Nubwo ibimera bya parasitike nematode ari ibyangiza nematode, ntabwo ari udukoko twangiza, ahubwo ni indwara ziterwa.
Imizi-ipfundo rya nematode (Meloidogyne) nicyo gikwirakwizwa cyane kandi cyangiza parasitike nematode kwisi.Bigereranijwe ko amoko arenga 2000 y’ibimera ku isi, harimo n’ibihingwa hafi ya byose bihingwa, yumva cyane kwandura imizi-ipfundo rya nematode.Nematode yimizi yanduza ingirangingo zumubiri zakira ibibyimba, bikagira ingaruka kumyunyungugu yamazi nintungamubiri, bikaviramo gukura kwibihingwa, umwijima, umuhondo, gukama, gutonyanga amababi, ubumuga bwimbuto, ndetse no gupfa kwigihingwa cyose, bikaviramo no gupfa kwigihingwa cyose, bikaviramo no gupfa kwigihingwa cyose; kugabanya ibihingwa ku isi.
Mu myaka yashize, kurwanya indwara ya nematode nibyo byibandwaho n’amasosiyete arengera ibimera ku isi ndetse n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi.Soya cyst nematode nimpamvu yingenzi yo kugabanya umusaruro wa soya muri Berezile, Amerika ndetse nibindi bihugu byingenzi byohereza hanze ya soya.Kugeza ubu, nubwo hari uburyo bwumubiri cyangwa ingamba zubuhinzi zagiye zikoreshwa muguhashya indwara ya nematode, nka: gusuzuma ubwoko butandukanye bwihanganira, gukoresha ibiti byangiza imizi, guhinduranya ibihingwa, kuzamura ubutaka, nibindi, uburyo bwingenzi bwo kugenzura buracyari kugenzura imiti cyangwa kugenzura ibinyabuzima.
Uburyo bwimikorere yibikorwa
Amateka yubuzima bwumuzi-ipfundo nematode agizwe namagi, lisiti yambere ya instar, livre ya instar ya kabiri, livre ya instar ya gatatu, inini ya kane instar hamwe nabakuze.Ibinyomoro ni inyo ntoya, umuntu mukuru ni heteromorphic, igitsina gabo ni umurongo, naho igitsina gore kimeze nk'amapera.Inzoka ya kabiri ya instar irashobora kwimuka mumazi yubutaka bwubutaka, igashakisha umuzi wigihingwa cyakiriye binyuze muri alleles yumutwe yumutwe, igatera igihingwa cyakiriye icumura epidermis ahantu harambuye kumizi yakiriye, hanyuma ikanyura umwanya uhuza, wimuke kumuzi, hanyuma ugere kuri meristem yumuzi.Nyuma yinzoka ya kabiri ya instar igeze kuri meristem yumutwe wumuzi, liswi yasubiye mucyerekezo cyumutwe wamaraso maze igera mukarere ka xylem.Hano, icya kabiri cyimyanya ya Pierce Pierce ingirabuzimafatizo hamwe nurushinge rwo mu kanwa hanyuma ugatera ururenda rwa esophageal gland rwinjira mu ngirabuzimafatizo.Auxin hamwe na enzymes zitandukanye zikubiye mu myanya ndangagitsina ya esofageal gland irashobora gutuma ingirabuzimafatizo zihinduka muri "selile nini" hamwe na nuclei nyinshi, zikungahaye kuri suborganelles hamwe na metabolism ikomeye.Utugingo ngengabuzima twa cortical dukikije selile nini ziragwira kandi zikura kandi zikabyimba bitewe ningirabuzimafatizo nini, bigakora ibimenyetso bisanzwe byerekana imizi hejuru yumuzi.Inzoka ya kabiri ya instar ikoresha ingirabuzimafatizo nini yo kugaburira intungamubiri n'amazi kandi ntigenda.Mugihe gikwiye, livre ya kabiri ya instar irashobora gutuma nyirubwite akora selile nini 24 h nyuma yo kwandura, hanyuma igahinduka inyo zikuze nyuma yimitsi itatu muminsi 20 ikurikira.Nyuma yibyo, igitsina gabo cyimuka kigasiga imizi, igitsina gore kiguma gihagaze kandi kigakomeza gukura, gitangira gutera amagi muminsi 28.Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 10 ℃, amagi arera mumuzi nodule, livre ya mbere yimbere mu magi, livre ya kabiri ya instar isohoka mu magi, igasiga nyirubwite ikongera kwandura.
Imizi-ipfundo nematode ifite ubwoko bwinshi bwabakiriye, bushobora kuba parasitike kumoko arenga 3 000 yabakiriye, nkimboga, ibihingwa byibiribwa, ibihingwa ngandurarugo, ibiti byimbuto, ibiti byimitako nibyatsi bibi.Imizi yimboga yibasiwe nu mizi ipfundo rya nematode yabanje gukora nodules zingana, zifite amata yera mugitangiriro naho umukara wijimye mugihe cyanyuma.Nyuma yo kwandura imizi-node nematode, ibimera byo mu butaka byari bigufi, amashami namababi yabaga atrophide cyangwa umuhondo, imikurire yarahagaze, ibara ryibabi ryoroheje, kandi imikurire yibiti birwaye bikomeye yari ifite intege nke, ibimera byari yazindutse mu ruzuba, kandi igihingwa cyose cyarapfuye bikabije.Byongeye kandi, kugena igisubizo cyokwirwanaho, ingaruka zo kubuza no kwangirika kwingirangingo ziterwa na nematode yumuzi ku bihingwa byanorohereje kwibasirwa na virusi ziterwa nubutaka nka fusarium wilt na bacteri zibora, bityo bigatera indwara zikomeye kandi bigatera igihombo kinini.
Ingamba zo gukumira no kugenzura
Imirongo gakondo irashobora kugabanywamo fumigants nabatari fumigants ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha.
Fumigant
Harimo hydrocarbone ya halogene na isothiocyanates, naho abatari fumigants barimo organofosifore na karbamate.Kugeza ubu, mu dukoko twica udukoko twanditswe mu Bushinwa, bromomethane (ibintu byangiza ozone, bigenda bihagarikwa buhoro buhoro) na chloropicrine ni hydrocarubone ya hydrogène ya halogene, ishobora kubuza intungamubiri za poroteyine hamwe n’ibinyabuzima biterwa no guhumeka kwa nematode.Fumigants zombi ni methyl isothiocyanate, ishobora gutesha agaciro no kurekura methyl isothiocyanate hamwe nibindi bintu bito bito bya molekile mubutaka.Methyl isothiocyanate irashobora kwinjira mumubiri wumuvumo nematode hanyuma igahuza na ogisijeni itwara globuline, bityo ikabuza guhumeka kumizi ipfundo nematode kugirango igere ku ngaruka zica.Byongeye kandi, fluoride sulfuryl na calcium cyanamide nayo yanditswe nka fumigants yo kugenzura imizi ipfundo rya nematode mu Bushinwa.
Hariho na fomigant ya hydrocarubone ya halogene itanditswe mu Bushinwa, nka 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iyode, n'ibindi, byanditswe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika nk'ibisimbuza bromomethane.
Ntabwo ari fumigant
Harimo organofosifore na karbamate.Muri lisiside idafite fumigasi yanditswe mu gihugu cyacu, fosifine thiazolium, Methanofos, phoxiphos na chlorpyrifos ni organophosifore, naho carboxanil, aldicarb na carboxanil butathiocarb ni karbamate.Nematocide idafite fumigasi ihungabanya imikorere ya sisitemu yimikorere yimizi ipfundo rya nematode muguhuza na acetylcholinesterase muri synapses yumuzi nematode.Mubisanzwe ntibica imizi ipfundo rya nematode, ariko bituma gusa ipfundo ryumuzi nematode ritakaza ubushobozi bwo kumenya uwakiriye no kwandura, kubwibyo bakunze kwita "nematode paralizers".Indwara ya nematocide gakondo idafite ubumara ni imiti yubumara yubumara, ifite uburyo bumwe bwibikorwa kuri vertebrates na arthropods nka nematode.Kubera iyo mpamvu, kubera imbogamizi z’ibidukikije n’imibereho, ibihugu bikomeye ku isi byateye imbere byagabanije cyangwa bihagarika iterambere ry’udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza.Mu myaka yashize, mu miti mishya itari karbamate / organophosifore yica udukoko twabonye iyandikwa rya EPA ni spylite Ethyl (yanditswe mu 2010), difluorosulfone (yanditswe muri 2014) na fluopyramide (yanditswe muri 2015).
Ariko mubyukuri, kubera uburozi bwinshi, kubuza imiti yica udukoko twangiza umubiri, nta nematocide nyinshi ihari ubu.371 nematocide yanditswe mu Bushinwa, muri bo 161 ni abamectin ikora kandi 158 ni thiazophos ikora.Ibi bintu bibiri byingenzi byari ibintu byingenzi byo kugenzura nematode mu Bushinwa.
Kugeza ubu, nta nematocide nyinshi nshya, muri zo harimo fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone na fluopyramide ni abayobozi.Byongeye kandi, kubijyanye na biopesticide, Penicillium paraclavidum na Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 yanditswe na Kono nayo ifite isoko rikomeye.
Isi yose ya soya imizi ipfundo rya nematode
Soya ya root soot nematode nimwe mumpamvu nyamukuru zituma umusaruro wa soya ugabanuka mubihugu bikomeye byohereza soya mu mahanga cyane cyane Amerika na Berezile.
Patente 4287 zo kurinda ibihingwa zijyanye na soya yumuzi-ipfundo nematode zatanzwe kwisi yose mumyaka icumi ishize.Soya yo ku isi imizi-ipfundo rya nematode ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu ipatanti mu turere no mu bihugu, icya mbere ni Biro y’Uburayi, icya kabiri ni Ubushinwa, na Amerika, mu gihe agace gakomeye cyane ka soya-imizi ya nematode, Burezili, ifite 145 gusa gusaba ipatanti.Kandi benshi muribo baturuka mumasosiyete mpuzamahanga.
Kugeza ubu, abamectin na fosifine thiazole nibyo bintu nyamukuru bigenzura imizi ya nematode mu Bushinwa.Kandi ibicuruzwa byemewe fluopyramide nabyo byatangiye gushyirwa ahagaragara.
Avermectin
Mu 1981, abamectin yinjijwe ku isoko mu rwego rwo kurwanya parasite zo mu nda z’inyamabere, naho mu 1985 nk'umuti wica udukoko.Avermectin ni imwe mu miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa muri iki gihe.
Fosifine thiazate
Fosifine thiazole ni igitabo gishya, gikora neza kandi kigari cyane kidafite udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umubiri.Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko fosifine thiazolium ifite endosorption no gutwara mu bimera kandi ifite ibikorwa byinshi byo kurwanya parasitike nematode nudukoko.Ibihingwa bya parasitike nematode byangiza ibihingwa byinshi byingenzi, kandi ibinyabuzima nubumubiri nubumara bya fosifine thiazole birakwiriye cyane kubutaka, kubwibyo rero ni ikintu cyiza cyo kugenzura nematode y’ibimera.Kugeza ubu, fosifine thiazolium ni imwe mu nematocide yonyine yanditswe ku mboga mu Bushinwa, kandi ifite iyinjizwa ryiza ry’imbere, bityo ntishobora gukoreshwa gusa mu kurwanya nematode n’udukoko twangiza ubutaka, ariko irashobora no gukoreshwa mu kurwanya amababi y’ibabi n’ibabi. udukoko twangiza.Uburyo nyamukuru bwibikorwa bya fosifine thiazolide nuguhagarika acetylcholinesterase yibinyabuzima bigenewe, bigira ingaruka kubidukikije bya nematode icyiciro cya 2.Fosifine thiazole irashobora guhagarika ibikorwa, kwangiza no gufata nematode, bityo irashobora kubuza gukura no kubyara nematode.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide ni pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungiside, yatejwe imbere kandi igacuruzwa na Bayer Cropscience, ikiri mugihe cya patenti.Fluopyramide ifite ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe bya nematiside, kandi yanditswe kugirango igenzure ipfundo ry'umuzi nematode mu bihingwa, kandi kuri ubu ni nematicide izwi cyane.Uburyo bwibikorwa byayo ni ukubuza guhumeka mitochondial mu guhagarika ihererekanyabubasha rya elegitoronike ya succinic dehydrogenase mu ruhererekane rw’ubuhumekero, kandi ikabuza ibyiciro byinshi byikura ry’imikurire ya bagiteri itera indwara kugira ngo igere ku ntego yo kurwanya bagiteri zitera indwara.
Ibikoresho bikora bya fluropyramide mubushinwa biracyari mugihe cya patenti.Mubisabwa byogukoresha ipatanti muri nematode, 3 biva muri Bayer, naho 4 biva mubushinwa, bihujwe na biostimulants cyangwa ibintu bitandukanye bikora kugirango bigenzure nematode.Mubyukuri, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikora mugihe cyipatanti birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora imiterere yipatanti mbere yo gufata isoko.Nk’udukoko twiza cyane twa lepidoptera hamwe na thrips agent Ethyl polycidine, hejuru ya 70% yama patenti yo murugo asabwa ninganda zo murugo.
Imiti yica udukoko twangiza nematode
Mu myaka yashize, uburyo bwo kugenzura ibinyabuzima busimbuza imiti ya nematode yumuzi bwitabiriwe cyane murugo ndetse no hanze yarwo.Kwigunga no gusuzuma mikorobe zifite ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya imizi-ipfundo nematode nicyo kintu cyambere cyo kurwanya ibinyabuzima.Ubwoko nyamukuru bwavuzwe kuri mikorobe ya antagonistique ya nematode yumuzi ni Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus na Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces na Trichoderma, ariko, mikorobe zimwe na zimwe zari zigoye kugira ingaruka zazo zirwanya imizi ipfundo rya nematode kubera ingorane zumuco wubukorikori cyangwa ingaruka zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima bidahungabana mumurima.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ni parasite ifatika yamagi yamajyepfo-node nematode na Cystocystis albicans.Igipimo cya parasite yamagi yamajyepfo-node nematode nematode iri hejuru ya 60% ~ 70%.Uburyo bwo kubuza Paecilomyces lavviolaceus kurwanya imizi-ipfundo rya nematode ni uko nyuma ya Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ihuye na oocysts yumurongo, muri substrate viscous, mycelium ya bagiteri ya biocontrol ikikije amagi yose, kandi iherezo rya mycelium rikaba ryinshi.Ubuso bw'igikonoshwa bw'amagi buravunika kubera ibikorwa bya metabolite exogenous na chitinase ya fungal, hanyuma ibihumyo bikabisimbuza.Irashobora kandi gusohora uburozi bwica nematode.Igikorwa cyacyo nyamukuru nukwica amagi.Mu Bushinwa hari imiti umunani yica udukoko.Kugeza ubu, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ntabwo ifite ifumbire mvaruganda yo kugurisha, ariko imiterere y’ipatanti mu Bushinwa ifite ipatanti yo guhuza n’indi miti yica udukoko kugira ngo yongere ibikorwa byo gukoresha
Ibimera
Ibicuruzwa karemano birashobora gukoreshwa neza mugucunga ipfundo rya nematode, kandi gukoresha ibikoresho byibimera cyangwa nematoidal ibintu byakozwe n ibihingwa kugirango bigabanye indwara zifata imizi nematode birahuye nibisabwa n’umutekano w’ibidukikije ndetse n’umutekano w’ibiribwa.
Ibigize Nematoidal yibimera bibaho mubice byose byigihingwa kandi birashobora kuboneka mugutobora amavuta, gukuramo ibinyabuzima, gukusanya ururenda rwumuzi, nibindi. hamwe n’ibihingwa ngengabuzima bihindagurika, muri byo ibintu bidahindagurika bigizwe na benshi.Ibigize nematoidal yibimera byinshi birashobora gukoreshwa mugucunga imizi ipfundo rya nematode nyuma yo gukuramo byoroshye, kandi kuvumbura ibimera bivamo byoroshye ugereranije nibintu bishya bikora.Nubwo, nubwo bifite ingaruka zica udukoko, ihame ryukuri ryingirakamaro hamwe nihame ryica udukoko ntirisobanutse neza.
Kugeza ubu, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, icyayi saponin nibindi nibindi byingenzi byica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza nematode, bikaba ari bike, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibihingwa bya nematode bibuza gutera cyangwa guherekeza.
Nubwo guhuza ibimera bivamo ibihingwa kugirango bigenzure imizi ipfundo rya nematode bizagira ingaruka nziza yo kugenzura nematode, ntabwo byacuruzwa neza muri iki gihe, ariko biracyatanga igitekerezo gishya kubikomoka ku bimera kugirango bigenzure imizi ya nematode.
Ifumbire mvaruganda
Urufunguzo rw’ifumbire mvaruganda ni ukumenya niba mikorobe ya antagonistique ishobora kugwira mu butaka cyangwa mu butaka bwa rhosikori.Ibisubizo byerekana ko ikoreshwa ryibikoresho bimwe na bimwe nka shrimp na crab shell hamwe nifunguro ryamavuta birashobora kunoza mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye ingaruka zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima byumuzi nematode.Gukoresha tekinoroji ikomeye yo gusembura kugirango uhindure mikorobe mvaruganda nifumbire mvaruganda kugirango ubyare ifumbire mvaruganda nuburyo bushya bwo kugenzura ibinyabuzima bwo kurwanya indwara zifata ipfundo rya nematode.
Mu bushakashatsi bwo kugenzura nematode y’imboga hamwe n’ifumbire ya bio-organic, byagaragaye ko mikorobe ya antagonistique mu ifumbire ya bio-organic yagize ingaruka nziza yo kugenzura nematode y’imizi, cyane cyane ifumbire mvaruganda ikozwe mu gusembura mikorobe ya antagonistique n’ifumbire mvaruganda. hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rikomeye.
Nyamara, ingaruka zo kugenzura ifumbire mvaruganda kuri nematode yumuzi ifitanye isano n’ibidukikije nigihe cyo gukoresha, kandi uburyo bwo kuyigenzura ntiburi munsi cyane y’imiti yica udukoko gakondo, kandi biragoye kuyicuruza.
Nyamara, mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ifumbire, birashoboka kurwanya nematode wongeyeho imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti hamwe n’amazi n’ifumbire.
Hamwe numubare munini wubwoko bumwe bwibihingwa (nkibijumba, soya, nibindi) byatewe mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga, kuba nematode bigenda birushaho gukomera, kandi kugenzura nematode nabyo birahura ningorabahizi.Kugeza ubu, ubwoko bwinshi bw’imiti yica udukoko bwanditswe mu Bushinwa bwakozwe mbere ya za 1980, kandi ibimera bishya ntibihagije.
Ibinyabuzima bifite ibyiza byihariye mugukoresha, ariko ntibikora neza nkibikoresho byimiti, kandi kubikoresha bigarukira kubintu bitandukanye.Binyuze mu gusaba ipatanti bijyanye, birashobora kugaragara ko iterambere ryubu rya nematocide rikiri hafi yo guhuza ibicuruzwa bishaje, guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko, no guhuza amazi n’ifumbire.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-20-2024