Icyakora, gukoresha uburyo bushya bwo guhinga, cyane cyane kurwanya udukoko, byatinze. Ubu bushakashatsi bukoresha ibikoresho byubushakashatsi byatejwe imbere nkubushakashatsi bwakozwe kugirango wumve uburyo abahinzi b'ibinyampeke bo mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya babona amakuru n'umutungo kugira ngo barwanye imiti yica fungiside. Twasanze abaproducer bishingikiriza kubuhinzi bahembwa, leta cyangwa ibigo byubushakashatsi, amatsinda y’abatunganya ibicuruzwa hamwe niminsi yumurima kugirango babone amakuru yo kurwanya fungiside. Abaproducer bashakisha amakuru kubuhanga bwizewe bashobora koroshya ubushakashatsi bugoye, guha agaciro itumanaho ryoroshye kandi risobanutse kandi bahitamo ibikoresho bijyanye nibihe byaho. Abaproducer kandi baha agaciro amakuru kubyerekeye iterambere rya fungiside no kubona serivisi zihuse zo gusuzuma indwara zirwanya fungiside. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekana akamaro ko guha abaproducer serivisi nziza zo kwagura ubuhinzi kugirango bakemure ibyago byo kurwanya fungiside.
Abahinzi ba sayiri bayobora indwara z’ibihingwa binyuze mu gutoranya imiterere ya germplasme, imicungire y’indwara, hamwe no gukoresha cyane fungiside, akenshi bikaba ari ingamba zo gukumira indwara. Fungicide irinda kwandura, gukura, no kubyara indwara ziterwa na fungal mu bihingwa. Nyamara, indwara ziterwa na fungal zirashobora kugira imiterere yabaturage kandi ikunda guhinduka. Kwishingikiriza cyane ku mipaka mike ya fungiside ikora cyangwa gukoresha mu buryo budakwiye fungiside bishobora kuvamo ihinduka ryimiterere ihinduka ryimiti. Hamwe nogukoresha inshuro nyinshi ibice bimwe bikora, imyumvire yabaturage batera indwara yihanganira kwiyongera, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma igabanuka ryimikorere yibintu bikora mukurwanya indwara zibihingwa2,3,4.
FungicideKurwanya bivuga ubushobozi buke bwa fungicide mbere yo kurwanya neza indwara z ibihingwa, kabone niyo byakoreshwa neza. Kurugero, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko igabanuka ryimikorere ya fungiside mukuvura ifu yifu, kuva kugabanuka kwingirakamaro mumurima kugeza kutagira ingaruka nziza mumurima5,6. Iyo bidasuzumwe, ubwinshi bw’imiti irwanya fungiside buzakomeza kwiyongera, bigabanye imikorere yuburyo busanzwe bwo kurwanya indwara kandi biganisha ku gutakaza umusaruro mwinshi7.
Ku isi hose, igihombo mbere yo gusarura kubera indwara z’ibihingwa kibarirwa kuri 10-23%, hamwe n’igihombo nyuma y’isarura kiri hagati ya 10% na 20% 8. Ibi bihombo bihwanye na karori 2000 yibiribwa kumunsi kubantu bagera kuri miriyoni 600 kugeza kuri miliyari 4.2 umwaka wose8. Mu gihe biteganijwe ko isi ikenera ibiribwa byiyongera, ibibazo by’umutekano w’ibiribwa bizakomeza kwiyongera9. Izi mbogamizi ziteganijwe kwiyongera mu gihe kiri imbere n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’abatuye isi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere10,11,12. Ubushobozi bwo guhinga ibiryo ku buryo burambye kandi bunoze rero ni ingenzi cyane kugirango abantu babeho, kandi gutakaza fungiside nkigipimo cyo kurwanya indwara bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kandi zangiza kurusha iz’abayikora mbere.
Kugira ngo ikibazo cyo kurwanya fungiside no kugabanya igihombo cy'umusaruro, ni ngombwa guteza imbere udushya na serivisi ziyongera zijyanye n'ubushobozi bw'abakora mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba za IPM. Mugihe amabwiriza ya IPM ashimangira uburyo burambye bwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza igihe kirekire12,13, gukoresha uburyo bushya bwo guhinga bujyanye nuburyo bwiza bwa IPM bwatinze muri rusange, nubwo inyungu zabo zishobora kuba 14,15. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwagaragaje imbogamizi mu kwemeza ingamba zirambye za IPM. Izi mbogamizi zirimo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba za IPM zidahuye, ibyifuzo bidasobanutse, hamwe n’ubukungu bw’ingamba za IPM16. Iterambere ryo kurwanya fungiside ni ikibazo gishya ku nganda. Nubwo amakuru kuri iki kibazo agenda yiyongera, kumenya ingaruka z’ubukungu bikomeje kuba bike. Byongeye kandi, ababikora akenshi babura inkunga kandi bakumva ko kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko byoroshye kandi bikoresha amafaranga menshi, kabone niyo basanga izindi ngamba za IPM ari ingirakamaro17. Bitewe n'akamaro k'ingaruka ziterwa n'indwara ku mibereho y'ibiribwa, fungiside zirashobora gukomeza kuba amahitamo ya IPM mu bihe biri imbere. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba za IPM, harimo no gushyiraho uburyo bunoze bwo kurwanya irondakoko, ntabwo bizibanda gusa ku kurwanya indwara ahubwo bizanagira uruhare runini mu gukomeza gukora neza imiti ikoreshwa muri fungicide.
Imirima itanga umusanzu wingenzi mu kwihaza mu biribwa, kandi abashakashatsi n’imiryango ya leta bagomba gushobora guha abahinzi ikoranabuhanga n’udushya, harimo na serivisi ziyongera, biteza imbere kandi bikomeza umusaruro w’ibihingwa. Nyamara, inzitizi zikomeye zibangamira ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga n’udushya byakozwe n’abakora ibicuruzwa biva mu nzira yo hejuru-hasi “kwagura ubushakashatsi”, yibanda ku ihererekanyabubasha ry’abahanga mu bahinzi batitaye cyane ku musanzu w’abatunganya ibicuruzwa 18,19. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Anil et al.19 bwerekanye ko ubu buryo bwatumye ibiciro bitandukanye byo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya mu mirima. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ababikora akenshi bagaragaza impungenge mugihe ubushakashatsi bwubuhinzi bukoreshwa gusa mubumenyi bwa siyansi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kunanirwa gushyira imbere kwizerwa n’ingirakamaro ku makuru ku bakora ibicuruzwa bishobora gutera icyuho cy’itumanaho kigira ingaruka ku iyemezwa ry’udushya dushya mu buhinzi n’izindi serivisi ziyongera20,21. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko abashakashatsi badashobora kumva neza ibyo ababikora bakeneye nibibazo byabo mugihe batanga amakuru.
Iterambere mu kwagura ubuhinzi ryagaragaje akamaro ko kwinjiza abahinzi baho muri gahunda z’ubushakashatsi no koroshya ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi n’inganda 18,22,23. Icyakora, harakenewe imirimo myinshi yo gusuzuma imikorere yuburyo bugezweho bwo gushyira mu bikorwa IPM nigipimo cyo gukoresha tekinoroji irambye yo kurwanya udukoko. Amateka, serivisi zo kwagura zatanzwe ahanini ninzego za leta 24,25. Nyamara, icyerekezo kijyanye n’imirima minini y’ubucuruzi, politiki y’ubuhinzi ishingiye ku isoko, hamwe no gusaza no kugabanuka kw’abaturage bo mu cyaro byagabanije gukenera inkunga nyinshi za Leta 24,25,26. Kubera iyo mpamvu, guverinoma zo mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere mu nganda, harimo na Ositaraliya, zagabanije ishoramari ritaziguye mu kwagura, bituma hashingirwaho cyane abikorera ku giti cyabo kugira ngo batange izo serivisi 27,28,29,30. Icyakora, kwishingikiriza ku kwagura abikorera ku giti cyabo byanenzwe kubera kutagera ku mirima mito mito no kutita ku bibazo by’ibidukikije ndetse n’iterambere rirambye. Uburyo bwo gufatanya burimo serivisi zo kwagura leta n’abikorera ubu birasabwa 31,32. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi ku myumvire yabatunganya nimyitwarire yuburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya fungiside irwanya imipaka. Byongeye kandi, hari icyuho mubitabo byerekeranye nubwoko bwa gahunda yo kwagura bigira akamaro mu gufasha abaproducer guhangana na fungiside.
Abajyanama kugiti cyabo (nka agronome) baha abaproducer inkunga yumwuga nubuhanga33. Muri Ositaraliya, abarenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’abakora ibicuruzwa bakoresha serivisi z’ubuhinzi, hamwe n’igipimo gitandukana bitewe n’akarere kandi iyi nzira iteganijwe kwiyongera20. Abaproducer bavuga ko bahitamo gukora ibikorwa byoroshye, bikabayobora gushaka abajyanama bigenga kugirango bayobore inzira zigoye, nka serivisi zubuhinzi zisobanutse neza nko gushushanya imirima, amakuru ajyanye no kuragira no gufasha ibikoresho20; Abahinzi-borozi rero bafite uruhare runini mu kwagura ubuhinzi kuko bafasha abahinzi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya mu gihe koroshya imikorere.
Urwego rwo hejuru rwo gukoresha agronome na rwo ruterwa no kwakira inama 'zishyurwa-kuri-serivisi' zitangwa na bagenzi babo (urugero: abandi ba producer 34). Ugereranije n'abashakashatsi hamwe n'abashinzwe kwagura leta, abashinzwe ubuhinzi bigenga bashiraho umubano ukomeye, akenshi w'igihe kirekire n'ababikora binyuze mu gusura imirima isanzwe 35. Byongeye kandi, abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bibanda ku gutanga inkunga ifatika aho kugerageza kumvisha abahinzi gukurikiza imikorere mishya cyangwa kubahiriza amabwiriza, kandi inama zabo zishobora kuba mu nyungu z'abakora ibicuruzwa 33. Abahinzi bigenga bigenga rero bakunze kugaragara nkisoko itabogamye yinama 33, 36.
Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Ingram 33 mu 2008 bwashimangiye imbaraga z’umubano hagati y’ubuhinzi n’abahinzi. Ubushakashatsi bwemeje ko uburyo bukomeye kandi bw’igitugu bushobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku gusangira ubumenyi. Ibinyuranye, hari aho usanga agronome bareka imikorere myiza kugirango birinde gutakaza abakiriya. Ni ngombwa rero gusuzuma uruhare rwaba agronome mubice bitandukanye, cyane cyane duhereye kubatanga umusaruro. Urebye ko kurwanya fungiside bitera imbogamizi ku musaruro wa sayiri, kumva isano abahinzi ba sayiri batezimbere hamwe n’abahinzi-borozi ni ngombwa mu gukwirakwiza neza udushya dushya.
Gukorana nitsinda ryabatanga umusaruro nabyo ni igice cyingenzi cyo kwagura ubuhinzi. Aya matsinda arigenga, yiyobora imiryango ishingiye ku baturage igizwe n’abahinzi n’abaturage bibanda ku bibazo bijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’abahinzi. Ibi birimo uruhare rugaragara mubigeragezo byubushakashatsi, guteza imbere ibisubizo byubuhinzi bikwiranye n’ibikenewe byaho, no gusangira ubushakashatsi n ibisubizo byiterambere hamwe nabandi bakora 16,37. Intsinzi yitsinda ryabaproducer irashobora guterwa no kuva muburyo bwo hejuru (urugero, urugero rwumuhanga-umuhinzi-borozi) muburyo bwo kwagura umuganda ushyira imbere ibitekerezo byabatanga umusaruro, biteza imbere kwigira wenyine, kandi ushishikarizwa kugira uruhare rugaragara16,19,38,39,40.
Anil n'abandi. 19 yakoze ibiganiro byubatswe hamwe nabagize itsinda ryabaproducer kugirango basuzume inyungu zigaragara zo kwinjira mumatsinda. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko abaproducer babonaga amatsinda y’abakora agira uruhare runini mu myigire y’ikoranabuhanga rishya, ari naryo ryagize uruhare mu gukoresha ubuhinzi bushya. Amatsinda yabaproducer yarushijeho gukora neza mugukora ubushakashatsi kurwego rwibanze kuruta mubigo binini byubushakashatsi bwigihugu. Byongeye kandi, bafatwaga nkurubuga rwiza rwo gusangira amakuru. By'umwihariko, iminsi yumurima yabonwaga nkurubuga rwingirakamaro rwo gusangira amakuru no gukemura ibibazo hamwe, bituma habaho gukemura ibibazo.
Ingorabahizi yo gukoresha abahinzi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya nibikorwa birenze ubuhanga bwumvikana41. Ahubwo, inzira yo guhanga udushya nibikorwa bikubiyemo gusuzuma indangagaciro, intego, hamwe nimbuga nkoranyambaga zikorana nuburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo 41,42,43,44. Nubwo ubuyobozi bwinshi buboneka kubabikora, gusa udushya hamwe nibikorwa byemewe byihuse. Nkuko ibisubizo bishya byubushakashatsi bibyara umusaruro, akamaro kacyo muguhindura mubikorwa byubuhinzi bigomba gusuzumwa, kandi akenshi usanga hari itandukaniro riri hagati yingirakamaro yibisubizo hamwe nimpinduka ziteganijwe mubikorwa. Byiza, mugitangira umushinga wubushakashatsi, akamaro k'ibisubizo byubushakashatsi hamwe nuburyo buhari bwo kunoza akamaro birasuzumwa hifashishijwe igishushanyo mbonera no kwitabira inganda.
Kugirango umenye akamaro k'ibisubizo bifitanye isano no kurwanya fungiside, ubu bushakashatsi bwakoze ibiganiro byimbitse kuri terefone n'abahinzi bo mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya. Uburyo bwafashwe bugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y’abashakashatsi n’abahinzi, bushimangira indangagaciro zo kwizerana, kubahana no gufata ibyemezo bisangiwe45. Icyari kigamijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma imyumvire y’abahinzi ku bijyanye n’imicungire y’imicungire y’imiti ihari, kumenya umutungo washoboraga kuboneka byoroshye, no gucukumbura umutungo abahinzi bifuza kubona n’impamvu zibyo bakunda. By'umwihariko, ubu bushakashatsi bukemura ibibazo by'ubushakashatsi bukurikira:
RQ3 Ni izihe zindi serivisi zo gukwirakwiza fungiside zirwanya abaproducer bizeye kuzabona ejo hazaza kandi ni izihe mpamvu zibatera guhitamo?
Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje uburyo bwo kwiga ubushakashatsi ku myumvire y'abahinzi n'imyumvire ku mutungo ujyanye no kurwanya fungiside. Igikoresho cyubushakashatsi cyakozwe ku bufatanye n’abahagarariye inganda kandi gihuza uburyo bwo gukusanya amakuru yujuje ubuziranenge. Dufashe ubu buryo, twari tugamije kurushaho gusobanukirwa nubunararibonye bwabahinzi muburyo bwo kurwanya fungiside, bidufasha gusobanukirwa nubunararibonye bwabahinzi nibitekerezo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cy’ihinga cya 2019/2020 mu rwego rw’umushinga wa Barley Disease Cohort, gahunda y’ubushakashatsi ifatanije n’abahinzi mu mukanda w’ibinyampeke wo mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya. Porogaramu igamije gusuzuma ubwinshi bw’imiti irwanya fungiside mu karere hasuzumwa ingero z’ibabi za sayiri zirwaye zahawe abahinzi. Abitabiriye umushinga wa Barley Disease Cohort baturuka hagati y’imvura nyinshi hagati y’akarere k’ibinyampeke byo mu burengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya. Amahirwe yo kwitabira arashyirwaho hanyuma akamamazwa (binyuze mumiyoboro inyuranye itangazamakuru harimo imbuga nkoranyambaga) kandi abahinzi barahamagarirwa kwiyamamariza kwitabira. Abatoranijwe bose bemewe mu mushinga.
Ubushakashatsi bwakiriwe na komite ishinzwe imyitwarire y’ubushakashatsi bw’abantu muri kaminuza ya Curtin (HRE2020-0440) kandi bwakozwe hakurikijwe itangazo ry’igihugu ryo mu 2007 ryerekeye imyitwarire y’imyitwarire mu bushakashatsi bw’abantu 46. Abahinzi naba agronome bari bemeye kuvugana nabo kubijyanye no gucunga fungiside noneho bashoboye gusangira amakuru kubijyanye nubuyobozi bwabo. Abitabiriye amahugurwa bahawe ibisobanuro byamakuru hamwe nimpapuro zabemereye mbere yo kwitabira. Uruhushya rubimenyeshejwe rwabonetse kubitabiriye amahugurwa mbere yo kwitabira kwiga. Uburyo bwibanze bwo gukusanya amakuru bwari ibibazo byimbitse kuri terefone nubushakashatsi kumurongo. Kugirango habeho guhuzagurika, ikibazo kimwe cyarangiye hifashishijwe ikibazo cyigenga cyasomwe mu magambo abitabiriye kurangiza ubushakashatsi kuri terefone. Nta yandi makuru yatanzwe kugirango harebwe uburyo bwombi bwubushakashatsi.
Ubushakashatsi bwakiriwe na komite ishinzwe imyitwarire y’ubushakashatsi bw’abantu muri kaminuza ya Curtin (HRE2020-0440) kandi bwakozwe hakurikijwe itangazo ry’igihugu ryo mu 2007 ryerekeye imyitwarire y’imyitwarire mu bushakashatsi bw’abantu 46. Uruhushya rubimenyeshejwe rwabonetse kubitabiriye amahugurwa mbere yo kwitabira kwiga.
Abaproducer bose hamwe 137 bitabiriye ubushakashatsi, muribo 82% barangije ikiganiro kuri terefone naho 18% barangije ibibazo ubwabo. Imyaka yabitabiriye yari hagati yimyaka 22 na 69, impuzandengo yimyaka 44. Uburambe bwabo mubuhinzi bwatangiye kuva kumyaka 2 kugeza 54, ugereranije nimyaka 25. Ugereranije, abahinzi babibye hegitari 1,122 za sayiri mu biraro 10. Abaproducers benshi bakuze amoko abiri ya sayiri (48%), hamwe nogukwirakwiza kwubwoko butandukanye (33%) kugeza kumoko atanu (0.7%). Isaranganya ryabitabiriye ubushakashatsi ryerekanwe ku gishushanyo 1, cyakozwe hakoreshejwe QGIS verisiyo 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Ikarita y'abitabiriye ubushakashatsi kuri posita na zone y'imvura: hasi, hagati, hejuru. Ingano yikimenyetso yerekana umubare w abitabiriye umukandara wiburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya. Ikarita yakozwe hifashishijwe verisiyo ya QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze.
Ibisubizo byujuje ubuziranenge byatanzwe byandikishijwe intoki hifashishijwe isesengura ry'ibirimo, kandi ibisubizo byabanje gufungura-code 48. Gisesengura ibikoresho wongeye gusoma kandi urebe insanganyamatsiko zose zigaragara kugirango usobanure ibintu bikubiyemo 49,50,51. Nyuma yuburyo bwo gukuramo, insanganyamatsiko zagaragaye zashyizwe mubindi byiciro byo hejuru 51,52. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2, intego y’iri sesengura risesuye ni ukugira ubumenyi bwimbitse ku bintu nyamukuru bigira ingaruka ku bahinzi ku byifuzo by’imicungire y’imicungire y’imiti, bityo bagasobanura uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bijyanye no gucunga indwara. Insanganyamatsiko zamenyekanye zirasesengurwa kandi zikaganirwaho ku buryo burambuye mu gice gikurikira.
Mu gusubiza ikibazo cya 1, ibisubizo ku mibare yujuje ubuziranenge (n = 128) byagaragaje ko abahinzi-borozi aribikoresho byakoreshwaga cyane, aho abahinzi barenga 84% bavuga ko abahinzi-borozi ari bo soko ry’ibanze ry’amakuru yo kurwanya fungiside (n = 108). Igishimishije, abahinzi-borozi ntabwo bari umutungo ukunze kuvugwa gusa, ahubwo ni isoko yonyine yamakuru yo kurwanya fungiside ku gice kinini cy’abahinzi, aho abahinzi barenga 24% (n = 31) bashingira gusa cyangwa bakavuga ko ubuhinzi ari umutungo wihariye. Abenshi mu bahinzi (ni ukuvuga, 72% by'ibisubizo cyangwa n = 93) bagaragaje ko ubusanzwe bashingira ku bahinga mu by'ubuhinzi kugira ngo babagire inama, basome ubushakashatsi, cyangwa bagisha inama itangazamakuru. Itangazamakuru ryamamaye kumurongo no gucapa byavuzwe kenshi nkinkomoko yamakuru yo kurwanya fungiside. Byongeye kandi, abaproducer bashingiye kuri raporo zinganda, ibinyamakuru byaho, ibinyamakuru, itangazamakuru ryo mu cyaro, cyangwa amasoko yubushakashatsi atagaragaza ko babageraho. Abaproducer bakunze kuvuga ibikoresho byinshi bya elegitoroniki kandi byandika bitangazamakuru, bagaragaza imbaraga zabo zo kubona no gusesengura ubushakashatsi butandukanye.
Irindi soko ryingenzi ryamakuru ni ibiganiro ninama zitangwa nabandi ba producer, cyane cyane binyuze mubiganiro ninshuti nabaturanyi. Kurugero, P023: “Guhana mubuhinzi (inshuti mumajyaruguru zerekana indwara hakiri kare)” na P006: “Inshuti, abaturanyi nabahinzi.” Byongeye kandi, abaproducer bashingiraga kumatsinda yubuhinzi (n = 16), nkabahinzi baho cyangwa amatsinda yabatanga, amatsinda ya spray, hamwe nitsinda ryubuhinzi. Byakunze kuvugwa ko abaturage baho bagize uruhare muri ibyo biganiro. Kurugero, P020: “Itsinda ryoguteza imbere imirima hamwe nabavuga abashyitsi” na P031: “Dufite itsinda rya spray ryaho rimpa amakuru yingirakamaro.”
Iminsi yumurima yavuzwe nkayandi masoko yamakuru (n = 12), akenshi ahujwe ninama zitangwa naba agronome, ibitangazamakuru byandika nibiganiro hamwe nabakozi (baho). Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho byo kuri interineti nka Google na Twitter (n = 9), abahagarariye ibicuruzwa no kwamamaza (n = 3) ntibikunze kuvugwa. Ibisubizo birerekana ko hakenewe ibikoresho bitandukanye kandi byoroshye kugirango habeho uburyo bunoze bwo kurwanya fungiside, hitawe kubyo abahinzi bakunda no gukoresha amasoko atandukanye yamakuru ninkunga.
Mu gusubiza ikibazo cya 2, abahinzi babajijwe impamvu bahitamo amakuru ajyanye no gucunga fungiside. Isesengura ryibanze ryerekanye insanganyamatsiko enye zerekana impamvu abahinzi bashingira kumasoko yihariye.
Iyo wakiriye raporo zinganda na leta, abayikora batekereza inkomoko yamakuru babona ko yizewe, yizewe, kandi agezweho. Kurugero, P115: "Ibisobanuro byinshi, byizewe, byizewe, byujuje ubuziranenge" na P057: "Kuberako ibikoresho byagenzuwe kandi bifite ishingiro. Nibikoresho bishya kandi biboneka muri padi." Abaproducer babona amakuru atangwa ninzobere nkayizewe kandi yujuje ubuziranenge. Abahinzi-borozi, cyane cyane, bafatwa nkinzobere zibizi abaproducer bashobora kwizera gutanga inama zizewe kandi zumvikana. Umuproducer umwe yagize ati: P131: “[Agronome wanjye] azi ibibazo byose, ni umuhanga muri urwo rwego, atanga serivisi yishyuwe, twizere ko ashobora gutanga inama nziza” naho undi P107: “Buri gihe uboneka, agronome ni umutware kuko afite ubumenyi n'ubuhanga mu bushakashatsi.”
Abahinzi-borozi bakunze gusobanurwa ko ari abizerwa kandi biringirwa byoroshye nababikora. Byongeye kandi, abashinzwe ubuhinzi babonwa nkumuhuza hagati yabatunganya nubushakashatsi bugezweho. Babonwa nkibyingenzi mugukemura icyuho kiri hagati yubushakashatsi budafatika bushobora gusa nkaho budahuye nibibazo byaho kandi 'hasi' cyangwa 'kumurima'. Bakora ubushakashatsi abaproducer bashobora kuba badafite umwanya cyangwa amikoro yo gukora no guhuza ubu bushakashatsi binyuze mubiganiro bifite ireme. Kurugero, P010: yagize icyo avuga, 'Agronome bafite ijambo rya nyuma. Ni ihuriro ry’ubushakashatsi buheruka kandi abahinzi barabizi kuko bazi ibibazo kandi bari ku mushahara wabo. ' Kandi P043: yongeyeho, 'Wizere agronome namakuru batanga. Nishimiye ko umushinga wo kurwanya fungiside urimo kubaho - ubumenyi ni imbaraga kandi ntabwo nzakoresha amafaranga yanjye yose mu miti mishya. '
Ikwirakwizwa rya spasite fungal spores irashobora guturuka mumirima ituranye cyangwa uturere muburyo butandukanye, nkumuyaga, imvura nudukoko. Ubumenyi bwaho rero bufatwa nkibyingenzi cyane kuko akenshi aribwo buryo bwa mbere bwo kwirinda ibibazo bishobora guterwa no gucunga fungiside. Mu rubanza rumwe, abitabiriye P012: yagize ati: “Ibisubizo byaturutse kuri [agronome] ni iby'akarere, biranyoroheye kubabaza no kubashakira amakuru.” Undi mu producer yatanze urugero rwo gushingira ku mpamvu zishingiye ku buhinzi bw’ubuhinzi, ashimangira ko abaproducer bakunda impuguke ziboneka mu karere kandi zifite ibimenyetso byerekana ko byageze ku bisubizo byifuzwa. Kurugero, P022: “Abantu barambaraye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga - bapakira amapine yawe (wizere cyane abantu mubana).
Abaproducer baha agaciro inama zigenewe abashinzwe ubuhinzi kuko bafite aho bahurira kandi bamenyereye imiterere yaho. Bavuga ko abashinzwe ubuhinzi ari bo bambere bamenya kandi bakumva ibibazo bishobora guterwa mu murima mbere yuko bibaho. Ibi bibafasha gutanga inama zijyanye nibyo umurima ukeneye. Byongeye kandi, abahinzi-borozi basura umurima, bakongera ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutanga inama ninkunga. Kurugero, P044: "Wizere agronome kuko ari hirya no hino kandi azabona ikibazo mbere yuko mbimenya. Noneho agronome ashobora gutanga inama zigamije. Agronome azi akarere neza cyane kuko ari mukarere. Nkunze guhinga. Dufite abakiriya benshi mubice bisa."
Ibisubizo byerekana ko inganda ziteguye gupima ibizamini byo kurwanya fungiside cyangwa serivisi zipima, kandi ko serivisi nkizo zujuje ubuziranenge, byumvikana, kandi ku gihe. Ibi birashobora gutanga ubuyobozi bwingenzi nkibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwokwirinda fungiside no kwipimisha biba impamo zubucuruzi zihendutse.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije kumenya imyumvire n’abahinzi muri serivisi zagutse zijyanye no kurwanya fungiside. Twakoresheje uburyo bwiza bwo kwiga kugirango tubone ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeranye nabahinzi nibitekerezo. Nkuko ingaruka ziterwa no kurwanya fungiside no gutakaza umusaruro zikomeje kwiyongera5, ni ngombwa kumva uburyo abahinzi babona amakuru no kumenya inzira zifatika zo kuyikwirakwiza, cyane cyane mugihe cy’indwara nyinshi.
Twabajije abaproducer serivisi nogukoresha ibikoresho kugirango babone amakuru ajyanye no kurwanya fungiside, hibandwa cyane cyane kumiyoboro yagutse mu buhinzi. Ibisubizo byerekana ko abaproducer benshi basaba inama kubashinzwe ubuhinzi bahembwa, akenshi bahujwe namakuru aturuka mubigo bya leta cyangwa ubushakashatsi. Ibisubizo birahuye nubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekana icyifuzo rusange cyo kwagura abikorera, hamwe nababikora baha agaciro ubumenyi bwabajyanama bahembwa ubuhinzi 53,54. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekanye kandi ko umubare munini wabaproducer bitabira cyane kumahuriro kumurongo nkamatsinda yabatunganya ibicuruzwa hamwe niminsi yumurima. Iyi miyoboro kandi irimo ibigo byubushakashatsi bya leta n’abigenga. Ibisubizo birahuye nubushakashatsi buriho bwerekana akamaro k'uburyo bushingiye ku baturage 19.37,38. Ubu buryo bworoshya ubufatanye hagati yimiryango ya leta n’abikorera kandi bigatuma amakuru ajyanye no kugera kubabikora.
Twasuzumye kandi impamvu abaproducer bakunda inyongeramusaruro zimwe na zimwe, dushaka kumenya ibintu bituma inyongeramusaruro zimwe na zimwe zibashimisha. Abaproducer bagaragaje ko bakeneye kubona impuguke zizewe zijyanye n'ubushakashatsi (Insanganyamatsiko 2.1), yari ifitanye isano rya bugufi no gukoresha ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko, abaproducer bavuze ko guha akazi agronome bibaha amahirwe yo gukora ubushakashatsi buhanitse kandi buhanitse nta gihe kinini biyemeje, bifasha gutsinda inzitizi nko kugabanya igihe cyangwa kubura amahugurwa no kumenyera uburyo bwihariye. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bihuye nubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekana ko ababikora akenshi bishingikiriza ku buhinzi kugirango borohereze inzira igoye20.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-13-2024