Nubwo udukoko two mu bwoko bwa nematode duterwa n’ibimera ari udukoko two mu bwoko bwa nematode, si udukoko two mu bwoko bwa nematode, ahubwo ni indwara z’ibimera.
Indwara y’imitsi (Meloidogyne) ni yo ndwara ikwirakwira cyane kandi yangiza ibimera ku isi. Bivugwa ko amoko arenga 2000 y’ibimera ku isi, harimo n’ibihingwa hafi ya byose bihingwa, yibasirwa cyane n’indwara y’imitsi. Indwara y’imitsi ifata uturemangingo tw’imitsi ikora ibibyimba, bigira ingaruka ku kwinjiza amazi n’intungamubiri, bigatuma ibimera bikura nabi, bigahinduka nk’ibibyimba, bigahinduka umuhondo, bikarema, amababi agahinduka, imbuto zihinduka ubumuga, ndetse n’urupfu rw’ibimera byose, bigatuma umusaruro ugabanuka ku isi.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, kurwanya indwara za nematode byakunze kwibandwaho n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi ku isi. Indwara ya soya ni impamvu ikomeye yo kugabanya umusaruro wa soya muri Brezili, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu bindi bihugu by’ingenzi bicuruza soya. Muri iki gihe, nubwo hari uburyo bufatika cyangwa ingamba z’ubuhinzi zakoreshejwe mu kurwanya indwara za nematode, nko: gusuzuma ubwoko bw’imbuto zihanganira indwara, gukoresha imizi y’ibimera bidashobora kwihanganira indwara, guhinduranya imyaka, kunoza ubutaka, nibindi, uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kurwanya indwara buracyari uburyo bwo kurwanya imiti cyangwa kurwanya indwara za kiyolojiya.
Uburyo bwo gukorana kw'imizi n'amahuriro
Amateka y'ubuzima bwa nematode y'imizi agizwe n'igi, icya mbere cy'instar larva, icya kabiri cy'instar larva, icya gatatu cy'instar larva, icya kane cy'instar larva n'icyakuze. Inyoni nto isa n'inzoka, ikuru ifite heteromorphic, igitsina gabo gifite umurongo, naho igitsina gore gifite ishusho nk'iy'ipera. Inyoni ya kabiri y'instar larva ishobora kwimuka mu mazi y'imyenge y'ubutaka, igashaka umuzi w'igiti cyayo binyuze mu bice by'umutwe, ikinjira mu gihingwa cyayo ikoresheje gutobora uruhu rw'imbere rw'umuzi wayo, hanyuma ikanyura mu mwanya w'uturemangingo, ikajya ku mutwe w'umuzi, ikagera kuri meristem y'umuzi. Nyuma y'uko inyoni ya kabiri y'instar igeze kuri meristem y'umuzi wayo, inyoni zasubiye mu cyerekezo cy'umutsi w'amaraso maze zigera ku gace k'iterambere rya xylem. Aha, inyoni ya kabiri y'instar itobora uturemangingo tw'ikinyabuzima ikoresheje urushinge rwo mu kanwa hanyuma ishyiramo imiyoboro y'imitsi y'ikinyabuzima mu turemangingo tw'ikinyabuzima. Auxin hamwe na enzyme zitandukanye zikubiye mu mikorere y’uturemangingo tw’umuhogo bishobora gutuma uturemangingo twinjira mu mubiri tuba "uturemangingo tunini" dufite nuclei nyinshi, zikungahaye kuri suorganelles na metabolism ikomeye. Uturemangingo tw’umubiri dukikije uturemangingo tunini turagwira, tugakura cyane kandi tukabyimba bitewe n’uturemangingo tunini, bigatuma ibimenyetso bisanzwe by’uturemangingo tw’imizi ku buso bw’imizi. Uturemangingo twa kabiri tw’imbere dukoresha uturemangingo tunini nk’aho dufungurira kugira ngo twuzuze intungamubiri n’amazi kandi ntitwimuke. Mu bihe byiza, uturemangingo twa kabiri tw’imbere dushobora gutuma uturemangingo dukora uturemangingo tunini amasaha 24 nyuma yo kwandura, hanyuma tugakura tukaba inzoka zikuze nyuma y’udukoko dutatu mu minsi 20 ikurikira. Nyuma y’ibyo, ingabo zigenda zisiga imizi, ingore ziguma zihagaze kandi zigakomeza gukura, zitangira gutera amagi mu minsi 28. Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 10°C, amagi aturuka mu turemangingo tw’imizi, uturemangingo twa mbere tw’imbere mu magi, uturemangingo twa kabiri tw’imbere dusohoka mu magi, dusiga uturemangingo mu butaka twongera kwandura.
Imbwa zo mu bwoko bwa root-knot nematodes zifite ubwoko bwinshi bw’inyamaswa zishobora kwandura, zishobora kwanduza ubwoko burenga 3000 bw’inyamaswa, nk'imboga, ibihingwa by’ibiribwa, ibihingwa bitanga umusaruro, ibiti by’imbuto, ibimera by’imitako n’ibyatsi bibi. Imizi y’imboga zagizweho ingaruka n’imbwa zo mu bwoko bwa root-knot nematodes ibanza gukora uduce duto tw’ingano zitandukanye, dusa n’amata mu ntangiriro naho mu nyuma tukagira umukara wijimye. Nyuma yo kwandura imbwa zo mu bwoko bwa root-node nematodes, ibimera byari mu butaka byari bigufi, amashami n’amababi byari byarangiritse cyangwa birahinduka umuhondo, gukura byaragabanutse, ibara ry’amababi ryari ryoroheje, kandi gukura kw’ibimera byarwaye cyane byari bike, ibimera byarangiritse mu gihe cy’amapfa, kandi igihingwa cyose cyarapfuye mu buryo bukomeye. Byongeye kandi, kugenzura uburyo bwo kwirinda, ingaruka zo gukumira no kwangirika kw’ingingo z’umubiri byatewe n’imbwa zo mu bwoko bwa root-knot nematodes ku bihingwa nabyo byorohereje kwibasira indwara ziterwa n’ubutaka nka fusarium wilt na bagiteri zononekara ku mizi, bityo bitera indwara zikomeye kandi bigatera igihombo kinini.
Ingamba zo gukumira no kugenzura
Imiti gakondo ishobora kugabanywamo imiti ihumanya ikirere n'iyidahumanya ikirere hakurikijwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyikoresha.
Ifuro
Harimo halogenated hydrocarbons na isothiocyanates, kandi ibintu bidatera fumigation birimo organophosphorus na carbamate. Kuri ubu, mu miti yica udukoko yanditswe mu Bushinwa, bromomethane (ikintu gikuraho ozone, kirimo gucibwa buhoro buhoro) na chloropicrin harimo halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, bishobora kubuza poroteyine gukora no gukora biochemical mu gihe cyo guhumeka root knot nematodes. Fumigants ebyiri ni methyl isothiocyanate, ishobora kwangiza no kurekura methyl isothiocyanate n'izindi molecule nto mu butaka. Methyl isothiocyanate ishobora kwinjira mu mubiri wa root knot nematode ikajya kuri globulin itwara ogisijeni, bityo ikabuza guhumeka root knot nematodes kugira ngo igere ku ngaruka mbi. Byongeye kandi, sulfuryl fluoride na calcium cyanamide nabyo byanditswe nk'imiti itera fumigants mu kugenzura root knot nematodes mu Bushinwa.
Hariho kandi n'ibindi binyabutabire bya hydrocarbon bya halogen bitanditswe mu Bushinwa, nka 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, nibindi, byanditswe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nk'ibisimbura bromomethane.
Ntibitera uburozi
Harimo organophosphorus na carbamate. Mu miti irwanya fumigation yanditswe mu gihugu cyacu, fosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos na chlorpyrifos ni iya organophosphorus, mu gihe carboxanil, aldicarb na carboxanil butathiocarb ari iya carbamate. Imiti irwanya fumigation ibangamira imikorere y’imitsi ya root knot nematodes binyuze mu gufatana na acetylcholinesterase muri synapses ya root knot nematodes. Akenshi ntizica root knot nematodes, ahubwo zituma root knot nematodes itakaza ubushobozi bwo kubona uwayiteye no kuyanduza, bityo akenshi yitwa "imiti itera indwara ya nematodes paralyzers". Imiti isanzwe irwanya fumigation ni imiti ihumanya cyane, ifite uburyo bumwe bwo gukora ku nyamaswa zo mu bwonko na arthropods nk'imiti irwanya fumigation. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kubera imbogamizi z’ibidukikije n’imibereho myiza, ibihugu bikomeye byateye imbere ku isi byagabanyije cyangwa byahagaritse iterambere ry’imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus na carbamate, maze byerekeza ku iterambere ry’imiti mishya yica udukoko ikora neza kandi idafite uburozi bwinshi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, mu miti mishya itari iya carbamate/organophosphorus yabonye iyandikwa rya EPA harimo spiral ethyl (yanditswe mu 2010), difluorosulfone (yanditswe mu 2014) na fluopyramide (yanditswe mu 2015).
Ariko mu by’ukuri, bitewe n’uburozi bwinshi, itegeko ryo gukumira imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus, nta miti myinshi ya nematocides ihari ubu. Imiti 371 ya nematocides yanditswe mu Bushinwa, muri yo 161 yari ikora muri abamectin naho 158 yari ikora muri thiazophos. Iyi miti ibiri yari ikora cyane mu kurwanya nematodes mu Bushinwa.
Kugeza ubu, nta miti mishya myinshi ihari, muri yo harimo fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone na fluopyramide. Byongeye kandi, ku bijyanye n'imiti yica udukoko, Penicillium paraclavidum na Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 byanditswe na Kono nabyo bifite ubushobozi bukomeye ku isoko.
Patenti mpuzamahanga yo kurwanya imitsi ya soya
Indwara ya soya root knot nematode ni imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zituma umusaruro wa soya ugabanuka mu bihugu bikomeye byohereza soya mu mahanga, cyane cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Burezili.
Patenti 4287 zo kurinda ibimera zijyanye n'imiti ya soya imaze gutangwa ku isi yose mu myaka icumi ishize. Imodoka y'imiti ya soya ku isi yasabiye patenti mu turere no mu bihugu, iya mbere ni Ibiro by'i Burayi, iya kabiri ni Ubushinwa, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu gihe agace gakomeye cyane ka soya, muri Brezili, gafite patenti 145 gusa. Kandi inyinshi muri zo zituruka mu bigo mpuzamahanga.
Muri iki gihe, abamectin na fosphine thiazole ni byo bintu by’ingenzi birwanya imyuka y’imizi mu Bushinwa. Kandi fluopyramide y’umwimerere nayo yatangiye kugaragara.
Avermectin
Mu 1981, abamectin yashyizwe ku isoko nk'umuti wo kurwanya udukoko two mu mara mu nyamaswa, naho mu 1985 nk'umuti wica udukoko. Avermectin ni imwe mu miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe.
Fosfini thiazate
Fosfini thiazole ni umuti wica udukoko wa organophosphorus udakoresha imiterere migari, wakozwe na Ishihara Company mu Buyapani, kandi washyizwe ku isoko mu bihugu byinshi nko mu Buyapani. Ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze bwagaragaje ko fosfini thiazolium ifite uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza no gutwara ibimera kandi ikaba ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza ibimera. Udukoko twangiza ibimera twangiza ibihingwa byinshi by'ingenzi, kandi imiterere y'ibinyabuzima n'iy'umubiri n'iya chimique ya fosfini thiazole ikwiriye cyane gukoreshwa mu butaka, bityo ikaba ari umuti mwiza wo kurwanya udukoko twangiza ibimera. Kuri ubu, fosfini thiazolium ni imwe mu miti yonyine yanditswe ku mboga mu Bushinwa, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza imbere imbere, bityo ntishobora gukoreshwa gusa mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza ibimera n'udukoko ku butaka, ahubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza ibibabi n'udukoko ku butaka. Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwa fosphine thiazolides ni ukubuza acetylcholinesterase y'ibinyabuzima byibasiwe, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku bidukikije bya nematode ku cyiciro cya kabiri cy'udukoko. Fosphine thiazole ishobora kubuza imikorere, kwangirika no gushoka kw'udukoko, bityo ikaba ishobora kubuza gukura no kororoka kw'udukoko.
Fluopiramide
Fluopyramide ni umuti urwanya udukoko witwa pyridyl ethyl benzamide, wakozwe kandi ugacuruzwa na Bayer Cropscience, ukiri mu gihe cy’isuku. Fluopyramide ifite imikorere runaka yo kwica udukoko, kandi yanditswe mu kugenzura root knot nematode mu bihingwa, kandi ubu ni umuti urwanya udukoko ukunzwe cyane. Uburyo ikora ni ukubuza guhumeka kwa mitochondrial binyuze mu kubuza ihererekanya rya succinic dehydrogenase mu ruhererekane rw’ubuhumekero, no kubuza ibyiciro byinshi by’iterambere ry’udukoko dutera indwara kugira ngo tugere ku ntego yo kugenzura udukoko dutera indwara.
Ikintu gikora cya fluropyramide mu Bushinwa kiracyari mu gihe cyo gutanga patenti. Mu ikoreshwa ryayo rya patenti muri nematodes, 3 ni irya Bayer, naho 4 ni iry'Ubushinwa, bivangwa n'ibitera imbaraga cyangwa ibindi bintu bikora kugira ngo bigenzure nematodes. Mu by'ukuri, bimwe mu bintu bikora mu gihe cyo gutanga patenti bishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyiraho patenti mbere y'igihe kugira ngo bigarurire isoko. Nk'udukoko twiza twa lepidoptera n'udukoko twa thrips ethyl polycidin, ibirenga 70% by'ipatanti zikoreshwa mu gihugu zikoreshwa n'ibigo by'imbere mu gihugu.
imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima ikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko twitwa nematode
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara za kiyolojiya busimbura uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara za root knot nematodes bwakunze kwitabwaho cyane mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Gutandukanya no gusuzuma udukoko dufite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya indwara za root-knot nematodes ni byo bintu by'ingenzi mu kurwanya indwara za kiyolojiya. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwavuzwe ku dukoko twa root knot nematodes ni Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus na Rhizobium. Icyakora, Myrothecium, Paecilomyces na Trichoderma, zimwe muri dukoko zari zikomeye kugira ingaruka mbi ku ndwara za root knot nematodes bitewe n'ingorane mu miterere y'udukoko cyangwa ingaruka mbi mu kurwanya indwara za kiyolojiya mu murima.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ni agakoko gatera amagi y’inyange y’imizi y’amajyepfo na Cystocystis albicans. Igipimo cy’udukoko tw’inyange y’imizi y’amajyepfo kiri hejuru ya 60% ~ 70%. Uburyo bwo gukumira Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ku mitsi y’imizi y’amagufwa ni uko nyuma y’uko Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ihuye n’udukoko tw’imizi y’amagufwa, mu gice cy’inyuma cy’inyama, mycelium ya bagiteri zigenzura ibimera izenguruka igi ryose, maze impera ya mycelium ikagira ubunini. Ubuso bw’igi buravunika bitewe n’ibikorwa bya metabolites zo hanze na chitinase y’imizi y’amagufwa, hanyuma ibihumyo bikabyinjiramo bikabisimbuza. Bishobora kandi gusohora uburozi bwica imitsi y’amagufwa. Inshingano yabyo nyamukuru ni ukwica amagi. Hari imiti umunani yica udukoko mu Bushinwa. Kugeza ubu, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ntabwo ifite ubwoko bw'ibipimo byayo bigurishwa, ariko imiterere yayo mu Bushinwa ifite uburenganzira bwo kuyivanga n'indi miti yica udukoko kugira ngo yongere imikorere yayo.
Isosi y'ibimera
Ibikomoka ku bimera karemano bishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwizewe mu kurwanya imiyoboro y’amazi, kandi gukoresha ibikoresho by’ibimera cyangwa ibintu bikomoka ku miyoboro y’amazi bikorerwa n’ibimera mu kurwanya indwara z’imiyoboro y’amazi bihuye cyane n’ibisabwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije no mu kubungabunga umutekano w’ibiribwa.
Ibice by’ibimera bya Nematoides biri mu ngingo zose z’ikimera kandi bishobora kuboneka binyuze mu gusya umwuka, gukuramo ibikomoka ku bimera, gukusanya imisemburo y’imizi, nibindi. Dukurikije imiterere yabyo ya shimi, bigabanyijemo ibintu bidahinduka bifite amazi ashonga cyangwa bishonga ku bimera ndetse n’ibikomoka ku bimera bihindagurika, muri byo harimo ibintu bidahinduka biba mu bintu byinshi. Ibice by’ibimera bya Nematoides bishobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya nematode y’imizi nyuma yo gukuramo ibintu byoroshye, kandi kuvumbura ibikomoka ku bimera biroroshye ugereranyije n’ibindi bikomoka ku bimera bishya. Ariko, nubwo bifite ingaruka zo kwica udukoko, ikintu nyacyo gikora n’ihame ryo kwica udukoko akenshi ntibisobanutse neza.
Muri iki gihe, imiti yica udukoko twa neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, saponin y'icyayi n'ibindi ni byo bihingwa by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu bucuruzi birimo kwica udukoko twa nematode, ibyo bikaba ari bike cyane, kandi bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibimera bibuza nematode gutera cyangwa kujyana na byo.
Nubwo guhuza ibikomoka ku bimera kugira ngo bigenzure imiterere y’imitsi y’urushundura bizafasha mu kurwanya imitsi y’urushundura, ntabwo byagurishijwe byuzuye muri iki gihe, ariko biracyatanga igitekerezo gishya ku bikomoka ku bimera kugira ngo bigenzure imiterere y’imitsi y’urushundura.
Ifumbire mvaruganda ikomoka ku binyabuzima
Ifumbire mvaruganda y’ibinyabuzima ni ukumenya niba udukoko dutera indwara dushobora kugwira mu butaka cyangwa mu butaka bwa rhizosphere. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko gukoresha bimwe mu bikoresho by’umwimerere nk’udusimba n’ibishishwa by’ibikara n’amavuta bishobora kunoza mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye ingaruka zo kugenzura imiterere y’imitsi y’urushundura. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyushya kugira ngo uture ibinyabuzima birwanya imiterere y’imitsi n’ifumbire mvaruganda kugira ngo ukore ifumbire mvaruganda y’ibinyabuzima ni uburyo bushya bwo kugenzura imiterere y’imitsi y’urushundura mu kurwanya indwara y’imitsi y’urushundura.
Mu bushakashatsi bwo kugenzura udukoko tw’ibimera hakoreshejwe ifumbire mvaruganda, byagaragaye ko udukoko dutera indwara mu ifumbire mvaruganda tugira ingaruka nziza ku dukoko tw’imitsi, cyane cyane ifumbire mvaruganda ikozwe mu ifumbire mvaruganda n’ifumbire mvaruganda binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyushya udukoko.
Ariko, ingaruka zo kugenzura ifumbire mvaruganda ku mitsi y’udusimba duto cyane zifitanye isano rikomeye n’ibidukikije n’igihe cyo kuyikoresha, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo kuyigenzura ni buke cyane ugereranyije n’imiti gakondo yica udukoko, kandi biragoye kuyigurisha.
Ariko, nk'igice cyo kurwanya imiti n'ifumbire mvaruganda, birashoboka kurwanya udukoko two mu bwoko bwa nematode twongeramo imiti yica udukoko no gushyiramo amazi n'ifumbire.
Kubera umubare munini w’ubwoko bw’ibihingwa bimwe (nk’ibijumba, soya, n’ibindi) bihingwa mu gihugu no mu mahanga, icyorezo cy’ibihumyo kirimo kwiyongera cyane, kandi kurwanya ibihumyo nabyo bihanganye n’ikibazo gikomeye. Muri iki gihe, ubwoko bwinshi bw’imiti yica udukoko bwanditswe mu Bushinwa bwakozwe mbere y’imyaka ya 1980, kandi ibinyabutabire bishya bikora ntabwo bihagije cyane.
Ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima bifite ibyiza byihariye mu ikoreshwa ryabyo, ariko ntabwo bigira ingaruka nziza nk'ibintu bikomoka ku binyabutabire, kandi ikoreshwa ryabyo rigengwa n'ibintu bitandukanye. Binyuze mu ikoreshwa ry'ipatanti rijyanye n'ibipimo, bigaragara ko iterambere ry'imiti ikomoka ku bimera rikiri hafi y'uruvange rw'ibicuruzwa bishaje, iterambere ry'imiti yica udukoko, no guhuza amazi n'ifumbire.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-20-2024