Uyu mushinga wasesenguye amakuru yavuye mubushakashatsi bubiri bunini burimo ibice bitandatu bya pyrethroide yo mu nzu yatewe mu myaka ibiri mu mujyi wa Iquitos wa Peruviya. Twateje imbere icyerekezo kinini kugirango tumenye impamvu zitera kugabanuka kwabaturage ba Aedes aegypti byatewe na (i) gukoresha urugo ruheruka gukoresha udukoko twica udukoko duto cyane (ULV) hamwe na (ii) gukoresha ULV mumiryango ituranye cyangwa yegeranye. Twagereranije imiterere yicyitegererezo nurwego rushoboka rwo gutera imiti igabanya uburemere bushingiye kumikorere itandukanye yo kwangirika kwigihe gito nigihe gito kugirango dufate ingaruka mbi ziterwa nudukoko twa ULV.
Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko kugabanuka kwinshi kwa A. aegypti murugo byatewe ahanini no gutera urugo murugo rumwe, mugihe gutera imiti mumiryango ituranye nta ngaruka zindi. Imikorere yibikorwa byo gutera igomba gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku gihe cyo gutera bwa nyuma, kuko tutabonye ingaruka ziterwa no gutera. Dushingiye ku cyitegererezo cyacu, twagereranije ko gutera spray byagabanutseho 50% hafi iminsi 28 nyuma yo gutera.
Kugabanya umubare w’inzitiramubu Aedes aegypti kugabanuka byaterwaga ahanini niminsi kuva imiti iheruka kuvurwa murugo runaka, ikagaragaza akamaro ko gukwirakwiza imiti ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa cyane, hamwe ninshuro ziterwa na spray biterwa ningaruka zo kwanduza abaturage.
Aedes aegypti ni vector yibanze ya arbovirus nyinshi zishobora gutera ibyorezo binini, harimo virusi ya dengue (DENV), virusi ya chikungunya, na virusi ya Zika. Ubu bwoko bw imibu bugaburira cyane cyane abantu kandi bukunze kugaburira abantu. Yahujwe neza n’ibidukikije byo mu mijyi [1,2,3,4] kandi yakoronije uduce twinshi two mu turere dushyuha no mu turere dushyuha [5]. Muri utwo turere twinshi, icyorezo cya dengue kigaruka rimwe na rimwe, bigatuma abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 390 buri mwaka [6, 7]. Mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa cyangwa urukingo rukomeye kandi rushobora kuboneka henshi, gukumira no kurwanya indwara ya dengue bishingiye ku kugabanya umubare w’imibu binyuze mu ngamba zinyuranye zo kurwanya virusi, ubusanzwe utera udukoko twica udukoko twibasira imibu ikuze [8].
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twifashishije imibare yavuye mu bigeragezo bibiri binini, byigana mu murima wa ultra-low volume yo mu bwoko bwa pyrethroid yatewe mu mujyi wa Iquitos, muri Amazone yo muri Peruviya [14], kugira ngo tugereranye ingaruka zidatinze kandi ziterwa n’igihe gito ziterwa na Aedes aegypti nyinshi kurenza urugo rwa buri muntu. Ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwasuzumye ingaruka zo kuvura ultra-low volume bitewe n’uko ingo zari imbere cyangwa hanze y’ahantu hanini ho gutabara. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twashatse kubora ingaruka zo kuvura kurwego rwiza, kurwego rwumuntu ku giti cye, kugirango dusobanukirwe uruhare rugereranijwe rwo kwivuza murugo ugereranije no kuvurwa mumiryango ituranye. Mu gihe gito, twagereranije ingaruka ziterwa no gutera inshuro nyinshi ugereranije no gutera vuba aha kugabanya urugo rwa Aedes aegypti kugirango dusobanukirwe inshuro ziterwa no gutera no gusuzuma igabanuka ryimikorere ya spray mugihe runaka. Iri sesengura rirashobora gufasha mugutegura ingamba zo kugenzura inzitizi no gutanga amakuru kubijyanye no kwerekana imiterere yerekana imiterere yabyo [22, 23, 24].
Ishusho yerekana ishusho yintera yimpeta ikoreshwa mukubara igipimo cy ingo ziri mumuzingo intera runaka yurugo i bavuwe nudukoko twica udukoko mucyumweru kibanziriza t (ingo zose i ziri muri m 1000 muri zone ya buffer). Muri uru rugero kuva L-2014, urugo nari mu gace kavuwe kandi ubushakashatsi bwabantu bakuru bwakozwe nyuma yicyiciro cya kabiri cyo gutera. Impeta yintera ishingiye ku ntera imibu ya Aedes aegypti izwiho kuguruka. Impeta y'intera B ishingiye ku gukwirakwiza kimwe buri m 100.
Twagerageje igipimo cyoroshye b tubara igipimo cy ingo mu mpeta ku ntera runaka y’urugo i bavuwe n’imiti yica udukoko mu cyumweru kibanziriza t (Idosiye yinyongera 1: Imbonerahamwe 4).
aho h numubare wimiryango iri muri ring r, na r ni intera iri hagati yimpeta n urugo i. Intera iri hagati yimpeta yagenwe hitawe kubintu bikurikira:
Icyitegererezo gifitanye isano nigihe-kiremereye murugo ibikorwa byo gutera spray. Imirongo itukura yijimye yerekana moderi ikwiranye neza, aho umurongo muremure ugereranya moderi ikwiranye naho indi mirongo yibyibushye igereranya moderi WAIC idatandukanye cyane na moderi ya WAIC ikwiranye neza. B Imikorere yo kubora ikoreshwa muminsi kuva spray iheruka yari muri moderi eshanu zambere zikwiranye, zikurikiranwa na WAIC ugereranije mubushakashatsi bwombi
Kugabanuka kugabanuka kwimibare ya Aedes aegypti kuri buri rugo bifitanye isano numunsi kuva gutera bwa nyuma. Ikigereranyo cyatanzwe kigaragaza kugabanuka nkikigereranyo, aho igipimo cyibipimo (RR) nicyo kigereranyo cyibintu biterwa no gutera spray.
Icyitegererezo cyagereranije ko gutera imiti byagabanutseho 50% nyuma yiminsi 28 nyuma yo gutera, mugihe abaturage ba Aedes aegypti bari bamaze gukira neza nyuma yiminsi 50-60 nyuma yo gutera.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, turasobanura ingaruka ziterwa na ultra-low volume pyrethroid gutera murugo Aedes aegypti ubwinshi nkumurimo wigihe nigihe kinini cyo gutera hafi murugo. Gusobanukirwa neza nigihe kingana nubunini bwingaruka ziterwa no gutera abaturage ba Aedes aegypti bizafasha kumenya intego nziza zo gukwirakwiza ahantu hamwe no gutera inshuro zikenewe mugihe cyo kugenzura ibizamini no kumenyesha icyitegererezo ugereranije nuburyo butandukanye bwo kugenzura inzitizi. Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko igabanuka ry’abaturage ba Aedes aegypti mu rugo rumwe ryatewe no gutera mu rugo rumwe, mu gihe gutera ingo mu turere duturanye nta zindi ngaruka zagize. Ingaruka zo gutera kumurugo Aedes aegypti ubwinshi bwaterwaga ahanini nigihe kuva gutera bwa nyuma kandi byagabanutse buhoro buhoro muminsi 60. Nta kugabanuka kwabaturage ba Aedes aegypti byagaragaye nkingaruka zo guteranya imiti myinshi yo murugo. Muri make, umubare wa Aedes aegypti wagabanutse. Umubare w’imibu ya Aedes aegypti mu rugo uterwa ahanini nigihe cyashize kuva uheruka gutera muri urwo rugo.
Inzitizi ikomeye yubushakashatsi bwacu nuko tutagenzuye imyaka y imibu ikuze Aedes aegypti yakusanyije. Isesengura ryakozwe kuri ubu bushakashatsi [14] ryerekanye icyerekezo cyo gukwirakwiza imyaka mike y’igitsina gore gikuze (kwiyongera kw’igitsina gore nulliparous) mu bice bivurwa na L-2014 ugereranije na zone buffer. Rero, nubwo tutabonye izindi ngaruka zisobanura zo gutera mu ngo zegeranye ku bwinshi bwa A. aegypti mu rugo runaka, ntidushobora kwizera ko nta ngaruka z’akarere zigira ku mbaraga z’abaturage ba A. aegypti mu turere aho gutera inshuro nyinshi.
Izindi mbogamizi z’ubushakashatsi bwacu zirimo kutabasha kubara imiti yihutirwa yakozwe na Minisiteri y’ubuzima hafi amezi 2 mbere yo gutera L-2014 igeragezwa kubera kubura amakuru arambuye ku bijyanye n’aho biherereye. Isesengura ryabanje ryerekanye ko iyi spray yagize ingaruka zisa n’ahantu ho kwigwa, ikora urufatiro rusange rwubucucike bwa Aedes aegypti; mubyukuri, abaturage ba Aedes aegypti batangiye gukira mugihe gutera imiti yubushakashatsi [14]. Byongeye kandi, itandukaniro ryibisubizo hagati yibihe byombi byubushakashatsi rishobora guterwa nuburyo butandukanye muburyo bwo kwiga no kwandura kwa Aedes aegypti kwandura cypermethrine, S-2013 ikaba yunvikana kurusha L-2014 [14]. Turatanga raporo yibisubizo bivuye mubushakashatsi bwombi kandi dushyiramo icyitegererezo kijyanye na L-2014 nkicyitegererezo cyanyuma. Bitewe n’uko igishushanyo mbonera cya L-2014 gikwiye cyane mu gusuzuma ingaruka ziterwa no gutera umuti w’imibu ya Aedes aegypti, kandi ko abaturage ba Aedes aegypti baho bari baragize uruhare mu kurwanya pyrethroide mu mpera za 2014 [41], twasanze iyi moderi ari amahitamo akomeye kandi akwiriye kugera ku ntego z’ubu bushakashatsi.
Ahantu hahanamye cyane hateganijwe kugabanuka kwa spray hagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi hashobora guterwa no guhuza igipimo cyo kwangirika kwa cypermethrine hamwe n’abaturage bafite imibu. Imiti yica udukoko twa cypermethrine ikoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi ni pyrethide yangirika cyane binyuze muri fotolisi na hydrolysis (DT50 = iminsi 2.6-3,6) [44]. Nubwo muri rusange pyrethroide ifatwa nkigabanuka vuba nyuma yo kuyisaba kandi ko ibisigara ari bike, igipimo cyo kwangirika kwa pyrethroide kiratinda cyane mu nzu kuruta hanze, kandi ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko cypermethrine ishobora kuguma mu kirere no mu mukungugu amezi menshi nyuma yo gutera [45,46,47]. Amazu yo muri Iquitos akunze kubakwa muri koridoro yijimye, ifunganye ifite amadirishya make, ashobora gusobanura kugabanuka kwangirika bitewe na fotolisi [14]. Byongeye kandi, cypermethrine ni uburozi bukabije ku mibu yanduye Aedes aegypti ku gipimo gito (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Bitewe na hydrophobique ya cypermethrine isigaye, ntibishoboka ko bigira ingaruka ku nzitiramubu zo mu mazi zo mu mazi, isobanura gukira kw'abantu bakuru bava ahantu hatuwe cyane mu gihe cyagenwe nk'uko byasobanuwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere, aho usanga umubare munini w'abagore badafite intanga ngore mu turere twavuwe kuruta mu turere twa buffer [14]. Ubuzima bwumubu wa Aedes aegypti kuva amagi kugeza kumuntu mukuru bishobora gufata iminsi 7 kugeza 10 bitewe nubushyuhe nubwoko bw imibu. Gutinda gukira kw’imibu ikuze bishobora gusobanurwa n’uko cypermethrine isigaye yica cyangwa ikirukana bamwe mu bantu bakuze bavutse ndetse bamwe bakamenyekanisha abantu bakuru bava mu turere tutigeze bavurwa, ndetse no kugabanuka kw’amagi bitewe no kugabanuka kw’abantu bakuru [22, 50].
Moderi yarimo amateka yose yo gutera urugo rwashize yari ifite ukuri kutagereranijwe hamwe ningaruka zingaruka ugereranije nicyitegererezo cyarimo itariki ya spray ya vuba. Ibi ntibigomba gufatwa nkibimenyetso byerekana ko ingo zidakeneye kongera kuvurwa. Isubirana ry’abaturage ba A. aegypti ryagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwacu, ndetse no mu bushakashatsi bwabanje [14], nyuma gato yo gutera, ryerekana ko ingo zigomba kongera kuvurwa ku muyoboro wagenwe n’ingufu zanduza kugira ngo zongere gushiraho A. aegypti. Inshuro ya spray igomba kuba igamije cyane cyane kugabanya amahirwe yo kwandura abategarugori Aedes aegypti, bizagenwa nuburebure buteganijwe bwigihe cyigihe cyo kubaga (EIP) - igihe bifata kugirango vector yanduye amaraso yanduye kugirango yandure uwakiriye. Na none, EIP izaterwa nubwoko bwa virusi, ubushyuhe, nibindi bintu. Kurugero, mugihe cya feri ya dengue, nubwo gutera udukoko twica udukoko twanduye abantu bose bakuze, abaturage barashobora gukomeza kwandura iminsi 14 kandi bashobora kwanduza imibu imaze kuvuka [54]. Kurwanya ikwirakwizwa ry’umuriro wa dengue, intera iri hagati yo gutera imiti igomba kuba ngufi kuruta intera iri hagati y’imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo ikureho imibu mishya ishobora kuvuka ishobora kuruma abayanduye mbere yo kwanduza indi mibu. Iminsi irindwi irashobora gukoreshwa nkumurongo ngenderwaho hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo gupima ibigo bishinzwe kugenzura ibinyabiziga. Rero, buri cyumweru gutera udukoko twica udukoko byibuze ibyumweru 3 (kugirango turebe igihe cyose cyanduye cya nyirarureshwa) byaba bihagije kugirango wirinde kwandura indwara ya dengue, kandi ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko ingaruka ziterwa no gutera mbere zitari kugabanuka cyane icyo gihe [13]. Nkako, muri Iquitos, abashinzwe ubuzima baragabanije kwanduza indwara ya dengue mugihe cyadutse bakoresheje ibyiciro bitatu byo gutera udukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko twica udukoko ahantu hafunzwe mugihe cyibyumweru byinshi kugeza kumezi menshi.
Hanyuma, ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko ingaruka zo gutera mu nzu zagarukiye gusa ku ngo aho zakorewe, kandi gutera ingo mu baturanyi ntibyakomeje kugabanya abaturage ba Aedes aegypti. Umubu ukuze Aedes aegypti urashobora kuguma hafi cyangwa imbere murugo bateramo, ugateranya kugera kuri metero 10, kandi ugakora urugendo rurerure rwa metero 106. Rero, gutera agace gakikije urugo ntibishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumibare ya Aedes aegypti mururwo rugo. Ibi bishyigikira ibyavuye mbere byerekana ko gutera hanze cyangwa hafi yinzu ntacyo byagize [18, 55]. Ariko, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, hashobora kubaho ingaruka zakarere mukarere ka A. aegypti imbaraga zabaturage bacu badashobora kumenya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-06-2025