turere dushyuha. Muri Kolombiya, ubushyuhe mu bice bitanga umuceri biteganijwe ko byiyongera kuri 2-2,5 ° C mu 2050, bikagabanya umusaruro w’umuceri kandi bikagira ingaruka ku bicuruzwa ku masoko no ku isoko.
Ibihingwa byinshi byumuceri bihingwa ahantu ubushyuhe buri hafi yuburyo bwiza bwo gukura ibihingwa (Shah et al., 2011). Byaravuzwe ko impuzandengo nziza yumunsi nijoro nubushyuhe bwagukura k'umuceri n'iteramberemuri rusange ni 28 ° C na 22 ° C, (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Ubushyuhe buri hejuru yibi bipimo birashobora gutera ibihe byubushyuhe bukabije kandi bukabije mugihe cyiterambere cyumuceri (guhinga, anthesis, indabyo, no kuzuza ingano), bityo bikagira ingaruka mbi kumusaruro wingano. Iri gabanuka ry'umusaruro riterwa ahanini nigihe kirekire cyubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka kumiterere yibimera. Bitewe n'imikoranire yibintu bitandukanye, nkigihe igihe cyo guhangayika nubushyuhe ntarengwa bwageze, guhangayika birashobora gutera ibintu byinshi byangirika bidasubirwaho kwangiza ibimera niterambere.
Guhangayikishwa n'ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka zitandukanye muburyo bwa physiologique na biohimiki mu bimera. Amababi ya fotosintezeza ni bumwe mu buryo bworoshye guhura n’ubushyuhe mu bimera byumuceri, kuko igipimo cya fotosintezeza kigabanukaho 50% mugihe ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi burenze 35 ° C. Ibisubizo byumubiri wibimera byumuceri biratandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwubushyuhe. Kurugero, ibipimo bya fotosintetike hamwe nimyitwarire ya stomatal birabujijwe mugihe ibimera bihuye nubushyuhe bwo ku manywa (33-40 ° C) cyangwa ubushyuhe bwo ku manywa na nijoro (35-40 ° C kumanywa, 28-30 ° C). C bisobanura ijoro) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Ubushyuhe bwo mw'ijoro (30 ° C) butera kubuza kwifotoza mu buryo butagereranywa ariko byongera guhumeka nijoro (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Hatitawe ku bihe by'imihangayiko, guhangayikishwa n'ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka no ku bibabi bya chlorophyll, ikigereranyo cya chlorophyll variable fluorescence na chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv / Fm), hamwe na Rubisco gukora mubihingwa byumuceri (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso n'abandi., 2014).
Imihindagurikire y’ibinyabuzima nubundi buryo bwo guhuza ibimera guhangana nubushyuhe (Wahid et al., 2007). Ibirimo bya poroline byakoreshejwe nk'ikimenyetso cya biohimiki cyerekana guhangayikishwa n'ibimera (Ahmed na Hassan 2011). Proline igira uruhare runini mu guhinduranya ibimera kuko ikora nka karubone cyangwa azote ndetse na stabilisateur ya membrane mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru nabwo bugira ingaruka ku gutuza kwa membrane binyuze muri lipide peroxidation, bigatuma habaho malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Kubwibyo, ibirimo MDA byanakoreshejwe mugusobanukirwa uburinganire bwimiterere yibice bigize selile munsi yubushyuhe (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). Hanyuma, ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe [37/30 ° C (amanywa / nijoro)] byongereye ijanisha rya electrolyte yamenetse hamwe na malondialdehyde yumuceri (Liu et al., 2013).
Ikoreshwa ry’imikorere ikura ry’ibihingwa (GRs) ryasuzumwe kugira ngo rigabanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ubushyuhe, kubera ko ibyo bintu bigira uruhare runini mu gusubiza ibihingwa cyangwa uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara zifata umubiri (Peleg na Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). Gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha umutungo kamere byagize ingaruka nziza kubyihanganira ubushyuhe mubihingwa bitandukanye. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko phytohormone nka gibberelline (GA), cytokinine (CK), auxins (AUX) cyangwa brassinosteroide (BR) itera kwiyongera kwimiterere itandukanye ya physiologique na biohimiki (Peleg na Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011; Mitler et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014). Muri Kolombiya, gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bw'ingirabuzima fatizo n'ingaruka zabyo ku bihingwa by'umuceri ntibyigeze byumvikana neza kandi byizwe. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko gutera amababi ya BR bishobora guteza imbere kwihanganira umuceri hifashishijwe uburyo bwo guhanahana gaze, chlorophyll cyangwa proline yibibabi byumuceri (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Cytokinins ihuza ibisubizo byibimera kubibazo bya abiotic, harimo nubushyuhe (Ha et al., 2012). Byongeye kandi, byavuzwe ko gukoresha exogenous ya CK bishobora kugabanya ibyangiritse. Kurugero, gukoresha exogenous ya zeatin byongereye igipimo cya fotosintetike, chlorophyll a na b, hamwe nuburyo bwo gutwara ibintu bya elegitoronike mugukurura bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) mugihe cy'ubushyuhe (Xu na Huang, 2009; Jespersen na Huang, 2015). Gukoresha exogenous ya zeatin birashobora kandi kunoza ibikorwa bya antioxydeant, kongera synthesis ya proteine zitandukanye, kugabanya kwangirika kwubwoko bwa ogisijeni (ROS) no kwangiza umusaruro wa malondialdehyde (MDA) mumyanya y'ibimera (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar n'abandi., 2020).
Gukoresha aside ya gibberellic nayo yerekanye igisubizo cyiza kubibazo byubushyuhe. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko GA biosynthesis ihuza inzira zitandukanye za metabolike kandi ikongerera kwihanganira ibihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi (Alonso-Ramirez et 2009; Khan et 2020). Abdel-Nabi n'abandi. . Byagaragaye kandi ko gukoresha exogenous ikoreshwa rya HA byongera ubushuhe bugereranije, chlorophyll hamwe na karotenoide kandi bikagabanya lipide peroxidisation mumikindo (Phoenix dactylifera) munsi yubushyuhe (Khan et al., 2020). Auxin igira kandi uruhare runini muguhuza imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Uku kugenzura imikurire ikora nkibimenyetso bya biohimiki mubikorwa bitandukanye nka synthesis ya protine cyangwa gutesha agaciro munsi ya abiotic (Ali et al. 2007). Byongeye kandi, AUX inongera ibikorwa bya antioxydeant, bigatuma igabanuka rya MDA mu bimera bitewe no kugabanuka kwa lipide peroxidation (Bielach et al., 2017). Sergeev n'abandi. . Muri ubwo bushakashatsi kandi, barebye kandi urwego rwo hasi rwa MDA mu bimera bivuwe ugereranije n’ibimera bitavuwe na AUX.
Brassinosteroide ni ikindi cyiciro cyo kugenzura imikurire ikoreshwa mu kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe. Ogweno n'abandi. . Gutera amababi ya epibrassinosteroide birashobora kongera umuvuduko wa fotosintezitike yibiti byimbuto (Cucumis sativus) munsi yubushyuhe (Yu et al., 2004). Byongeye kandi, gukoresha ingufu za BR bidindiza iyangirika rya chlorophyll kandi byongera ikoreshwa ryamazi n’umusaruro mwinshi wa fotokimike ya PSII mu bimera biterwa nubushyuhe (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’imihindagurikire, ibihingwa byumuceri bihura nibihe byubushyuhe buri munsi (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). Muri fenotipi y’ibimera, ikoreshwa rya phytonutrients cyangwa biostimulants ryizwe nkingamba zo kugabanya ubukana bw’ubushyuhe mu turere duhinga umuceri (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Byongeye kandi, gukoresha ibinyabuzima na biohimiya (ubushyuhe bwibabi, imyitwarire ya stomatal, ibipimo bya chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll hamwe n’amazi ugereranije, malondialdehyde na protine synthesis) nigikoresho cyizewe cyo gusuzuma ibihingwa byumuceri munsi yubushyuhe bwaho ndetse no mumahanga (Sánchez -Reynoso et al., 2014; Gukoresha Alvarado-Sanabria et al; kurwego rwaho rukomeje kuba imbonekarimwe Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwibikorwa bya physiologique na biohimiki byerekeranye no gushyira mu bikorwa imikurire y’ibihingwa bifite akamaro kanini ku cyifuzo cy’ingamba zifatika zo mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi kugira ngo gikemure ingaruka mbi z’igihe cy’ingutu ziterwa n’umuceri. BR). .
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hakozwe ubushakashatsi bubiri bwigenga. Genotypes Federrose 67 (F67: genotype yakozwe mubushyuhe bwinshi mumyaka icumi ishize) na Federrose 2000 (F2000: genotype yakozwe mumyaka icumi yanyuma yikinyejana cya 20 yerekana kurwanya virusi yibibabi byera) yakoreshejwe bwa mbere. imbuto. n'ikigereranyo cya kabiri. Genotypes zombi zihingwa cyane nabahinzi bo muri Kolombiya. Imbuto zabibwe mu murongo wa 10-L (uburebure bwa cm 39,6, ubugari bwa cm 28.8, uburebure bwa cm 16.8) zirimo ubutaka bwumucanga hamwe nibintu 2%. Imbuto eshanu zimaze kumera zatewe muri buri murongo. Pallet zashyizwe muri parike y’ishami ry’ubumenyi bw’ubuhinzi muri kaminuza nkuru ya Kolombiya, ikigo cya Bogotá (43 ° 50′56 ″ N, 74 ° 04′051 ″ W), ku butumburuke bwa metero 2556 hejuru y’inyanja (asl). m.) kandi byakozwe kuva mu Kwakira kugeza Ukuboza 2019. Ubushakashatsi bumwe (Federroz 67) nubushakashatsi bwa kabiri (Federroz 2000) mugihe kimwe cya 2020.
Ibidukikije muri pariki muri buri gihembwe cyo gutera ni ibi bikurikira: ubushyuhe bwijoro nijoro 30/25 ° C, ubushuhe bugereranije 60 ~ 80%, fotoperiyo karemano amasaha 12 (imirasire ikora fotosintetike ikora 1500 µmol (fotone) m-2 s-). 1 saa sita). Ibimera byatewe ifumbire ukurikije ibikubiye muri buri kintu nyuma yiminsi 20 imbuto zimaze kuvuka (DAE), nkuko Sánchez-Reinoso n'abandi babivuga. . Ibihingwa birimo mg 10 boron kuri buri gihingwa, umuringa wa mg 17 kuri buri gihingwa, na mg zinc 44 kuri buri gihingwa. Ibihingwa byumuceri byakomezaga kugera kuri 47 DAE muri buri igeragezwa iyo bigeze kuri fenologiya V5 muriki gihe. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko iki cyiciro cya fenologiya ari igihe gikwiye cyo gukora ubushakashatsi bw’ubushyuhe mu muceri (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
Muri buri igeragezwa, hakozwe uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo kugenzura amababi. Igice cya mbere cyimiti ya phytohormone yatewe hasigaye iminsi 5 mbere yo kuvura ubushyuhe (42 DAE) kugirango hategurwe ibihingwa kubibazo by’ibidukikije. Igiti cya kabiri cyibabi cyatanzwe nyuma yiminsi 5 nyuma yibihingwa bimaze guhura nibibazo (52 DAE). Fythormone enye zarakoreshejwe kandi imiterere ya buri kintu cyingirakamaro cyatewe muri ubu bushakashatsi cyanditswe mu mbonerahamwe y’inyongera 1. Ubwinshi bw’imiti igabanya imikurire y’amababi yakoreshejwe bwari ubu bukurikira: GA3); . M. Ibyo bitekerezo byatoranijwe kubera ko bitera ibisubizo byiza kandi byongera ibimera birwanya ubushyuhe (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). Ibihingwa byumuceri bidafite imiti igabanya imikurire yabyo byakoreshwaga namazi yatoboye gusa. Ibihingwa byumuceri byose byatewe gutera intoki. Koresha ml 20 H2O ku gihingwa kugirango ugabanye hejuru no hepfo yamababi. Amababi yose ya foliar yakoresheje imiti yubuhinzi (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Kolombiya) kuri 0.1% (v / v). Intera iri hagati yinkono na spray ni cm 30.
Ubushyuhe bwo kuvura bwatanzwe nyuma yiminsi 5 nyuma yo gutera bwa mbere amababi (47 DAE) muri buri bushakashatsi. Ibihingwa byumuceri byimuwe muri parike byimurirwa muri 294 L yo gukura (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, USA) kugirango bigabanye ubushyuhe cyangwa kubungabunga ibidukikije bimwe (47 DAE). Kuvura ubushyuhe hamwe hamwe byakozwe mugushiraho icyumba ubushyuhe bukurikira / nijoro: ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwumunsi [40 ° C kumasaha 5 (kuva 11h00 kugeza 16h00)] nigihe cyijoro [30 ° C kumasaha 5]. Iminsi 8 ikurikiranye (kuva 19h00 kugeza 24h00). Ubushyuhe bwo guhangayika nigihe cyo kwerekana byatoranijwe hashingiwe kubushakashatsi bwabanje (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et 2017). Ku rundi ruhande, itsinda ry’ibimera ryimuriwe mu cyumba cyo gukura ryabitswe muri parike ku bushyuhe bumwe (30 ° C ku manywa / 25 ° C nijoro) mu minsi 8 ikurikiranye.
Ubushakashatsi burangiye, habonetse amatsinda yo kuvura: + brassinosteroid (BR) Umugereka. Aya matsinda yo kuvura yakoreshejwe kuri genotypes ebyiri (F67 na F2000). Ubuvuzi bwose bwakozwe muburyo buteganijwe rwose hamwe na bitanu byigana, buri kimwe kigizwe nigiterwa kimwe. Buri gihingwa cyakoreshejwe mugusoma impinduka zagenwe nyuma yubushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi bwamaze 55 DAE.
Imyitwarire ya stomatal (gs) yapimwe hifashishijwe porosometero yikuramo (SC-1, METER Group Inc, USA) kuva kuri 0 kugeza 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, hamwe nicyumba cyicyitegererezo cya mm 6.35. Ibipimo bifatwa muguhuza stomameter probe kumababi akuze hamwe ningenzi nyamukuru yikimera cyagutse rwose. Kuri buri kuvura, gusoma gs byafashwe kumababi atatu ya buri gihingwa hagati ya 11h00 na 16h00 kandi ugereranije.
RWC yagenwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwasobanuwe na Ghoulam n'abandi. (2002). Urupapuro rwagutse rwose rwakoreshejwe mu kumenya g narwo rwakoreshejwe mu gupima RWC. Uburemere bushya (FW) bwagenwe ako kanya nyuma yo gusarura hakoreshejwe igipimo cya digitale. Amababi yahise ashyirwa mubintu bya plastiki byuzuyemo amazi hanyuma asigara mu mwijima ku bushyuhe bwicyumba (22 ° C) amasaha 48. Noneho upime igipimo cya digitale hanyuma wandike uburemere bwagutse (TW). Amababi yabyimbye yatanwe kuri 75 ° C mumasaha 48 kandi uburemere bwumye (DW) bwaranditswe.
Ibintu bya chlorophyll bifitanye isano byagenwe hakoreshejwe metero ya chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, USA) kandi bigaragarira mubice bya Leaf (Dey et al., 2016). PSII ntarengwa yo gusoma neza (Fv / Fm ratio) yanditswe hakoreshejwe fluorimeter ya chlorophyll ikomeza (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). Amababi yahinduwe umwijima akoresheje amababi yamababi muminota 20 mbere yo gupima Fv / Fm (Restrepo-Diaz na Garces-Varon, 2013). Amababi amaze kumenyera umwijima, hapimwe ibipimo fatizo (F0) na fluorescence ntarengwa (Fm). Duhereye kuri aya makuru, fluorescence ihinduka (Fv = Fm - F0), igipimo cya fluorescence ihindagurika na fluorescence ntarengwa (Fv / Fm), umusaruro mwinshi wa kwantimatike ya PSII (Fv / F0) hamwe numubare Fm / F0 wabazwe (Baker, 2008; Lee et al., 2017). Isano ya chlorophyll na chlorophyll fluorescence yasomwe yafashwe kumababi amwe yakoreshejwe mugupima gs.
Hafi ya mg 800 yibibabi bishya byegeranijwe nkibihingwa bya biohimiki. Ingero z'amababi zahurijwe hamwe muri azote yuzuye hanyuma zibikwa kugirango zisesengurwe. Uburyo bwa spekrometrike ikoreshwa mu kugereranya tissue chlorophyll a, b na karotenoide ishingiye ku buryo no kugereranya byasobanuwe na Wellburn (1994). Icyitegererezo cyibibabi (30 mg) byakusanyirijwe hamwe kandi bihuzwa muri ml 3 ya 80% ya acetone. Ingero zahise zishyirwa hamwe (icyitegererezo 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) saa kumi nimwe zumugoroba kuminota 10 kugirango bakureho ibice. Indengakamere yavomwe ku mubumbe wa nyuma wa ml 6 wongeyeho 80% acetone (Sims na Gamon, 2002). Ibiri muri chlorophyll byagenwe kuri 663 (chlorophyll a) na 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, na karotenoide kuri 470 nm ukoresheje spekitifotometero (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Uburyo bwa thiobarbituric (TBA) uburyo bwasobanuwe na Hodges n'abandi. (1999) yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA). Hafi ya 0,3 g yinyama zamababi nazo zashyizwe hamwe muri azote yuzuye. Ingero zashyizwe kuri 5000 rpm hanyuma iyinjizwa ryapimwe kuri ecran ya ecran kuri 440, 532 na 600 nm. Hanyuma, intumbero ya MDA yabazwe ikoresheje coefficient yo kuzimangana (157 M mL - 1).
Proline ibikubiye mubuvuzi byose byagenwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwasobanuwe na Bates n'abandi. (1973). Ongeramo ml 10 yumuti wamazi wa 3% ya acide sulfosalicylic kuri sample yabitswe hanyuma uyungurure ukoresheje impapuro zungurura Whatman (No 2). Noneho ml 2 yiyi filtrate yakozwe hamwe na ml 2 ya acide ninhydric na ml 2 ya acide glacial acetic. Uruvange rwashyizwe mu bwogero bwamazi kuri 90 ° C kumasaha 1. Hagarika reaction ukoresheje inkubi. Shyira umuyoboro cyane ukoresheje shitingi ya vortex hanyuma ushongeshe igisubizo cyavuye muri ml 4 ya toluene. Gusoma kwa Absorbance byagenwe kuri 520 nm hifashishijwe icyerekezo kimwe cyakoreshejwe mukugereranya pigment ya fotosintetike (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, USA).
Uburyo bwasobanuwe na Gerhards n'abandi. (2016) kubara ubushyuhe bwa canopy na CSI. Amafoto yubushyuhe yafashwe hamwe na kamera ya FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc, Boston, MA, USA) ifite ukuri kuri ± 2 ° C mugihe cyigihe cyo guhangayika. Shira ubuso bwera inyuma yikimera kugirango ufotore. Na none, inganda ebyiri zafatwaga nkicyitegererezo. Ibimera byashyizwe hejuru yera; kimwe cyashizwe hamwe nubuhinzi bwubuhinzi (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Kolombiya) kugirango bigereranye gufungura stomata yose [uburyo butose (Twet)], naho ubundi yari ikibabi kitarinze gukoreshwa [Uburyo bwumye (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). Intera iri hagati ya kamera ninkono mugihe cyo gufata amashusho yari m 1.
Umubare wo kwihanganira ugereranije wabazwe mu buryo butaziguye hifashishijwe imyitwarire (gs) y’ibiti bivuwe ugereranije n’ibiti bigenzura (ibimera bitavura imihangayiko kandi bigenzura imikurire) kugira ngo hamenyekane kwihanganira genotypes zavuwe zasuzumwe muri ubu bushakashatsi. RTI yabonetse hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo cyakuwe muri Chávez-Arias n'abandi. (2020).
Muri buri bushakashatsi, impinduka zose zifatika zavuzwe haruguru zaragenwe kandi zandikwa kuri 55 DAE ukoresheje amababi yagutse yuzuye yakusanyirijwe hejuru. Byongeye kandi, ibipimo byakorewe mu cyumba cyo gukura kugira ngo birinde guhindura ibidukikije ibihingwa bikura.
Ibyatanzwe kuva mubushakashatsi bwa mbere nubwa kabiri byasesenguwe hamwe nkurukurikirane rwubushakashatsi. Buri tsinda ryubushakashatsi ryarimo ibimera 5, kandi buri gihingwa kigize igice cyubushakashatsi. Isesengura ryibitandukanye (ANOVA) ryakozwe (P ≤ 0.05). Mugihe hagaragaye itandukaniro rikomeye, ikizamini cyo kugereranya post ya Tukey cyakoreshejwe kuri P ≤ 0.05. Koresha imikorere ya arcsine kugirango uhindure agaciro k'ijanisha. Amakuru yasesenguwe hifashishijwe porogaramu ya Statistix v 9.0 (Software Analytical, Tallahassee, FL, USA) hanyuma itegurwa hakoreshejwe SigmaPlot (verisiyo 10.0; Software ya Systat, San Jose, CA, USA). Isesengura ryibanze ryakozwe hifashishijwe porogaramu ya InfoStat 2016 (Porogaramu isesengura, Kaminuza nkuru ya Cordoba, Arijantine) kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwiza bwo gukura kw'ibimera biri kwigwa.
Imbonerahamwe 1 yerekana incamake ya ANOVA yerekana ubushakashatsi, uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura, hamwe n’imikoranire yabyo hamwe n’ibibabi byifotozi yibibabi (chlorophyll a, b, byose, na karotenoide), malondialdehyde (MDA) nibirimo byinshi, hamwe nimyitwarire ya stomatal. Ingaruka za gs, ibirimo amazi ugereranije. .
Imbonerahamwe 1. Incamake yamakuru ya ANOVA kubijyanye numuceri physiologique na biohimiki yumuceri hagati yubushakashatsi (genotypes) hamwe no kuvura ubushyuhe.
Itandukaniro (P≤0.01) mubikorwa byamababi ya fotosintetike yibibabi, ibirimo bya chlorophyll (gusoma kwa Atleaf), hamwe na alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence hagati yubushakashatsi nubuvuzi bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Ubushyuhe bwo ku manywa na nijoro bwiyongereye kuri chlorophyll hamwe na karotenoide. Ingemwe z'umuceri zidafite ibiti byatewe na phytohormone (2,36 mg g-1 kuri “F67 ″ na 2,56 mg g-1 kuri“ F2000 ″) ugereranije n’ibimera byakuze mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwiza (2.67 mg g -1)) byerekanaga ibintu byose bya chlorophyll. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi bwombi, “F67” yari 2.80 mg g-1 na “F2000” yari 2,80 mg g-1. Byongeye kandi, ingemwe z'umuceri zavuwe hamwe na AUX na GA ziterwa nubushyuhe bwanagaragaje ko igabanuka rya chlorophyll muri genotypes zombi (AUX = 1,96 mg g-1 na GA = 1.45 mg g-1 kuri “F67”; AUX = 1,96 mg g-1 na GA = 1.45 mg g-1 kuri “F67 ″; AUX = 2.24 mg) g-1; imiterere. Mugihe cyimiterere yubushyuhe, kuvura amababi hamwe na BR byatumye habaho kwiyongera gake muri iyi variable muri genotypes zombi. Hanyuma, CK foliar spray yerekanaga agaciro keza cyane ya fotosintetike yibintu byose bivura (AUX, GA, BR, SC na AC kuvura) muri genotypes F67 (3.24 mg g-1) na F2000 (3,65 mg g-1). Ugereranije ibintu bya chlorophyll (Atleaf unit) nabyo byagabanutse kubera ubushyuhe bukabije. Indangagaciro zisumbuye nazo zanditswe mubihingwa byatewe na CC muri genotypes zombi (41.66 kuri “F67” na 49.30 kuri “F2000”). Ikigereranyo cya Fv na Fv / Fm cyerekanye itandukaniro rikomeye hagati yubuvuzi nimbuto (Imbonerahamwe 2). Muri rusange, muri izi mpinduka, ubwoko bwa F67 ntabwo bwakunze guhura nubushyuhe kuruta ubuhinzi F2000. Ikigereranyo cya Fv na Fv / Fm cyababajwe cyane mubushakashatsi bwa kabiri. Hashimangiwe 'F2000 ′ ingemwe zitatewe na phytohormone zose zifite agaciro ka Fv (2120.15) na Fv / Fm (0.59), ariko gutera amababi hamwe na CK byafashaga kugarura izo ndangagaciro (Fv: 2591, 89, Fv / Fm: 0,73). , kwakira ibyasomwe bisa nibyanditswe ku bimera bya “F2000” bihingwa mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwiza (Fv: 2955.35, Ikigereranyo cya Fv / Fm: 0,73: 0.72). Nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye muri fluorescence ya mbere (F0), fluorescence ntarengwa (Fm), umusaruro mwinshi wa fotokimike ya PSII (Fv / F0) na Fm / F0. Hanyuma, BR yerekanye icyerekezo gisa nkuko byagaragaye hamwe na CK (Fv 2545.06, Fv / Fm 0,73).
Imbonerahamwe 2. gukora neza (Fv / Fm), kwifotoza ntarengwa yumusaruro wa PSII (Fv / F0) na Fm / F0 mubihingwa bya genotypes ebyiri z'umuceri [Federrose 67 (F67) na Federrose 2000 (F2000)] iminsi 55 nyuma yo kugaragara (DAE)).
Amazi afitanye isano (RWC) y ibihingwa byumuceri bivuwe bitandukanye yerekanaga itandukaniro (P ≤ 0.05) mumikoranire hagati yubuvuzi bwikigereranyo nibibabi (Ishusho 1A). Iyo bivuwe na SA, indangagaciro zo hasi zanditswe kuri genotypes zombi (74.01% kuri F67 na 76,6% kuri F2000). Mu bihe by’ubushyuhe, RWC y ibihingwa byumuceri bya genotypes zombi zavuwe na phytohormone zitandukanye ziyongereye cyane. Muri rusange, amababi ya CK, GA, AUX, cyangwa BR yongereye RWC kubiciro bisa nibihingwa byakuze mubihe byiza mugihe cyubushakashatsi. Igenzura ryuzuye hamwe nibiti byatewe nibiti byanditseho agaciro ka 83% kuri genotypes zombi. Ku rundi ruhande, gs yerekanaga itandukaniro rikomeye (P ≤ 0.01) mu mikoranire yo kugerageza-kuvura (Ishusho 1B). Igenzura ryuzuye (AC) ryanditse kandi agaciro gakomeye kuri buri genotype (440,65 mmol m-2s-1 kuri F67 na 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 kuri F2000). Ibihingwa byumuceri byatewe nubushyuhe bwonyine byerekanaga agaciro gs kari hasi ya genotypes zombi (150,60 mmol m-2s-1 kuri F67 na 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 kuri F2000). Kuvura amababi hamwe nubuyobozi bukura bwibihingwa nabyo byiyongereye g. Ku bimera byumuceri F2000 byatewe na CC, ingaruka zo gutera amababi hamwe na phytohormone zagaragaye cyane. Iri tsinda ryibimera ryerekanye itandukaniro ugereranije nibihingwa bigenzura (AC 511.02 na CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Igicapo 1. Ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe hamwe (40 ° / 30 ° C amanywa / nijoro) kumazi ugereranije (RWC) (A), imyitwarire ya stomatal (gs) (B), umusaruro wa malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), nibirimo byinshi. (D) mu bimera bya genotypes ebyiri z'umuceri (F67 na F2000) muminsi 55 nyuma yo kugaragara (DAE). Ubuvuzi bwasuzumwe kuri buri genotype burimo: kugenzura byimazeyo (AC), kugenzura ubushyuhe (SC), guhagarika ubushyuhe + auxin (AUX), guhagarika ubushyuhe + gibberellin (GA), ubushyuhe bukabije + mitogen selile (CK), hamwe nubushyuhe + brassinosteroid. (BR). Buri nkingi yerekana uburyo error ikosa risanzwe ryamakuru atanu (n = 5). Inkingi zikurikirwa n’inyuguti zitandukanye zerekana itandukaniro rishingiye ku mibare ukurikije ikizamini cya Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Inyuguti zifite ikimenyetso kingana zerekana ko uburyo budafite imibare (≤ 0.05).
MDA (P ≤ 0.01) hamwe na protine (P ≤ 0.01) nabyo byagaragaje itandukaniro rikomeye mumikoranire hagati yubushakashatsi nubuvuzi bwa phytohormone (Ishusho 1C, D). Kwiyongera kwa lipide peroxidisation byagaragaye hamwe no kuvura SC muri genotypes zombi (Igicapo 1C), icyakora ibimera bivura imiti igabanya imikurire yerekana amababi byagaragaje kugabanuka kwa lipide peroxidisation muri genotypes zombi; Muri rusange, ikoreshwa rya phytohormone (CA, AUC, BR cyangwa GA) ritera kugabanuka kwa lipide peroxidation (ibirimo MDA). Nta tandukanyirizo ryabonetse hagati y’ibihingwa bya AC bya genotypes ebyiri n’ibimera biterwa n’ubushyuhe kandi bigaterwa na phytohormone (byagaragaye ko agaciro ka FW mu bimera bya “F67” kari hagati ya 4.38-6.77 µmol g-1, naho mu bihingwa bya FW “F2000” “indangagaciro zagaragaye kuva kuri 2.84 kugeza kuri 9.18 µmol g-1 (ibimera). Ku rundi ruhande, intungamubiri za protine muri F2 ″. umusaruro wa proline mu bimera byumuceri ushimangiwe, mubushakashatsi bwombi, byagaragaye ko imiyoborere yimisemburo yongereye cyane aside amine yibiti bya F2000 (AUX na BR byari 30.44 na 18.34 µmol g-1) (Ishusho 1G).
Ingaruka ziterwa no gukura kw'ibiti by'ibiti hamwe no guhangayikishwa n'ubushyuhe ku bushyuhe bw’ibiti no kugereranya kwihanganira (RTI) bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2A na B. Kuri genotypes zombi, ubushyuhe bw’ibiti by’ibiti bya AC bwari hafi 27 ° C, naho ubw'ibihingwa bya SC bwari hafi 28 ° C. HAMWE. Byagaragaye kandi ko kuvura amababi hamwe na CK na BR byatumye ubushyuhe bwa 2-33 bugabanuka ugereranije n’ibiti bya SC (Ishusho 2A). RTI yerekanye imyitwarire isa nizindi mpinduka zifatika, yerekana itandukaniro rinini (P ≤ 0.01) mumikoranire hagati yubushakashatsi nubuvuzi (Ishusho 2B). Ibimera bya SC byagaragaje kwihanganira ibihingwa muri genotypes zombi (34.18% na 33.52% kuri "F67" na "F2000" byumuceri). Kugaburira amababi ya phytohormone biteza imbere RTI mubihingwa byatewe nubushyuhe bwinshi. Izi ngaruka zagaragaye cyane mu bimera bya “F2000” byatewe na CC, aho RTI yari 97.69. Ku rundi ruhande, itandukaniro rigaragara ryagaragaye gusa mu bipimo byerekana umusaruro (CSI) by’ibihingwa byumuceri munsi y’ibiti bitera imiti (P ≤ 0.01) (Ishusho 2B). Gusa ibihingwa byumuceri byatewe nubushyuhe bugoye byerekanaga agaciro gakomeye (0.816). Iyo ibihingwa byumuceri byatewe na phytohormone zitandukanye, icyerekezo cyo guhangayika cyari hasi (agaciro kuva 0,6 kugeza 0,67). Hanyuma, igihingwa cyumuceri gihingwa mubihe byiza cyari gifite agaciro ka 0.138.
Igicapo 2. Ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe hamwe (40 ° / 30 ° C kumanywa / nijoro) kubushyuhe bwa canopy (A), igipimo cyo kwihanganira ugereranije (RTI) (B), hamwe nigipimo cyibihingwa (CSI) (C) yubwoko bubiri bwibimera. Umuceri wubucuruzi genotypes (F67 na F2000) bakorewe imiti itandukanye. Ubuvuzi bwasuzumwe kuri buri genotype burimo: kugenzura byimazeyo (AC), kugenzura ubushyuhe (SC), guhagarika ubushyuhe + auxin (AUX), guhagarika ubushyuhe + gibberellin (GA), ubushyuhe bukabije + mitogen selile (CK), hamwe nubushyuhe + brassinosteroid. (BR). Guhangayikishwa n'ubushyuhe bikubiyemo kwerekana ibihingwa byumuceri ubushyuhe bwumunsi / nijoro (40 ° / 30 ° C kumanywa / nijoro). Buri nkingi yerekana uburyo error ikosa risanzwe ryamakuru atanu (n = 5). Inkingi zikurikirwa n’inyuguti zitandukanye zerekana itandukaniro rishingiye ku mibare ukurikije ikizamini cya Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Inyuguti zifite ikimenyetso kingana zerekana ko uburyo budafite imibare (≤ 0.05).
Isesengura ry’ibanze (PCA) ryerekanye ko impinduka zapimwe kuri 55 DAE zasobanuye 66.1% by’ibisubizo bya physiologique na biohimiki y’ibiti by’umuceri biterwa n’ubushyuhe bivurwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana (Ishusho 3). Ibice byerekana impinduka naho utudomo tugereranya ibimera bikura (GRs). Ibice bya gs, ibirimo chlorophyll, ingano ntarengwa ya PSII (Fv / Fm) hamwe nibinyabuzima bya biohimiki (TChl, MDA na proline) biri hafi yinkomoko, byerekana isano iri hagati yimyitwarire yimiterere yibimera na byo. impinduka. Itsinda rimwe (V) ryarimo ingemwe z'umuceri zikura ku bushyuhe bwiza (AT) n'ibiti F2000 bivurwa na CK na BA. Muri icyo gihe, ubwinshi bwibimera bivurwa na GR byashizeho itsinda ryihariye (IV), naho kuvura hamwe na GA muri F2000 bagize itsinda ryihariye (II). Ibinyuranye, ingemwe z'umuceri zishimangiwe n'ubushyuhe (amatsinda ya I na III) nta muti watewe na phytohormone (genotypes zombi zari SC) zari muri zone ihabanye nitsinda rya V, byerekana ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe kuri physiologiya yibimera. .
Igicapo 3. Isesengura rinini ryingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe bukabije (40 ° / 30 ° C kumunsi / nijoro) ku bimera bya genotypes ebyiri z'umuceri (F67 na F2000) muminsi 55 nyuma yo kugaragara (DAE). Amagambo ahinnye: AC F67, kugenzura byimazeyo F67; SC F67, kugenzura ubushyuhe F67; AUX F67, ubushyuhe + auxin F67; GA F67, ubushyuhe bukabije + gibberellin F67; CK F67, ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe + kugabana selile BR F67, ubushyuhe bwumuriro + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, kugenzura byimazeyo F2000; SC F2000, Kugenzura Ubushyuhe F2000; AUX F2000, ubushyuhe bukabije + auxin F2000; GA F2000, ubushyuhe + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, ubushyuhe bukabije + cytokinin, BR F2000, guhangayika ubushyuhe + umuringa steroid; F2000.
Ibihinduka nkibirimo chlorophyll, imyitwarire ya stomatal, igipimo cya Fv / Fm, CSI, MDA, RTI hamwe na proline birashobora gufasha gusobanukirwa n’imihindagurikire y’imiterere y’umuceri no gusuzuma ingaruka z’ingamba z’ubuhinzi ziterwa n’ubushyuhe (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Icyari kigamijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma ingaruka zikoreshwa mu kugenzura imikurire ine ku miterere ya physiologique na biohimiki y’ingemwe z'umuceri mu bihe bigoye by’ubushyuhe. Kwipimisha imbuto nuburyo bworoshye kandi bwihuse bwo gusuzuma icyarimwe ibihingwa byumuceri bitewe nubunini cyangwa imiterere yibikorwa remezo bihari (Sarsu et al. 2018). Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe butera ibisubizo bitandukanye bya physiologique na biohimiki muri genotypes zombi z'umuceri, byerekana uburyo bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ibisubizo byerekana kandi ko imiti igabanya imikurire yimitsi (cyane cyane cytokinine na brassinosteroide) ifasha umuceri guhangana nubushyuhe bukabije kuko ubutoni bugira ingaruka cyane cyane kuri gs, RWC, igipimo cya Fv / Fm, pigment ya fotosintetike nibirimo byinshi.
Gushyira mubikorwa bigenga imikurire bifasha kuzamura amazi y ibihingwa byumuceri munsi yubushyuhe, bishobora kuba bifitanye isano nihungabana ryinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hasi bwibiti. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko mu bimera bya “F2000” (suseptible genotype), ibihingwa byumuceri bivurwa cyane na CK cyangwa BR byari bifite agaciro ka gs kandi bifite agaciro ka PCT ugereranije n’ibiti bivurwa na SC. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye kandi ko gs na PCT ari ibipimo nyabyo byerekana umubiri bishobora kugena uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibihingwa by’umuceri n’ingaruka z’ingamba z’ubuhinzi ku bijyanye n’ubushyuhe (Restrepo-Diaz na Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero). -Carr DeLong n'abandi, 2021). Ibibabi CK cyangwa BR byongera g mukibazo kuko iyi misemburo yibimera irashobora guteza imbere gufungura stomatal binyuze mumikoranire yubukorikori hamwe nizindi molekile zerekana nka ABA (uteza imbere gufunga stomatal munsi ya abiotic) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). 2013). ). , 2014). Gufungura stomatal biteza imbere gukonjesha amababi kandi bifasha kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa canopy (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Kubera izo mpamvu, ubushyuhe bwibihingwa byumuceri byatewe na CK cyangwa BR birashobora kuba munsi yubushyuhe bukabije.
Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru burashobora kugabanya ifoto ya fotosintetike yibibabi (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). Muri ubu bushakashatsi, igihe ibihingwa byumuceri byatewe nubushyuhe kandi ntibiterwa nubushakashatsi bwikura bwibimera, pigment ya fotosintetike yakunze kugabanuka muri genotypes zombi (Imbonerahamwe 2). Feng n'abandi. . Guhura nubushyuhe bwo hejuru akenshi bituma kugabanuka kwa chlorophyll, bishobora guterwa no kugabanuka kwa biologiya ya chlorophyll, kwangirika kwa pigment, cyangwa ingaruka zabyo hamwe nubushyuhe (Fahad et al., 2017). Nyamara, ibihingwa byumuceri bivurwa cyane na CK na BA byongereye imbaraga yibibabi bya fotosintetike yibibabi biterwa nubushyuhe. Ibisubizo nkibi byavuzwe na Jespersen na Huang (2015) na Suchsagunpanit n'abandi. . Ibisobanuro bifatika byerekana impamvu CK na BR biteza imbere amababi ya chlorophyll yibibabi biterwa nubushyuhe bukabije hamwe nuko CK ishobora guteza imbere itangizwa ryimikorere ihamye yerekana abamamaza imvugo (nka porotokoro ya senescence ikora (SAG12) cyangwa HSP18 iteza imbere) kandi ikagabanya igihombo cya chlorophyll mumababi. , gutinza amababi ya senescence no kongera ibimera birwanya ubushyuhe (Liu et al., 2020). BR irashobora kurinda amababi ya chlorophyll no kongera ibibabi bya chlorophyll mugukora cyangwa gutera synthesis ya enzymes igira uruhare muri chlorophyll biosynthesis mubihe bigoye (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). Hanyuma, phytohormone ebyiri (CK na BR) nazo ziteza imbere kwerekana poroteyine ziterwa nubushyuhe no kunoza uburyo butandukanye bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere, nko kongera chlorophyll biosynthesis (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Chlorophyll ibipimo bya fluorescence bitanga uburyo bwihuse kandi budasenya bushobora gusuzuma kwihanganira ibimera cyangwa guhuza n'imihindagurikire y’ibihe (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). Ibipimo nkibipimo bya Fv / Fm byakoreshejwe nkibipimo byerekana imiterere y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (Alvarado-Sanabria et 2017; Chavez-Arias et 2020). Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibihingwa bya SC byerekanye agaciro kari hasi yiyi variable, yiganjemo ibihingwa byumuceri “F2000”. Yin n'abandi. (2010) yasanze kandi igipimo cya Fv / Fm cy’ibibabi byumuceri mwinshi cyane byagabanutse cyane ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 35 ° C. Kuri Feng n'abandi. . Iri genzura ridufasha kwemeza ko imvururu ziri mu bikoresho bya fotosintetike zigaragara cyane mu bwoko bworoshye (Fedearroz 2000) kuruta mu bwoko bwihanganira (Fedearroz 67).
Imikoreshereze ya CK cyangwa BR muri rusange yazamuye imikorere ya PSII mubihe bigoye byubushyuhe. Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse na Suchsagunpanit n'abandi. (2015), wavuze ko gusaba BR byongereye imikorere ya PSII munsi yubushyuhe bwumuceri. Kumar n'abandi. . Byongeye kandi, spray yamababi ya BR yashyigikiye fotosintezeza ya PSII mugihe cyo guhangayika, byerekana ko gukoresha iyi phytohormone byatumye kugabanuka kwingufu zishimishije za antenne ya PSII kandi biteza imbere kwegeranya poroteyine ntoya ziterwa na chloroplasts (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari na Lachowitz). , 2021).
Ibirimo MDA hamwe na protine bikunze kwiyongera mugihe ibimera byatewe na abiotic ugereranije nibihingwa byakuze mubihe byiza (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye kandi ko urwego rwa MDA na proline ari ibipimo bya biohimiki bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere cyangwa ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’umuceri munsi y’ubushyuhe bwo ku manywa cyangwa nijoro (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekanye kandi ko ibirimo MDA na protine byakunze kuba byinshi mu bimera byumuceri uhura nubushyuhe bwinshi nijoro cyangwa ku manywa. Nyamara, gutera amababi ya CK na BR byagize uruhare mu kugabanuka kwa MDA no kwiyongera kwa porine, cyane cyane muri genotype yihanganira (Federroz 67). CK spray irashobora guteza imbere gukabya gukabije kwa cytokinin oxydease / dehydrogenase, bityo bikongera ibikubiye mubintu birinda nka betaine na proline (Liu et al., 2020). BR iteza imbere kwinjiza osmoprotectants nka betaine, isukari, na aside amine (harimo na protine yubusa), ikomeza kuringaniza osmotic selile mubihe byinshi bidukikije (Kothari na Lachowiec, 2021).
Igipimo cy’ibihingwa (CSI) hamwe n’ikigereranyo cyo kwihanganirana (RTI) bikoreshwa mu kumenya niba imiti isuzumwa ifasha kugabanya imihangayiko itandukanye (abiotic na biotic) kandi ikagira ingaruka nziza kuri physiologiya y’ibimera (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez-Arias et al., 2020). Indangagaciro za CSI zishobora kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 1, byerekana ibihe bidahangayikishije hamwe (Lee et al., 2010). Indangagaciro za CSI z’ibihingwa byibanda ku bushyuhe (SC) zari hagati ya 0.8 na 0.9 (Igicapo 2B), byerekana ko ibihingwa byumuceri byagize ingaruka mbi ku guhangayika. Nyamara, gutera amababi ya BC (0,6) cyangwa CK (0,6) ahanini byatumye igabanuka ryiki kimenyetso mubihe biterwa na abiotic ugereranije nibihingwa byumuceri wa SC. Mu bimera F2000, RTI yerekanye ubwiyongere bukabije iyo ikoresheje CA (97,69%) na BC (60,73%) ugereranije na SA (33.52%), byerekana ko aba bashinzwe imikurire y’ibihingwa nabo bagira uruhare mu kunoza igisubizo cyumuceri kwihanganira ibiyigize. Ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibi bipimo byasabwe gukemura ibibazo byubwoko butandukanye. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Lee n'abandi. . ibintu bitesha umutwe. Byongeye, Chavez-Arias n'abandi. . Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa haruguru, CK na BR bishobora gufatwa nkingamba z’ubuhinzi zigamije kongera kwihanganira umuceri guhangana n’ubushyuhe bukabije, kubera ko ibyo bigenga imikurire y’ibimera bitera ibisubizo byiza bya biohimiki na physiologiya.
Mu myaka mike ishize, ubushakashatsi bwumuceri muri Kolombiya bwibanze ku gusuzuma genotypes yihanganira ubushyuhe bwo ku manywa cyangwa nijoro ukoresheje imiterere ya physiologique cyangwa biohimiki (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Nyamara, mu myaka mike ishize, isesengura ry’ikoranabuhanga rifatika, ry’ubukungu n’inyungu ryarushijeho kuba ingenzi mu gusaba ko hajyaho imicungire y’ibihingwa hagamijwe kunoza ingaruka z’ibihe bitoroshye by’ubushyuhe mu gihugu (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Rero, ibisubizo bya physiologique na biohimiki byibiti byumuceri kubibazo byubushyuhe bukabije (40 ° C kumunsi / 30 ° C nijoro) byagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi byerekana ko gutera amababi hamwe na CK cyangwa BR bishobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga ibihingwa kugirango bigabanye ingaruka mbi. Ingaruka zigihe cyubushyuhe buringaniye. Ubu buvuzi bwateje imbere kwihanganira genotypes zombi z'umuceri (CSI nkeya na RTI yo hejuru), byerekana icyerekezo rusange mubisubizo byimiterere yibimera na biohimiki biterwa nubushyuhe bukabije. Igisubizo nyamukuru cyibiti byumuceri kwagabanutse mubirimo GC, chlorophyll yose, chlorophylls α na β na karotenoide. Byongeye kandi, ibimera byangizwa na PSII (kugabanuka kwa chlorophyll fluorescence nkibipimo bya Fv / Fm) no kwiyongera kwa lipide peroxidation. Ku rundi ruhande, igihe umuceri wavurwaga na CK na BR, izo ngaruka mbi zaragabanutse kandi ibinini bya protine byiyongera (Ishusho 4).
Igishushanyo 4. Icyitegererezo cyingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gukura bwibihingwa byibiti byumuceri. Imyambi itukura nubururu yerekana ingaruka mbi cyangwa nziza ziterwa nubusabane hagati yubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwa BR (brassinosteroid) na CK (cytokinin) kubisubizo bya physiologique na biohimiki. gs: imyitwarire idahwitse; Chl yose hamwe: ibirimo byose bya chlorophyll; Chl α: chlorophyll β ibirimo; Cx + c: ibirimo karotenoide;
Muri make, ibisubizo bya physiologique na biohimiki muri ubu bushakashatsi byerekana ko ibihingwa byumuceri Fedearroz 2000 byibasirwa cyane nigihe cyumuriro mwinshi kuruta ibihingwa byumuceri Fedearroz 67. Abashinzwe imikurire bose basuzumwe muri ubu bushakashatsi (auxins, gibberelline, cytokinine, cyangwa brassinosteroide) bagaragaje urwego runaka rwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bukabije. Nyamara, cytokinin na brassinosteroide byatumye imihindagurikire myiza y’ibimera kuko byombi bigenzura imikurire y’ibimera byongereye chlorophyll, ibipimo bya alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence, gs na RWC ugereranije n’ibiti byumuceri nta bisabwa, kandi bikagabanya ibirimo MDA n'ubushyuhe bwa canopy. Muri make, twanzuye ko gukoresha imiti igabanya imikurire yikimera (cytokinine na brassinosteroide) nigikoresho cyingirakamaro mugucunga ibibazo byibihingwa byumuceri biterwa nubushyuhe bukabije mugihe cyubushyuhe bwinshi.
Ibikoresho byumwimerere byatanzwe mubushakashatsi birimo ingingo, kandi andi makuru arashobora kwerekezwa kubanditsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-08-2024