Abashakashatsi barimo gutegura uburyo bushya bwo kuvugurura ibimera binyuze mu kugenzura igaragara ry’uturemangingo tugenzura itandukaniro ry’uturemangingo tw’ibimera.

 Ishusho: Uburyo gakondo bwo kuvugurura ibimera busaba gukoresha ibintu bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera nka imisemburo, ishobora kuba yihariye ku bwoko bwayo kandi igasaba imbaraga nyinshi. Mu bushakashatsi bushya, abahanga mu bya siyansi bashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kuvugurura ibimera binyuze mu kugenzura imikorere n'imikorere y'uturemangingo tugira uruhare mu gukuraho ingirabuzimafatizo (kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo) no kongera gutandukanya (organogenesis) tw'uturemangingo tw'ibimera. Reba byinshi
Uburyo gakondo bwo kuvugurura ibimera busaba ikoreshwa ryaabashinzwe kugenzura imikurire y'ibimerankaimisemburos, zishobora kuba amoko yihariye kandi zigakoresha imbaraga nyinshi. Mu bushakashatsi bushya, abahanga mu bya siyansi bashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kuvugurura ibimera binyuze mu kugenzura imikorere n'imikorere ya za gene zigize uruhare mu gukuraho itandukaniro (kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo) no kongera gutandukanya (organogenesis) tw'uturemangingo tw'ibimera.
Ibimera bimaze imyaka myinshi ari isoko nyamukuru y'ibiribwa by'inyamaswa n'abantu. Byongeye kandi, ibi bimera bikoreshwa mu gukuramo imiti itandukanye n'imiti. Ariko, gukoresha nabi ibiryo no kwiyongera k'ubukene bw'ibiribwa bigaragaza ko hakenewe uburyo bushya bwo korora ibimera. Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ibinyabuzima bishobora gukemura ibura ry'ibiribwa mu gihe kizaza binyuze mu gukora ibimera byahinduwe mu buryo bw'uturemangingo (GM) bitanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi bihangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere.
Birumvikana ko ibimera bishobora kongera kubyara ibimera bishya rwose bivuye ku karemangingo kamwe ka "totipotent" (akaremangingo gashobora kubyara ubwoko bwinshi bw'uturemangingo) binyuze mu gukuraho no guhinduranya uturemangingo dufite imiterere n'imikorere itandukanye. Gutunganya uturemangingo nk'utwo twa totipotent binyuze mu guteza imbere imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'ibimera bikoreshwa cyane mu kurinda ibimera, kororoka, gukora amoko ya transgenic no mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Ubusanzwe, guteza imbere imiterere y'uturemangingo kugira ngo ibimera bivugururwe bisaba gukoresha ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera (GGRs), nka auxins na cytokinins, kugira ngo bigenzure ihinduka ry'uturemangingo. Ariko, imiterere myiza y'imisemburo ishobora gutandukana cyane bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibimera, imiterere y'imikurire n'ubwoko bw'uturemangingo. Kubwibyo, gushyiraho imiterere myiza y'ubushakashatsi bishobora gufata igihe kinini kandi bigatwara imbaraga nyinshi.
Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, Porofeseri wungirije Tomoko Ikawa, hamwe na Porofeseri wungirije Mai F. Minamikawa wo muri Kaminuza ya Chiba, Porofeseri Hitoshi Sakakibara wo muri Kaminuza ya Nagoya Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi bw’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi na Mikiko Kojima, umutekinisiye w’inzobere wo muri RIKEN CSRS, bashyizeho uburyo rusange bwo kugenzura ibimera binyuze mu kugenzura. Igaragaza rya "genes" zigenga iterambere (DR) kugira ngo haboneke ivugurura ry’ibimera. Byasohotse mu gitabo cya 15 cy’Imipaka mu Siyansi y’Ibimera ku ya 3 Mata 2024, Dr. Ikawa yatanze amakuru arambuye ku bushakashatsi bwabo, agira ati: "Uburyo bwacu ntibukoresha PGR zo hanze, ahubwo bukoresha genes zigaragaza transcription kugira ngo zigenzure ihinduka ry’uturemangingo, nk’uko bimeze ku turemangingo twinshi duterwa n’inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa pluripotent."
Abashakashatsi bagaragaje mu buryo bworoshye imiterere y’uturemangingo tubiri twa DR, BABY BOOM (BBM) na WUSCHEL (WUS), bikomoka kuri Arabidopsis thaliana (ikoreshwa nk'ikimera cy'icyitegererezo) kandi basuzuma ingaruka zabyo ku gutandukanya itabi, salade na petunia mu miterere y’uturemangingo. BBM isobanura ikintu kigenga imikurire y’uturemangingo tw’inda, mu gihe WUS isobanura ikintu kigenzura imikurire y’uturemangingo tw’inda mu gace k’umusatsi.
Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwagaragaje ko imiterere ya Arabidopsis BBM cyangwa WUS yonyine idahagije mu gutuma uturemangingo duhinduka mu mashami y'itabi. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, imiterere ya BBM yazamuwe mu mikorere na WUS yahinduwe mu mikorere ituma habaho imiterere yihuta yo gutandukanya. Hatabayeho gukoresha PCR, uturemangingo tw'amababi ya transgenic twatandukanijwe mu turemangingo (uturemangingo tutagize gahunda), imiterere isa n'icyatsi kibisi n'uturemangingo duto. Isesengura rya Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gupima inyandiko za gene, bwagaragaje ko imiterere ya Arabidopsis BBM na WUS bifitanye isano no kurema kwa transgenic calli n'imishibu.
Ukurikije uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'imisemburo ya phytohormones mu gutandukanya no gutandukanya uturemangingo, abashakashatsi bapimye urugero rw'imisemburo itandatu ya phytohormones, ari yo auxin, cytokinin, aside abscisic (ABA), gibberellin (GA), aside jasmonic (JA), aside salicylic (SA) n'ibiyigize mu bimera byahinduwe. Ibisubizo byabo byagaragaje ko urugero rwa auxin, cytokinin, ABA, na GA idakora ruriyongera uko uturemangingo twitandukanya mu ngingo, bigaragaza uruhare rwabyo mu gutandukanya uturemangingo tw'ibimera no kubyara organogenesis.
Byongeye kandi, abashakashatsi bakoresheje transcriptomes za RNA sequencing, uburyo bwo gusesengura neza no gupima igaragara ry’uturemangingo, kugira ngo basuzume imiterere y’igaragara ry’uturemangingo mu turemangingo twa transgenic tugaragaza itandukaniro rifatika. Ibisubizo byabo byagaragaje ko uturemangingo tujyanye no kwiyongera kw’uturemangingo na auxin twongerewe mu turemangingo duto duto. Isuzuma ryakozwe hakoreshejwe qPCR ryagaragaje ko uturemangingo twa transgenic twongereye cyangwa twagabanyije igaragara ry’uturemangingo tune, harimo uturemangingo tugenga ihinduka ry’uturemangingo tw’ibimera, metabolism, organogenesis, na auxin response.
Muri rusange, ibi byavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza uburyo bushya kandi bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvugurura ibimera, budasaba ko hakoreshwa PCR hanze. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bushobora kunoza uburyo dusobanukirwa imikorere y’ibanze yo gutandukanya uturemangingo tw’ibimera no kunoza uburyo bwo guhitamo amoko y’ibimera by’ingirakamaro mu binyabuzima.
Mu kugaragaza uburyo akazi ke gashobora gukoreshwa, Dr. Ikawa yagize ati: “Ubu buryo bwatangajwe bushobora kunoza ubworozi bw’ibimera butanga igikoresho cyo gutuma uturemangingo tw’ibimera byahinduwe mu buryo bw’ingirabuzimafatizo tudakeneye PCR. Bityo rero, mbere yuko ibimera byahinduwe mu buryo bw’ingirabuzimafatizo byemerwa nk’ibicuruzwa, sosiyete izihutisha ubworozi bw’ibimera kandi igabanye ikiguzi cyo kubitunganya.”
Ku bijyanye na Porofeseri wungirije Tomoko Igawa Dr. Tomoko Ikawa ni umwarimu wungirije mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuhinzi bw’Imboga, Ikigo cy’Ubumenyi bw’Ibimera bya Molecular, n’Ikigo cy’Ubuhinzi bw’Ijuru n’Ubushakashatsi ku Buhinzi bw’Imboga, Kaminuza ya Chiba, mu Buyapani. Ubushakashatsi bwe burimo kororoka no guteza imbere igitsina cy’ibimera hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima by’ibimera. Akazi ke kibanda ku gusobanukirwa uburyo molekile zikoreshwa mu kororoka no gutandukanya utunyangingo tw’ibimera hakoreshejwe sisitemu zitandukanye za transgenic. Afite ibitabo byinshi muri ibi byiciro kandi ni umunyamuryango w’Umuryango w’Ubuyapani w’Ubuhinzi bw’Ibimera, Umuryango w’Ibimera mu Buyapani, Umuryango w’Abayapani w’Abahanga mu by’Ubworozi bw’Ibimera, n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Kororoka kw’Ibimera mu Nzoga.
Gutandukanya uturemangingo twahinduwe hifashishijwe imisemburo: kugaragaza uturemangingo tw’umwimerere n’imyitwarire y’imisemburo ya phytohormones
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