Ariko, ishyirwaho ry’uburyo bushya bw’ubuhinzi, cyane cyane imicungire y’udukoko, ryagiye rigabanuka. Ubu bushakashatsi bukoresha igikoresho cy’ubushakashatsi cyakozwe ku bufatanye nk’ingero z’inyigo kugira ngo bumve uburyo abahinzi b’ibinyampeke bo mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya babona amakuru n’ibikoresho byo gucunga kurwanya udukoko. Twasanze abahinzi bishingikiriza ku bahanga mu by’ubuhinzi bahembwa, inzego za leta cyangwa iz’ubushakashatsi, amatsinda y’abahinzi bo mu gace n’iminsi yo mu mirima kugira ngo babone amakuru ku kurwanya udukoko. Abahinzi bashaka amakuru ku nzobere zizewe zishobora koroshya ubushakashatsi bugoye, guha agaciro itumanaho ryoroshye kandi risobanutse neza kandi zigakunda ibikoresho bihuye n’imimerere y’aho batuye. Abahinzi kandi baha agaciro amakuru ku iterambere rishya ry’udukoko no kubona serivisi zihuse zo gusuzuma udukoko. Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza akamaro ko guha abahinzi serivisi nziza zo kwagura ubuhinzi kugira ngo bacunge ibyago byo kurwanya udukoko.
Abahinzi b'ingano bavura indwara z'ibihingwa binyuze mu guhitamo ingano zisanzwe, gucunga indwara mu buryo buhuriweho, no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko, akenshi ikaba ari ingamba zo kwirinda icyorezo1. Imiti yica udukoko irinda kwandura, gukura no kororoka kw'udukoko twangiza ibihumyo mu bihingwa. Ariko, udukoko twangiza ibihumyo dushobora kugira imiterere igoye kandi dushobora guhinduka. Kwishingikiriza cyane ku bwoko buke bw'imiti irwanya ibihumyo cyangwa gukoresha imiti idakwiye bishobora gutuma habaho impinduka mu mikorere y'imiti irwanya ibi bintu. Iyo hakoreshejwe imiti imwe ikora kenshi, imyifatire y'udukoko irwanya iriyongera, ibi bishobora gutuma ubushobozi bw'imiti ikora mu kurwanya indwara z'ibihingwa bugabanuka2,3,4.
Udukoko two mu bwoko bwa fungiKurwanya bivuze ko imiti yica udukoko yari isanzwe ikora neza idashobora kurwanya indwara z’ibihingwa neza, ndetse no mu gihe ikoreshejwe neza. Urugero, ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwagaragaje ko imiti yica udukoko yagabanutse mu kuvura indwara z’ibihingwa, kuva ku kugabanuka k’ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko mu murima kugeza ku kutagira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko mu murima5,6. Iyo bitagenzuwe, uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko buzakomeza kwiyongera, bigabanye ubushobozi bwo kurwanya indwara buriho kandi bigatera igihombo gikomeye mu musaruro7.
Ku isi yose, igihombo mbere yo gusarura giterwa n'indwara z'ibihingwa kiri hagati ya 10-23%, aho igihombo nyuma yo gusarura kiri hagati ya 10% na 20% 8. Ibi bihombo bingana na karori 2.000 z'ibiribwa ku munsi ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 600 na miliyari 4.2 umwaka wose8. Uko ibiribwa biteganijwe kwiyongera ku isi, ibibazo by'umutekano w'ibiribwa bizakomeza kwiyongera9. Ibi bibazo byitezwe ko bizarushaho kwiyongera mu gihe kizaza bitewe n'ingaruka zijyanye n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage ku isi n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere10,11,12. Bityo rero, ubushobozi bwo guhinga ibiryo mu buryo burambye kandi bunoze ni ingenzi cyane ku mibereho y'abantu, kandi gutakaza imiti yica udukoko nk'ingamba zo kurwanya indwara bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kandi mbi kurusha izigerwaho n'abahinzi ba mbere.
Kugira ngo hakorwe ingamba zo kurwanya udukoko two mu bwoko bwa fungicide no kugabanya igihombo cy'umusaruro, ni ngombwa guteza imbere udushya na serivisi zo kwagura ibikorwa bihuye n'ubushobozi bw'umuhinzi mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba za IPM. Nubwo amabwiriza ya IPM ashishikariza uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko mu gihe kirekire burambye12,13, ishyirwaho ry'uburyo bushya bwo guhinga bujyanye n'uburyo bwiza bwa IPM muri rusange ryagenze buhoro, nubwo rishobora kugira akamaro14,15. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje imbogamizi mu ishyirwaho ry'ingamba zirambye za IPM. Izi mbogamizi zirimo ikoreshwa ridahuye ry'ingamba za IPM, inama zidasobanutse neza, n'ubushobozi bw'ingamba za IPM mu bukungu16. Iterambere ry'uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko two mu bwoko bwa fungicide ni ikibazo gishya ku nganda. Nubwo amakuru kuri iki kibazo arimo kwiyongera, kumenya ingaruka zacyo mu bukungu biracyari bike. Byongeye kandi, abakora akenshi ntibagira inkunga kandi babona ko kurwanya udukoko byoroshye kandi bihendutse, nubwo babona izindi ngamba za IPM ari ingirakamaro17. Bitewe n'akamaro k'ingaruka z'indwara ku buryo umusaruro w'ibiribwa ukomeza kubaho, imiti yo mu bwoko bwa fungicide ishobora gukomeza kuba amahitamo y'ingenzi ya IPM mu gihe kizaza. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingamba za IPM, harimo no gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya udukoko two mu bwoko bwa jeni, ntibizibanda gusa ku kurwanya indwara ahubwo bizaba ingenzi mu kubungabunga ubushobozi bw'ibintu bikora bikoreshwa mu miti yo mu bwoko bwa fungicide.
Amasambu atanga umusanzu ukomeye mu kwihaza mu biribwa, kandi abashakashatsi n'imiryango ya leta bagomba kuba bashobora guha abahinzi ikoranabuhanga n'udushya, harimo na serivisi zo kwagura umusaruro, binoza kandi bigakomeza umusaruro w'ibihingwa. Ariko, imbogamizi zikomeye ku ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga n'udushya n'abakora ubuhinzi zituruka ku buryo bwo "kwagura ubushakashatsi" bwo kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, bwibanda ku guhererekanya ikoranabuhanga kuva ku bahanga kugeza ku bahinzi hatitawe cyane ku musanzu w'abahinzi bo mu gace18,19. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Anil et al.19 bwagaragaje ko ubu buryo bwatumye habaho igipimo gihindagurika cyo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya mu mirima. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abakora ubuhinzi bakunze kugaragaza impungenge iyo ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi bukoreshejwe gusa mu rwego rwa siyansi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kunanirwa gushyira imbere ukwizerwa n'akamaro k'amakuru ku bakora ubuhinzi bishobora gutera icyuho mu itumanaho kigira ingaruka ku ishyirwaho ry'udushya dushya mu buhinzi n'izindi serivisi zo kwagura ubuhinzi20,21. Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko abashakashatsi bashobora kudasobanukirwa neza ibyo abakora bakeneye n'impungenge zabo iyo batanga amakuru.
Iterambere mu kwagura ubuhinzi ryagaragaje akamaro ko gushishikariza abahinzi bo mu gace runaka kwitabira gahunda z’ubushakashatsi no koroshya imikoranire hagati y’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi n’inganda18,22,23. Ariko, hakenewe akazi kenshi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa imbuga za IPM n’umuvuduko wo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rirambye ryo kurwanya udukoko. Mu mateka, serivisi zo kwagura ubuhinzi zagiye zitangwa ahanini n’inzego za leta24,25. Ariko, icyerekezo cyo kugera ku mirima minini y’ubucuruzi, politiki z’ubuhinzi zishingiye ku isoko, hamwe n’abaturage bo mu cyaro bashaje kandi bagabanuka byagabanyije ikiguzi cyo gutanga inkunga ya leta24,25,26. Kubera iyo mpamvu, za guverinoma zo mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere mu nganda, harimo na Ositaraliya, zagabanyije ishoramari mu kwagura ubuhinzi, bituma urwego rw’abikorera ku giti cyabo rutanga izi serivisi27,28,29,30. Ariko, kwishingikiriza gusa ku kwagura ubuhinzi ku giti cyabo byanenzwe bitewe no kutagira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku mirima mito no kudashyira imbere ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’ibidukikije. Ubu harasabwa uburyo bwo gukorana bujyanye na serivisi zo kwagura ubuhinzi ku giti cyabo no ku giti cyabo31,32. Ariko, ubushakashatsi ku myumvire y’abahinzi n’imyumvire ku bijyanye n’umutungo mwiza wo kurwanya udukoko ni buke. Byongeye kandi, hari icyuho mu nyandiko ku bijyanye n'ubwoko bwa gahunda zo kwagura ubuhinzi zigira akamaro mu gufasha abahinzi guhangana n'ubudahangarwa bw'imiti yica udukoko.
Abajyanama ku giti cyabo (nk'abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi) baha abahinzi ubufasha n'ubuhanga mu by'umwuga33. Muri Ositaraliya, abarenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'abahinzi bakoresha serivisi z'impuguke mu by'ubuhinzi, aho igipimo gitandukana bitewe n'uturere kandi iki gikorwa cyitezweho kwiyongera20. Abahinzi bavuga ko bakunda koroshya ibikorwa, bigatuma bakoresha abajyanama bigenga kugira ngo bacunge inzira zigoye, nko gutanga serivisi z'ubuhinzi zinoze nko gushushanya ibishushanyo mbonera by'imirima, amakuru ajyanye n'ahantu ho gukorera ubworozi n'ibikoresho byo gufasha abahinzi20; Bityo, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bagira uruhare runini mu kwagura ubuhinzi kuko bafasha abahinzi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya mu gihe banizeza ko imikorere yabo yoroha.
Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi buterwa n'uko bemera inama z'abantu bangana (urugero: abandi bahinzi 34). Ugereranije n'abashakashatsi n'abashinzwe iyamamazabikorwa ba leta, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bigenga bakunda gushyiraho umubano ukomeye, akenshi urambye n'abahinzi binyuze mu gusura ubuhinzi buri gihe 35. Byongeye kandi, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bibanda ku gutanga ubufasha bufatika aho kugerageza kwemeza abahinzi gukoresha uburyo bushya cyangwa kubahiriza amabwiriza, kandi inama zabo zishobora kuba ku nyungu z'abahinzi 33. Bityo, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bigenga bakunze kubonwa nk'isoko ry'inama ritabogamye 33, 36.
Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Ingram 33 bwo mu 2008 bwemezaga imbaraga mu mibanire hagati y’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi n’abahinzi. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwemezaga ko uburyo bukomeye kandi burangwa n’igitugu bushobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku gusangira ubumenyi. Ku rundi ruhande, hari aho abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi bareka uburyo bwiza bwo gukora kugira ngo birinde gutakaza abakiriya. Ni ngombwa rero gusuzuma uruhare rw’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi mu bihe bitandukanye, cyane cyane mu musaruro. Bitewe n’uko kurwanya imiti yica udukoko bitera imbogamizi ku musaruro w’ingano, gusobanukirwa umubano abahinzi ba ngano bakuramo n’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi ni ingenzi kugira ngo hashyirwe ahagaragara udushya dushya neza.
Gukorana n'amatsinda y'abahinzi nabyo ni igice cy'ingenzi mu kwagura ubuhinzi. Aya matsinda ni imiryango yigenga, yigenga igizwe n'abahinzi n'abaturage, yibanda ku bibazo bijyanye n'ubucuruzi bw'abahinzi. Ibi birimo kwitabira ubushakashatsi, gutegura ibisubizo by'ubuhinzi bujyanye n'ibyo abaturage bakeneye, no gusangira ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi n'iterambere n'abandi bahinzi16,37. Intsinzi y'amatsinda y'abahinzi ishobora guterwa no guhinduka kuva ku buryo bwo kuva hejuru kugeza hasi (urugero, icyitegererezo cy'abahanga mu bya siyansi n'abahinzi) kugera ku buryo bwo kwagura abahinzi bushyira imbere ibitekerezo by'umuhinzi, bugateza imbere kwigira, kandi bugashishikariza abantu kwitabira cyane16,19,38,39,40.
Anil n'abandi 19 bakoze ibiganiro by'uburyo buciriritse n'abagize itsinda ry'abakora kugira ngo barebe inyungu babona zo kwinjira mu itsinda. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abakora babona amatsinda y'abakora nk'agira ingaruka zikomeye ku kwiga kwabo ikoranabuhanga rishya, ibyo bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ry'uburyo bushya bwo guhinga. Amatsinda y'abakora yari afite akamaro cyane mu gukora igerageza ku rwego rw'ibanze kuruta mu bigo binini by'ubushakashatsi by'igihugu. Byongeye kandi, byafatwaga nk'urubuga rwiza rwo gusangira amakuru. By'umwihariko, iminsi yo mu murima yafatwaga nk'urubuga rw'ingirakamaro rwo gusangira amakuru no gukemura ibibazo rusange, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo gufatanya gukemura ibibazo.
Uburyo abahinzi bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya n'imikorere bitoroshye cyane kurusha imyumvire yoroshye ya tekiniki41. Ahubwo, inzira yo gukoresha udushya n'imikorere ikubiyemo gusuzuma indangagaciro, intego, n'imbuga nkoranyambaga bikorana n'uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo by'abahinzi41,42,43,44. Nubwo hari ubuyobozi bwinshi buboneka ku bahinzi, udushya n'imikorere imwe n'imwe ni byo byonyine bemewe vuba. Uko ibisubizo bishya by'ubushakashatsi bivuka, akamaro kabyo mu mpinduka mu mikorere y'ubuhinzi kagomba gusuzumwa, kandi akenshi hari icyuho hagati y'akamaro k'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi n'impinduka ziteganijwe mu mikorere. Byaba byiza, mu ntangiriro y'umushinga w'ubushakashatsi, akamaro k'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi n'amahitamo aboneka yo kunoza imikorere y'ubuhinzi bisuzumwa binyuze mu gushushanya hamwe no kwitabira inganda.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane akamaro k'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku kurwanya imiti yica udukoko, ubu bushakashatsi bwakoze ibiganiro byimbitse kuri telefoni n'abahinzi bo mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya y'Uburengerazuba. Uburyo bwakoreshejwe bwari bugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y'abashakashatsi n'abahinzi, bushimangira indangagaciro z'icyizere, ubwubahane no gufata ibyemezo bisangiwe45. Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma uko abahinzi babona umutungo usanzwe wo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko, kugaragaza umutungo bari bafite, no gusesengura umutungo abahinzi bifuza kubona n'impamvu z'ibyo bakunda. By'umwihariko, ubu bushakashatsi busubiza ibibazo bikurikira by'ubushakashatsi:
RQ3 Ni izihe serivisi zindi zo gukwirakwiza imiti irwanya udukoko dutera indwara abahinzi bizeye kuzahabwa mu gihe kizaza kandi ni izihe mpamvu zituma bakunda?
Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje uburyo bwo gusuzuma ingero kugira ngo busuzume imyumvire y'abahinzi n'imyitwarire yabo ku mutungo ujyanye no gucunga imiti yica udukoko. Igikoresho cy'ubushakashatsi cyateguwe ku bufatanye n'abahagarariye inganda kandi gihuza uburyo bwo gukusanya amakuru y'ibanga n'ay'imibare. Dukoresheje ubu buryo, twari tugamije gusobanukirwa byimbitse ubunararibonye bw'abahinzi mu gucunga imiti yica udukoko, bidufasha gusobanukirwa ubunararibonye n'ibitekerezo by'abahinzi. Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cy'ihinga cya 2019/2020 nk'igice cy'Umushinga wa Barley Disease Cohort, gahunda y'ubushakashatsi ihuriweho n'abahinzi bo mu karere k'amajyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya y'Uburengerazuba. Gahunda igamije gusuzuma ikwirakwira ry'imiti yica udukoko mu karere hasuzumwa ingero z'amababi ya barley arwaye yakiriwe n'abahinzi. Abitabiriye Umushinga wa Barley Disease Cohort baturuka mu turere duto cyane tw'akarere gahingwamo ibinyampeke muri Ositaraliya y'Uburengerazuba. Amahirwe yo kwitabira araboneka hanyuma akamamazwa (binyuze mu bitangazamakuru bitandukanye harimo n'imbuga nkoranyambaga) kandi abahinzi barahamagarirwa kwiyamamaza ubwabo kugira ngo binjire muri uwo mushinga. Abakandida bose bashishikajwe bemerewe kwitabira uwo mushinga.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwemejwe n'akanama gashinzwe ubushakashatsi ku myitwarire y'abantu muri Kaminuza ya Curtin (HRE2020-0440) kandi bwakozwe hakurikijwe Itangazo ry'Igihugu ryo mu 2007 ku myitwarire myiza mu bushakashatsi ku bantu. Abahinzi n'abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bari bemeye ko bavugwaho ibijyanye no kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ubu bashoboye gusangira amakuru ajyanye n'uburyo bwabo bwo gucunga. Abitabiriye bahawe amakuru n'ifishi yo kwemera mbere yo kwitabira ubushakashatsi. Ubwemere bw'ibanze bwatanzwe n'abitabiriye ubushakashatsi bose mbere yo kwitabira ubushakashatsi. Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukusanya amakuru bwari ibiganiro byimbitse kuri telefoni n'ubushakashatsi kuri interineti. Kugira ngo habeho ubwumvikane, ibibazo bimwe byuzuzwaga binyuze mu ibazwa ryigenga byasomwe ijambo ku rindi ku bitabiriye ubushakashatsi kuri telefoni. Nta yandi makuru yatanzwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ubutabera bw'uburyo bwombi bw'ubushakashatsi.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwemejwe n’akanama gashinzwe ubushakashatsi ku myitwarire y’abantu muri Kaminuza ya Curtin (HRE2020-0440) kandi bwakozwe hakurikijwe Itangazo ry’Igihugu ryo mu 2007 ku myitwarire myiza mu bushakashatsi ku myitwarire y’abantu 46. Abitabiriye bose babanje kwemererwa n’ibitekerezo mbere yo kwitabira ubu bushakashatsi.
Abahinzi 137 bitabiriye ubu bushakashatsi, muri bo 82% barangije ikiganiro kuri telefoni naho 18% barangije ubwabo ikibazo. Imyaka y'abitabiriye yari hagati y'imyaka 22 na 69, bafite impuzandengo y'imyaka 44. Ubunararibonye bwabo mu rwego rw'ubuhinzi bwari hagati y'imyaka 2 na 54, bafite impuzandengo y'imyaka 25. Ugereranyije, abahinzi bahinze hegitari 1.122 za sayiri mu mirima 10. Abahinzi benshi bahinze ubwoko bubiri bwa sayiri (48%), aho ubwoko butandukanye buva ku bwoko bumwe (33%) kugeza ku bwoko butanu (0.7%). Ikwirakwizwa ry'abitabiriye ubu bushakashatsi rigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 1, yakozwe hakoreshejwe QGIS verisiyo 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Ikarita y'abitabiriye ubushakashatsi hakurikijwe kode ya posita n'uturere tw'imvura: hasi, hagati, hejuru. Ingano y'ikimenyetso igaragaza umubare w'abitabiriye mu gace k'uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya. Iyi karita yakozwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya QGIS verisiyo 3.28.3-Firenze.
Amakuru y’ubuziranenge yavuyemo yanditswe hakoreshejwe isesengura ry’ibirimo, maze ibisubizo bibanza gushyirwa mu buryo bufunguye48. Sesengura inyandiko wongera gusoma no kwandika ingingo zose zigaragara kugira ngo usobanure ibice by’ibirimo49,50,51. Nyuma y’uburyo bwo gusesengura, ingingo zagaragajwe zashyizwe mu byiciro byo ku rwego rwo hejuru51,52. Nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, intego y’iri sesengura ryimbitse ni ukubona ibitekerezo by’ingenzi ku bintu by’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku byo abahinzi bakunda ku bijyanye n’uburyo bwihariye bwo kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko, bityo bigasobanura inzira zo gufata ibyemezo zijyanye no kurwanya indwara. Ingingo zagaragajwe zirasesengurwa kandi zikaganirwaho mu buryo burambuye mu gice gikurikira.
Mu gusubiza ikibazo cya 1, ibisubizo ku makuru y’ishingiro (n=128) byagaragaje ko abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi ari bo bakunze gukoreshwa cyane, aho abarenga 84% by’abahinzi bavuze ko abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi ari bo bakunze gutanga amakuru ku kurwanya imiti yica udukoko (n=108). Igishimishije ni uko abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi atari bo bakunze gutangazwa cyane gusa, ahubwo ni nabo bakunze gutanga amakuru ku kurwanya imiti yica udukoko ku gice kinini cy’abahinzi, aho abarenga 24% (n=31) by’abahinzi bishingikiriza gusa cyangwa bavuga ko abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi ari bo bashoboye. Abenshi mu bahinzi (ni ukuvuga 72% by’ibisubizo cyangwa n=93) bagaragaje ko bakunze kwishingikiriza ku bahanga mu by’ubuhinzi kugira ngo babagire inama, basome ubushakashatsi, cyangwa bagire inama itangazamakuru. Ibitangazamakuru bizwi cyane kuri interineti n’ibisohoka byakunze kuvugwa nk’isoko ry’amakuru akoreshwa cyane ku kurwanya imiti yica udukoko. Byongeye kandi, abahinzi bishingikirizaga ku maraporo y’inganda, amabaruwa yo mu gace, ibinyamakuru, ibitangazamakuru byo mu cyaro, cyangwa amasoko y’ubushakashatsi atagaragazaga ko bashobora kubona. Abahinzi bakunze gutangaza amasoko menshi y’ikoranabuhanga n’ay’ibisohoka, bagaragaza imbaraga zabo zo kubona no gusesengura ubushakashatsi butandukanye.
Indi soko y'ingenzi y'amakuru ni ibiganiro n'inama zituruka ku bandi bahinzi, cyane cyane binyuze mu kuvugana n'inshuti n'abaturanyi. Urugero, P023: “Guhanahana ubuhinzi (inshuti zo mu majyaruguru zimenya indwara hakiri kare)” na P006: “Inshuti, abaturanyi n'abahinzi.” Byongeye kandi, abahinzi bishingikirizaga ku matsinda y'abahinzi bo mu gace (n = 16), nk'amatsinda y'abahinzi bo mu gace cyangwa abahinzi bo mu gace, amatsinda atera imiti, n'amatsinda y'ubuhinzi. Byakunze kuvugwa ko abaturage bo mu gace bagize uruhare muri ibi biganiro. Urugero, P020: “Itsinda rishinzwe iterambere ry'ubuhinzi ryo mu gace n'abashyitsi bavuga” na P031: “Dufite itsinda ritera imiti ryo mu gace rimpa amakuru y'ingirakamaro.”
Iminsi yo guhinga yavuzwe nk'indi soko y'amakuru (n = 12), akenshi ihuzwa n'inama z'abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi, ibitangazamakuru byandika ndetse n'ibiganiro na bagenzi babo (bo mu gace k'iwabo). Ku rundi ruhande, amakuru yo kuri interineti nka Google na Twitter (n = 9), abashinzwe kugurisha n'amatangazo (n = 3) ntiyakunze kuvugwa. Ibi byavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko hakenewe amakuru atandukanye kandi yoroshye kuyakoresha kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko, hazirikanwa ibyo abahinzi bakunda ndetse n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha amakuru n'inkunga.
Mu gusubiza ikibazo cya 2, abahinzi babajijwe impamvu bakunda amasoko y'amakuru ajyanye no kurwanya imiti yica udukoko. Isesengura ry'ingingo ryagaragaje ingingo enye z'ingenzi zigaragaza impamvu abahinzi bishingikiriza ku masoko y'amakuru yihariye.
Iyo bakira raporo z’inganda n’iza leta, abahinzi bareba amasoko y’amakuru babona ko yizewe, yizewe, kandi agezweho. Urugero, P115: “Amakuru agezweho, yizewe, yizewe, afite ireme” na P057: “Kubera ko amakuru agenzurwa kandi agahabwa ishingiro. Ni ibikoresho bishya kandi biboneka mu kiraro.” Abakora babona amakuru aturutse ku bahanga nk’ayo kwizerwa kandi afite ireme ryo hejuru. By’umwihariko, abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi bafatwa nk’inzobere zifite ubumenyi abahinzi bashobora kwiringira gutanga inama zizewe kandi zifatika. Umwe mu bakora yagize ati: P131: “[Agoronome wanjye] azi ibibazo byose, ni impuguke muri urwo rwego, atanga serivisi yishyurwa, nizeye ko ashobora gutanga inama zikwiye” n’undi P107 agira ati: “Ahora ahari, umuhanga mu by’ubuhinzi ni we mukuru kuko afite ubumenyi n’ubuhanga mu bushakashatsi.”
Abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bakunze kuvugwa ko ari abantu bizerwa kandi boroshye kubizerwa n'abakora. Byongeye kandi, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bafatwa nk'aho ari ihuriro riri hagati y'abakora n'ubushakashatsi bugezweho. Bafatwa nk'ingenzi mu kuziba icyuho kiri hagati y'ubushakashatsi busanzwe bushobora gusa n'aho butajyanye n'ibibazo byo mu gace runaka n'ibibazo by' 'aho hantu' cyangwa 'aho mu murima'. Bakora ubushakashatsi ku bahanga bashobora kutagira umwanya cyangwa amikoro yo gukora no gushyira mu bikorwa ubu bushakashatsi binyuze mu biganiro bifite ishingiro. Urugero, P010: yagize ati: 'Abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi ni bo bafite ijambo rya nyuma. Ni bo bahuza n'ubushakashatsi buheruka kandi abahinzi barabizi kuko bazi ibibazo kandi bari ku mushahara wabo.' Kandi P043: yongeyeho ati: 'Izere abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi n'amakuru batanga. Nishimiye ko umushinga wo kurwanya udukoko urimo kuba - ubumenyi ni imbaraga kandi sinzakenera gukoresha amafaranga yanjye yose ku miti mishya.'
Ikwirakwira ry’udukoko tw’ibihumyo bishobora gukwirakwira mu mirima cyangwa mu turere duturanye mu buryo butandukanye, nko mu muyaga, imvura n’udukoko. Ubumenyi bw’aho hantu rero bufatwa nk’ingenzi cyane kuko akenshi ari bwo buryo bwa mbere bwo kwirinda ibibazo bishobora guterwa no kurwanya imiti yica udukoko. Mu rubanza rumwe, umushakashatsi P012: yagize ati: “Ibiva mu [muhanga mu by’ubuhinzi] ni ibyo mu gace, biroroshye kuri njye kubavugisha no kubona amakuru kuri bo.” Undi muhanga yatanze urugero rwo kwishingikiriza ku mpamvu z’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi bo mu gace, ashimangira ko abakora bakunze impuguke ziboneka mu gace batuyemo kandi zifite amateka agaragaza ko zageze ku musaruro wifuza. Urugero, P022: “Abantu babeshya ku mbuga nkoranyambaga - shyira imbaraga mu mapine yawe (wizere abantu urimo gukorana nabo cyane).
Abahinzi baha agaciro inama zigenewe abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi kuko baba batuye hafi aho kandi bazi neza imiterere y'aho batuye. Bavuga ko abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi akenshi ari bo ba mbere mu kumenya no gusobanukirwa ibibazo bishobora kubaho mu murima mbere yuko bibaho. Ibi bituma batanga inama zijyanye n'ibyo abahinzi bakeneye. Byongeye kandi, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bakunze gusura ubuhinzi, bikongera ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutanga inama n'ubufasha bujyanye n'ibyo bakeneye. Urugero, P044: “Wizere umuhanga mu by'ubuhinzi kuko aba ari hirya no hino mu karere kandi azamenya ikibazo mbere yuko menya. Hanyuma umuhanga mu by'ubuhinzi ashobora gutanga inama zijyanye n'ibyo. Umunyabuhinzi azi neza ako gace kuko aba ari muri ako gace. Nkunda guhinga. Dufite abakiriya benshi mu duce tumwe.”
Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko inganda ziteguye gupima imiti yica udukoko cyangwa serivisi zo gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko mu bucuruzi, kandi ko serivisi nk'izo zigomba kuba zujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo zorohereze, zisobanuke neza, kandi zihuzwe n'igihe. Ibi bishobora gutanga ubuyobozi bw'ingenzi kuko ibisubizo by'ubushakashatsi ku miti yica udukoko n'ibizamini biba impamo mu bucuruzi buhendutse.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije gusuzuma imyumvire y'abahinzi n'imyumvire yabo ku bijyanye na serivisi zo kwagura ibiti birwanya imiti irwanya udukoko. Twakoresheje uburyo bwo gusuzuma ingero kugira ngo turusheho gusobanukirwa neza ubunararibonye bw'abahinzi n'ibitekerezo byabo. Uko ingaruka zijyanye no kudahangarwa n'imiti irwanya udukoko n'igihombo cy'umusaruro zikomeza kwiyongera5, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa uburyo abahinzi babona amakuru no kumenya inzira nziza zo kuyakwirakwiza, cyane cyane mu bihe by'indwara nyinshi.
Twabajije abahinzi serivisi zo kwagura imiti n'umutungo bakoresha kugira ngo babone amakuru ajyanye no kurwanya imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane hibandwa ku nzira zo kwagura imiti zikoreshwa mu buhinzi. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko abahinzi benshi basaba inama abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bahembwa, akenshi bakabihuza n'amakuru aturuka muri leta cyangwa mu bigo by'ubushakashatsi. Ibi bisubizo bihuye n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bugaragaza ko abantu benshi bakunda kwagura imiti ku giti cyabo, aho abahinzi baha agaciro ubumenyi bw'abajyanama mu by'ubuhinzi bahembwa53,54. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwagaragaje kandi ko umubare munini w'abahinzi bitabira cyane inama zo kuri interineti nk'amatsinda y'abahinzi bo mu gace batuyemo n'iminsi mikuru yateguwe. Izi mbuga kandi zirimo ibigo by'ubushakashatsi bya leta n'iby'abikorera ku giti cyabo. Ibi bisubizo bihuye n'ubushakashatsi buriho bugaragaza akamaro k'uburyo bushingiye ku baturage19,37,38. Ubu buryo bworohereza ubufatanye hagati y'ibigo bya leta n'iby'abikorera ku giti cyabo kandi butuma amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo bakora arushaho kugerwaho.
Twanasuzumye impamvu abahinzi bakunda ibintu bimwe na bimwe, dushaka kumenya ibintu bituma ibintu bimwe na bimwe bibakurura. Abakora bagaragaje ko bakeneye kubona impuguke zizewe zijyanye n'ubushakashatsi (Insanganyamatsiko ya 2.1), yari ifitanye isano rya bugufi no gukoresha abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko, abahinzi bavuze ko guha akazi impuguke mu by'ubuhinzi bibaha amahirwe yo gukora ubushakashatsi buhanitse kandi bugezweho nta gihe kinini cyo gukora, ibi bikaba bifasha gutsinda imbogamizi nko kubura igihe cyangwa kutagira amahugurwa no kumenya uburyo runaka. Ibi bihuye n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwerekana ko abahinzi bakunze kwishingikiriza ku bahanga mu by'ubuhinzi kugira ngo borohereze inzira zigoye20.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-13-2024