Uyu mushinga wasesenguye amakuru yavuye mu bushakashatsi bubiri bunini bwakozwe ku nshuro esheshatu zo gutera imiti itera pyrethroid mu nzu mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri mu mujyi wa Iquitos wo muri Peru, muri Amazone. Twakoze icyitegererezo cy’urwego rwinshi kugira ngo tumenye impamvu zitera igabanuka ry’umubare w’abantu ba Aedes aegypti ryatewe na (i) ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu ngo riherutse gukoreshwa mu ngo zabo (ULV) na (ii) ikoreshwa rya ULV mu ngo zituranye cyangwa zegeranye. Twagereranije uburyo icyitegererezo gikoreshwa n’uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima uburemere bw’imiti itera pyrethroid bushingiye ku mikorere itandukanye y’igihe n’iy’ahantu kugira ngo dufate ingaruka zitari zikenewe z’imiti yica udukoko ya ULV.
Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko kugabanuka k'ubwinshi bwa A. aegypti mu rugo byatewe ahanini no gutera imiti mu rugo rumwe, mu gihe gutera imiti mu ngo zituranye nta ngaruka ziyongereyeho. Ingaruka z'ibikorwa byo gutera imiti zigomba gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku gihe kuva gutera imiti guheruka, kuko tutabonye ingaruka zose zavuye mu gutera imiti mu buryo bukurikiranye. Dukurikije icyitegererezo cyacu, twagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo gutera imiti bwagabanutseho 50% mu minsi 28 nyuma yo gutera imiti.
Kugabanuka kw'umubare w'imibu iterwa n'udukoko two mu rugo twa Aedes aegypti byaterwaga ahanini n'umubare w'iminsi imaze kuvurwa mu rugo runaka, bigaragaza akamaro ko gutera imiti mu turere twibasiwe cyane, aho imiti iterwa iterwa n'uburyo ikwirakwira mu gace runaka.
Aedes aegypti ni yo itera indwara nyinshi za arbovirusi zishobora gutera icyorezo gikomeye, harimo virusi ya dengue (DENV), virusi ya chikungunya, na virusi ya Zika. Iyi ndwara ikunda kugaburira abantu cyane cyane kandi ikunda kugaburira abantu. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwimenyereza ibidukikije mu mijyi [1,2,3,4] kandi imaze kwigarurira uturere twinshi two mu turere dushyuha n’utwo mu turere dushyuha [5]. Muri utu turere twinshi, indwara ya dengue igaruka rimwe na rimwe, bigatuma abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 390 bandura buri mwaka [6, 7]. Iyo nta muti cyangwa urukingo rufatika kandi ruboneka hose, gukumira no kurwanya ikwirakwira rya dengue bishingiye ku kugabanya umubare w’imibu binyuze mu ngamba zitandukanye zo kurwanya imibu, akenshi gutera imiti yica udukoko yibasira imibu ikuze [8].
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twifashishije amakuru yavuye mu bushakashatsi bubiri bunini, bwakozwe mu murima, bwo gutera imiti itera pyrethroid mu nzu mu mujyi wa Iquitos, muri Amazone yo muri Peru [14], kugira ngo tumenye ingaruka zo gutera imiti itera pyrethroid mu nzu mu buryo bukabije kandi burambye ku bwinshi bw’ingo za Aedes aegypti zirenze urugo rumwe. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwasuzumye ingaruka zo gutera imiti itera pyrethroid mu buryo bukabije bitewe n’uko ingo ziba ziri mu gace cyangwa hanze yako. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twashatse gusesengura ingaruka zo gutera imiti ku rwego rwo hejuru, ku rwego rw’urugo rumwe, kugira ngo twumve uruhare rw’ubuvuzi bwo mu ngo ugereranije n’ubuvuzi bwo mu ngo zituranye. Mu gihe gito, twasuzumye ingaruka zo gutera imiti itera pyrethroid ugereranije n’izaherukaga gutera imiti ku kugabanya ubwinshi bw’ingo za Aedes aegypti kugira ngo twumve inshuro zikenewe zo gutera imiti no gusuzuma igabanuka ry’ubushobozi bwo gutera imiti uko igihe kigenda gihita. Iri sesengura rishobora gufasha mu guteza imbere ingamba zo kugenzura ibinyabuzima no gutanga amakuru yo gupima ingero kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka zabyo [22, 23, 24].
Ishusho igaragaza intera y'uruziga rwakoreshejwe mu kubara umubare w'ingo ziri mu ruziga rumwe ku ntera runaka uvuye ku rugo rwavuwe imiti yica udukoko mu cyumweru cyabanjirije iki (ingo zose ziri muri metero 1000 uvuye mu gace ka buffer). Muri uru rugero rwa L-2014, urugo rwa I rwari mu gace kavuwe kandi ubushakashatsi bw'abantu bakuru bwakozwe nyuma y'icyiciro cya kabiri cyo gutera imiti. Intera ishingiye ku ntera isanzwe imibu ya Aedes aegypti izwiho kuguruka. Intera B ishingiye ku gukwirakwira kumwe buri metero 100.
Twagerageje igipimo cyoroshye cya b tubara umubare w'ingo ziri mu ruziga ku ntera runaka uvuye ku rugo rwavuwe imiti yica udukoko mu cyumweru cyabanjirije iki (Inyandiko y'inyongera ya 1: Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
aho h ari umubare w'ingo ziri mu mpande r, naho r ikaba intera iri hagati y'impande n'urugo i. Intera iri hagati y'impande igenwa hashingiwe ku bintu bikurikira:
Uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y’uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y’igihe mu rugo. Imirongo itukura miremire igaragaza uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y’ ...
Igabanuka ry’imibare ya Aedes aegypti kuri buri rugo rifitanye isano n’umubare w’iminsi kuva igihe cyo gutera umuti bwa nyuma cyakoreshejwe. Ikigereranyo cyatanzwe kigaragaza igabanuka nk’ikigereranyo, aho igipimo cy’igipimo (RR) ari igipimo cy’igihe cyo gutera umuti ugereranije n’igihe nta gutera umuti usanzwe.
Icyitegererezo cyagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo gutera imiti bwagabanutseho 50% nyuma y'iminsi 28 nyuma yo gutera imiti, mu gihe umubare w'abantu bo muri Aedes aegypti wari umaze gukira neza nyuma y'iminsi 50-60 nyuma yo gutera imiti.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, turasobanura ingaruka zo gutera imiti yo mu bwoko bwa pyrethroid mu nzu ku bwinshi bwa Aedes aegypti yo mu rugo bitewe n'igihe n'aho gutera imiti hafi y'urugo. Gusobanukirwa neza igihe n'aho gutera imiti bigeze bizafasha kumenya intego nziza zo gutera imiti no gutera imiti inshuro zisabwa mu gihe cyo kurwanya ibinyabuzima bitera iyi ndwara no gutanga ingero ku kugereranya ingamba zitandukanye zishobora gufatwa zo kurwanya ibinyabuzima bitera iyi ndwara. Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko kugabanuka kw'abaturage ba Aedes aegypti mu rugo rumwe kwatewe no gutera imiti mu rugo rumwe, mu gihe gutera imiti mu ngo zo mu duce duturanye nta ngaruka ziyongereyeho byagize. Ingaruka zo gutera imiti ku bwinshi bwa Aedes aegypti mu rugo zari zishingiye ahanini ku gihe kuva gutera imiti guheruka kandi zikagabanuka buhoro buhoro mu minsi 60. Nta kugabanuka kw'ubwinshi bwa Aedes aegypti kwagaragaye bitewe n'ingaruka nyinshi zo gutera imiti mu ngo. Muri make, umubare wa Aedes aegypti waragabanutse. Umubare w'imibu ya Aedes aegypti mu rugo uterwa ahanini n'igihe cyashize kuva gutera imiti guheruka muri urwo rugo.
Imbogamizi ikomeye y’ubushakashatsi bwacu ni uko tutagenzuye imyaka y’imibu ya Aedes aegypti ikuze yakusanyijwe. Isesengura ryakozwe mbere ry’ubu bushakashatsi [14] ryagaragaje ko inyenzi nini zikwirakwira mu myaka mike (ubwiyongere bw’inyenzi nto) mu duce twavuwe na L-2014 ugereranije n’agace kabugenewe. Bityo, nubwo tutabonye izindi ngaruka zisobanura zo gutera imiti mu ngo zegereye ubwinshi bwa A. aegypti mu rugo runaka, ntidushobora kwizera ko nta ngaruka zo mu karere ku miterere y’abaturage ba A. aegypti mu duce dukunze gutera imiti.
Izindi mbogamizi z’ubushakashatsi bwacu zirimo kudashobora gusobanura uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bwihutirwa bwakozwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima amezi agera kuri 2 mbere y’uko gutera umuti mu buryo bwa L-2014 bivangwa n’uko nta makuru arambuye ahagije ajyanye n’aho byakorewe n’igihe byakorewe. Isesengura ryabanje ryagaragaje ko iyi miti yagize ingaruka zimwe mu gace k’ubushakashatsi, ikora ishingiro rusange ry’ubucucike bwa Aedes aegypti; mu by’ukuri, umubare w’abantu ba Aedes aegypti watangiye kugaruka ubwo gutera umuti mu buryo bwakorewe [14]. Byongeye kandi, itandukaniro ry’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi hagati y’ibihe bibiri bishobora guterwa n’itandukaniro mu miterere y’ubushakashatsi n’uburyo butandukanye bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bwa Aedes aegypti kuri cypermethrin, aho S-2013 ari yo ikomeye kurusha L-2014 [14]. Turatangaza ibisubizo bihuye cyane n’ibyo bushakashatsi byombi kandi dushyiramo icyitegererezo cyashyizwe mu igerageza rya L-2014 nk’icyitegererezo cyacu cya nyuma. Bitewe n'uko igishushanyo mbonera cya L-2014 gikwiye cyane mu gusuzuma ingaruka zo gutera umuti vuba aha ku mibu ya Aedes aegypti, kandi ko ubwoko bwa Aedes aegypti bwo muri ako gace bwari bufite ubudahangarwa ku mibu ya pyrethroids mu mpera za 2014 [41], twafashe ubu buryo nk'amahitamo meza kandi akwiye kurushaho kugira ngo tugere ku ntego z'ubu bushakashatsi.
Ubuso buto bw'umusemburo wa spray bwagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi bushobora guterwa n'uruvange rw'umuvuduko wo kwangirika kwa cypermethrin n'ubwiyongere bw'imibu. Umuti wica udukoko wa cypermethrin wakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ni pyrethroid ugabanuka cyane cyane binyuze mu gufotora no gutobora (DT50 = iminsi 2.6–3.6) [44]. Nubwo pyrethroid muri rusange ifatwa nk'aho yangirika vuba nyuma yo kuyikoresha kandi ko ibisigazwa ari bike, umuvuduko wo kwangirika kwa pyrethroid ugabanuka cyane mu nzu ugereranije no hanze, kandi ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko cypermethrin ishobora kuguma mu mwuka no mu mukungugu mu nzu amezi menshi nyuma yo kuyitera [45,46,47]. Inzu zo muri Iquitos zikunze kubakwa mu nzira zijimye kandi nto zifite amadirishya make, bishobora gusobanura umuvuduko wo kwangirika ugabanuka bitewe no gufotora [14]. Byongeye kandi, cypermethrin ni uburozi bukomeye ku mibu ya Aedes aegypti ishobora kwangirika ku rugero ruto (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Bitewe n’imiterere y’udukoko twa cypermethrin dusigaye mu mazi, ntabwo bishoboka ko tugira ingaruka ku dukoko two mu mazi, bisobanura uburyo abantu bakuru bakira udukoko two mu mazi mu gihe runaka nk’uko byasobanuwe mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere, aho umubare munini w’ingore zitari iz’intanga mu bice byavuwe ugereranyije n’ahantu havuwe [14]. Ubuzima bw’umubu wa Aedes aegypti kuva ku gihingwa kugeza ku gihingwa kinini bushobora gufata iminsi 7 kugeza ku 10 bitewe n’ubushyuhe n’ubwoko bw’umubu. [49] Gutinda kukira kw’udukoko tw’inyenzi zikuze bishobora gusobanurwa kurushaho n’uko udukoko twa cypermethrin dusigaye twica cyangwa tukirukana bamwe mu bantu bakuru bashya ndetse bamwe bakinjizwa mu bice bitigeze bivurwa, ndetse no kugabanuka kw’amagi atera bitewe n’igabanuka ry’umubare w’abantu bakuru [22, 50].
Ingero zarimo amateka yose yo gutera imiti mu ngo zashize zari zifite ubushishozi buke n'ingaruka nke ugereranyije n'ingero zari zifite itariki ya nyuma yo gutera imiti. Ibi ntibikwiye gufatwa nk'ikimenyetso cy'uko ingo ku giti cyazo zidakeneye kongera kuvurwa. Kugaruka kw'abaturage ba A. aegypti byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwacu, ndetse no mu bushakashatsi bwabanje [14], nyuma gato yo gutera imiti, bigaragaza ko ingo zigomba kongera kuvurwa inshuro zigenwa n'uburyo bwo kwandura kugira ngo zongere zishyireho uburyo bwo guhagarika A. aegypti. Inshuro zo gutera imiti zigomba kuba zigamije ahanini kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura Aedes aegypti y'ingore, bizagenwa n'igihe giteganijwe cyo gutera imiti hanze y'umubiri (EIP) - igihe bifata kugira ngo umusemburo wamaze kwandura amaraso yanduye andure undi muntu. Na none, EIP izaterwa n'ubwoko bwa virusi, ubushyuhe, n'ibindi bintu. Urugero, mu gihe cy'indwara ya dengue, nubwo gutera imiti yica udukoko twose twanduye, abaturage bashobora gukomeza kwandura iminsi 14 kandi bashobora kwanduza imibu mishya [54]. Kugira ngo hagenzurwe ikwirakwira ry'indwara ya dengue, igihe kiri hagati yo gutera imiti kigomba kuba gito ugereranyije n'igihe kiri hagati yo gutera imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo harandurwe imibu mishya ishobora kuruma isanzwe yanduye mbere yuko yanduza indi mibu. Iminsi irindwi ishobora gukoreshwa nk'amabwiriza n'uburyo bwo gupima ku bigo bigenzura ibinyabuzima. Bityo, gutera imiti yica udukoko buri cyumweru byibuze ibyumweru 3 (kugira ngo bimare igihe cyose cy'ubwandu bw'iyi ndwara) byaba bihagije kugira ngo hirindwe kwandura indwara ya dengue, kandi ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko ubushobozi bwo gutera imiti mbere butazaba bwagabanutse cyane icyo gihe [13]. Mu by'ukuri, muri Iquitos, inzego z'ubuzima zagabanyije kwandura kwa dengue mu gihe cy'icyorezo zikora inshuro eshatu zo gutera imiti yica udukoko mu buryo buciriritse ahantu hafunze mu gihe cy'ibyumweru byinshi kugeza ku mezi menshi.
Amaherezo, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu bigaragaza ko ingaruka zo gutera imiti mu nzu zagarukiraga ku ngo zakorewemo gusa, kandi gutera imiti mu ngo zituranye ntibyagabanyije umubare wa Aedes aegypti. Imibu ikuze ya Aedes aegypti ishobora kuguma hafi cyangwa mu nzu aho yaviriye, ikagirana intera ya metero 10, kandi ikagenda intera mpuzandengo ya metero 106.[36] Bityo, gutera imiti mu gace gakikije urugo bishobora kutagira ingaruka zikomeye ku mubare wa Aedes aegypti muri urwo rugo. Ibi bishyigikira ibyavumbuwe mbere ko gutera imiti hanze cyangwa hafi y’amazu nta ngaruka byagize [18, 55]. Ariko, nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru, hashobora kubaho ingaruka zo mu turere ku miterere y’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage bwa A. aegypti, urugero rwacu rudashobora kubona.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-06-2025