Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, udukoko two mu buriri twangije isi, ariko mu myaka ya 1950 hafi ya twose twarangijwe burundu hakoreshejwe umuti wica udukoko witwa dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Uyu muti waje guhagarikwa. Kuva icyo gihe, uyu murwayi wo mu mijyi wagarutse ku isi yose kandi wagize ubudahangarwa ku miti myinshi ikoreshwa mu kuyirwanya.
Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru Journal of Medical Entomology busobanura neza uburyo itsinda ry’abashakashatsi bo muri Virginia Tech, riyobowe n’umuhanga mu by’udukoko two mu mijyi Warren Booth, ryavumbuye ihinduka ry’uturemangingo dushobora gutuma habaho ubudahangarwa bw’imiti yica udukoko.
Ibi byavumbuwe n'ubushakashatsi bwakorewe umunyeshuri warangije kaminuza witwa Camille Block kugira ngo ateze imbere ubumenyi bwe mu bushakashatsi ku ngirabuzimafatizo.
“Byari urugendo rwo kuroba gusa,” ibi byavuzwe na Booth, umwarimu wungirije w’ubushakashatsi ku dukoko two mu mijyi muri Koleji ya Joseph R. na Mary W. Wilson y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubumenyi bw’Ubuzima.
Booth, inzobere mu by’udukoko two mu mijyi, yari asanzwe azi ibijyanye n’impinduka mu turemangingo tw’imitsi y’inyenzi zo mu Budage n’udusimba tw’umweru twatumaga udukoko tudashobora kwica udukoko. Booth yatanze inama kuri Brooke yo gusesengura urugero rumwe rw’udukoko two mu buriri twavuye kuri buri bwoko mu matsinda 134 atandukanye yakusanyijwe n’ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya udukoko cyo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru hagati ya 2008 na 2022 kugira ngo hamenyekane niba dufite impinduka imwe mu turemangingo. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko udukoko tubiri two mu buriri twaturutse mu matsinda abiri atandukanye ari two twagize iyo mpinduka.
“Mu by’ukuri ibi (byavumbuwe) byakozwe hashingiwe ku bipimo 24 naherukaga,” ibi ni ibyavuzwe na Block, wiga ibijyanye n’udukoko tw’inyenzi akaba n’umwe mu bagize ihuriro ry’ibinyabuzima byanduye. “Sinigeze nkora biology y’uturemangingo mbere, bityo kwiga ubu buhanga ni ingenzi kuri njye.”
Kubera ko ubwoko bw'udukoko two mu buriri bungana cyane, ahanini bitewe n'uko twororoka mu buryo bunyuranye, urugero rumwe muri buri bwoko ruhagije kugira ngo rugaragaze itsinda ryose. Ariko, kugira ngo Brock yemeze ko koko yavumbuye impinduka, Booth yagerageje ingero zose zo mu bwoko bubiri bwagaragajwe.
Booth yagize ati: “Ubwo twongeye gupima abantu benshi bo mu moko yombi, twasanze bose bafite iyi mpinduka. Bityo babaye abatwara izi mpinduka, kandi izi mpinduka ni zimwe twasanze mu nyenzi zo mu Budage.”
Binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwe ku nyenzi zo mu Budage, Booth yamenye ko kurwanya imiti yica udukoko byaterwaga n’impinduka mu turemangingo tw’imitsi yazo, kandi ko ubwo buryo bushingiye ku bidukikije.
“Hari gene yitwa Rdl gene. Yabonetse mu zindi nyoni nyinshi z’udukoko kandi ifitanye isano no kudakoresha imiti yica udukoko,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Booth, umushakashatsi wo mu kigo cy’ubumenyi bw’ubuzima cya Fralin. “Iyi gene iboneka mu nyenzi zose zo mu Budage. Igitangaje ni uko nta bwoko na bumwe twabonye budafite iyi gene.”
Nk’uko Booth abivuga, fipronil na dieldrin—imiti yica udukoko yombi yagaragaye ko ikora neza mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari—ifite uburyo bumwe bwo gukora, bityo mu buryo bw’imitekerereze, iyi mpinduka ishobora gutuma habaho ubudahangarwa ku miti yombi. Dieldrin yarahagaritswe kuva mu myaka ya 1990, ariko fipronil iracyakoreshwa mu kuvura inda ku mbwa n’injangwe, ntabwo ari mu kurwanya inda ku buriri.
Booth akeka ko ba nyiri amatungo menshi bakoresha ibitonyanga bya fipronil mu kuvura amatungo yabo bemerera injangwe n'imbwa zabo kuryama hamwe na zo, ibyo bikabishyira mu buriri bwabo ku bisigazwa bya fipronil. Iyo udukoko twinjiye muri ubwo buryo, dushobora guhura na fipronil tutabigambiriye, bigatuma iyi ndwara ikwirakwira mu baturage.
Booth yagize ati: “Ntituzi niba iyi mpinduka ari nshya, niba yaragaragaye nyuma, muri icyo gihe, cyangwa niba yari imaze kugaragara mu bantu mu myaka 100 ishize.”
Intambwe ikurikiraho izaba ukwagura ubushakashatsi bwo kumenya izi mpinduka ku isi yose, cyane cyane mu Burayi, no mu byuma ndangamurage byo mu bihe bitandukanye, kuko udukoko two mu buriri tumaze imyaka irenga miliyoni.
Mu Gushyingo 2024, Booth Labs yabaye laboratwari ya mbere yakurikiranye neza genome yose y'udukoko dusanzwe.
Booth yagize ati: “Ni ubwa mbere genome y’aka gakoko ishyizwe mu byiciro. Noneho ko dufite urukurikirane rwa genome, dushobora kwiga izi ngero z’ingoro ndangamurage.”
Booth avuga ko ikibazo kiri muri ADN y’inzu ndangamurage ari uko icikamo uduce duto vuba cyane, ariko abashakashatsi ubu bafite ingero za chromosome zibafasha gukuramo utwo duce no kubishyira hamwe n’utu chromosome kugira ngo bongere kubaka gene na genome.
Booth avuga ko laboratwari ye ikorana n'ibigo birwanya udukoko, bityo akazi kabo ko gukurikirana ingirabuzima fatizo gashobora kubafasha gusobanukirwa neza ikwirakwira ry'udukoko ku isi yose n'uburyo bwo kuturandura.
None ko Brock amaze kunoza ubuhanga bwe mu binyabuzima bya molekile, yishimiye gukomeza ubushakashatsi bwe ku ihindagurika ry’imijyi.
Block yagize ati: “Nkunda ubwihindurize bw’ibinyabuzima. Ndabibona ko bishimishije cyane. Abantu bumva bafitanye isano rikomeye n’ibi binyabuzima byo mu mijyi, kandi ndatekereza ko byoroshye gutuma abantu bashishikazwa n’udukoko two mu buriri kuko bashobora kuba barahuye na two ubwabo.”
Lindsay Myers ni umushakashatsi mu ishami ry’udukoko (postdoctoral research) akaba n’undi munyamuryango w’itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi rya Booth muri Virginia Tech.
Virginia Tech, nk'ishuri rikuru ku isi, riterwa inkunga na leta, rigaragaza ingaruka zaryo mu guteza imbere iterambere rirambye mu baturage bacu, muri Virginia no ku isi yose.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 12-2025