Umuti wica udukokoUbudahangarwa mu bimera bitera indwara, ingenzi mu buhinzi, mu bumenyi bw'amatungo, no mu buzima rusange, bubangamiye cyane gahunda zo kurwanya indwara ku isi. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko ibimera bitera amaraso bipfa cyane iyo biriye amaraso arimo imiti igabanya ubukana bwa 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, enzyme ya kabiri mu nzira ya tyrosine metabolism). Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye uburyo imiti igabanya ubukana bwa HPPD mu miti yica udukoko ya β-triketone irwanya ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bw'imibu itera ubukana, harimo n'iyanduza indwara gakondo nka malariya, indwara zandura zivuka nka dengue fever na virusi ya Zika, ndetse n'ibyago bivuka nka virusi ya oropuche na virusi ya ursutu.Ubwo bwoko bwari burimo imibu ishobora kwangirika kubera pyrethroid ndetse n'imibu irwanya pyrethroid.
Nitisidone (atari mesotrione, sulfadiazine, cyangwa thiamethoxam) ni yo yonyine yagaragaje imikorere ikomeye yo kurwanya imibu igihe imibu inyunyuza amaraso yahuraga n'ahantu havuwe. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu kwangirika kwa nitisidone ryagaragaye hagati y'imibu ya Anopheles gambiae irwanya udukoko n'ubwoko bw'imibu bufite uburyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya. Iki gikoresho cyagaragaje imikorere ihoraho ku bwoko bwose bw'imibu bwapimwe, bigaragaza imikorere migari ku ndwara zikomeye.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko nitisidone ifite uburyo bushya bwo gukora, butandukanye n’uko Komite Ishinzwe Guhangana n’Indwara (IRAC) isanzweho, yibanda ku igogora ry’amaraso. Ubuhanga bwa Nitisidone mu kurwanya ubwoko bw’imiti irwanya indwara ndetse n’ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhuzwa n’ingamba zisanzwe zo kurwanya imiyoboro y’amaraso, nk’inzitiramibu zavuwe n’imiti itera imiti yica udukoko mu nzu, bituma iba umuti mwiza wo kwagura ingamba zo gukumira no kurwanya malariya, indwara ya dengue, indwara ya virusi ya Zika, n’izindi ndwara zivuka.
Igishimishije ni uko isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rikoresha gusa imibu irya isukari kugira ngo ipime ingano y’imiti yica udukoko ishobora kuba idahitana imibu inyunyuza amaraso.[38] Ibi bigaragaza akamaro ko gusuzuma itandukaniro rishobora kubaho mu bipimo bifatika hagati y’imibu inyunyuza amaraso n’itanyunyuza amaraso, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere isigaye no ku iterambere ry’ubudahangarwa. Nubwo ibipimo bitandukanya (DDs) bikunze kugenwa hashingiwe ku gaciro ka LD99 ku mibu inyunyuza amaraso, itandukaniro mu mikorere y’udukoko rishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo ishobora kwandura, bityo gupima imibu inyunyuza amaraso gusa bishobora kudagaragaza neza urwego rw’ubudahangarwa.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwibanze ku buryo ubwoko butatu bw'imibu—Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, na Culex quinquefasciatus bukora neza—mu ikizamini cyo kunyonka amaraso, cyigana uko imibu igwa ku rukuta kandi ikaba intego yo kuvura mu nzu hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko iramba (IRS). Imibu yose y'ingore yishwe iyo ikoze ku buso buriho nitisidone, ariko ntabwo yishwe n'indi miti ibuza HPPD β-triketone. Gukoresha imiti ibuza HPPD n'amaguru ni ingamba nziza yo gutsinda ubudahangarwa bw'imiti no kunoza uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko. Ubu bushakashatsi bushyigikira ko hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwimbitse no guteza imbere nitisidone mu kuvura mu nzu hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko iramba nk'uburyo bwo gusimbuza imiti yica udukoko isanzweho.
Uburyo butatu bwo gusuzuma akamaro ka nitisidone nk'umuti wica udukoko wo hanze bwagereranyijwe. Itandukaniro ryasesenguwe hagati y'ibizamini hakoreshejwe ikoreshwa ry'udukoko, ikoreshwa ry'amaguru y'udukoko, n'ikoreshwa ry'icupa, ndetse n'uburyo bwo gukoresha, uburyo bwo gutanga imiti yica udukoko, n'igihe cyo kuyikoresha.
Ariko, nubwo hari itandukaniro mu mibare y’impfu hagati ya New Orleans na Mukhza ku gipimo cyo hejuru, izindi ngaruka zose zari nziza cyane muri New Orleans (zishobora kwangirika) kurusha Mukhza (zidakira) nyuma y’amasaha 24.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingamba nshya zo kurwanya udukoko, uburyo bwiza bwo kuvumbura imiti mishya yica udukoko ni ukwagura ubushakashatsi burenga intego gakondo z’imitsi n’uturemangingo two gusohora uburozi, harimo n’uburyo bwo konka amaraso y’udukoko. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko nitisidone ari uburozi nyuma yo kuyinywa n’udukoko twonka amaraso cyangwa nyuma yo kuyikuramo nyuma yo kuyishyira mu mwanya wayo (ukoresheje umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe).
Guhuza amakuru aturuka ku buryo butandukanye bwo gupima imiti yica udukoko bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu buryo butatu bwasuzumwe, uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti ku ruhu ari bwo budahagije mu miterere y’ubutaka. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu gituza cy’imibu hakoreshejwe umuti w’amazi ntibigaragaza uburyo ikoreshwa mu gupima imiti yica udukoko mu gituza cy’imibu ikoresheje amazi, [47], nubwo bishobora gutanga ikimenyetso cy’uko imiti yica udukoko ishobora kwanduzwa n’ikintu runaka. Nubwo uburyo bwo gupima icyuma cy’ikirahure n’amacupa bupima ubuzima bw’imibiri binyuze mu gukora ku maguru, ibisubizo byabyo ntibigereranywa. Itandukaniro mu gihe cyo gupima no gutwikira ubuso bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku rupfu rugaragara muri buri buryo bwo gupima; bityo rero, guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gupima ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane neza uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa.
Gutera imiti yica udukoko (RIA) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuruhuka bw'imibu nyuma yo kugaburira, bigatuma ifata imiti yica udukoko iyo ikoze ku buso bwavuwe. Kwangirika kw'imiti yica udukoko, kudapfundikira neza imiti, no gufata neza imiterere yavuwe (urugero, koza inkuta nyuma yo kuvurwa) bishobora kugabanya cyane ubushobozi bwa RIA. Ibi bibazo biteza ingorane ebyiri: (1) imibu ishobora kwihanganira imiterere idapfa; na (2) nubwo imiterere idapfa iterwa ahanini no guhitamo imiti yica, kongera guhura n'imiti yica udukoko bishobora guteza imbere imiterere y'imiti ituma bamwe mu bantu badapfa babasha kubaho no kugumana alleles zijyanye no kugabanuka kw'imiti [54]. Kubera ko twakoresheje imibu igaburira amaraso aho gukoresha imibu igaburira isukari isanzwe mu nganda, kugereranya neza n'amakuru yasohotse mbere ntibyashobokaga. Ariko, kugereranya imiterere y'imiti (DD) n'imiterere y'umuti wa nitisidone n'amakuru y'indi miti [47] birashimishije. Urwego rutandukanya ruhuza igihe gihamye cyo guhura n'umuti wica udukoko n'ingano y'umuti wica udukoko ushyirwa mu gacupa, hamwe n'ingano y'umuti wica bitewe n'igihe nyacyo cyo guhura n'ikirenge. Dukurikije ibi bisubizo, nitisidone ifite imbaraga kurusha thiamethoxam, spinosad, mefenoxam, na dinotefuran [47], bigatuma iba umuti mwiza wo gukoresha imiti mishya yo mu nzu isaba uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha imiti. Ukurikije uburyo umuvuduko w’umuvuduko w’umuti uterwa n’umuti (wagereranyijwe no kubara imivuduko ya LC95 na LC50 ku Ishusho ya 3), nitisidone yari ifite umuvuduko uremereye cyane, bigaragaza ko ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Ibi bihuye n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwa nitisidone mu gutanga amaraso no mu bizamini byo mu mubiri ku yindi vector ya dipteran, isazi ya tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans) [26]. Twagerageje muri make akamaro ka nitisidone (dukoresheje ikizamini cy’isahani y’ikirahure) dushyira imibu ya Kissou (Ishusho ya S1A) cyangwa imibu ya New Orleans (Ishusho ya S1B) kuri nitisidone mbere yo kuyigaburira. Nitisidone yakomeje kugira akamaro ku maguru, yigana uko imibu igwa ku rukuta yavuwe na nitisidone mbere yo kuyigaburira, ibyo bikaba bisaba iperereza ryinshi. Ingufu za nitisidone (n'izindi miti ibuza HPPD) ku maguru zishobora kwiyongera iyo zivanze n'indi miti ifasha mu gutera umuti nka methyl ester (RME), nk'uko byasobanuwe ku yindi miti yica udukoko [44, 55]. Mu gusuzuma ingaruka za RME kuri *Gnaphalium affine* mbere yo kuyigaburira (Ishusho S2), twasanze ku gipimo cya 5 mg/m², iyo miti ivanze n'indi miti ifasha mu gutera umuti nka RME byongereye cyane impfu z'imibu.
Inzira iterwa n’iyicwa ry’imibu na nitisidone itaratunganywa mu bwoko butandukanye bw’imiti irwanya ni ingenzi. Imfu zitinda z’ubwoko bwa VK7 2014 zishobora guterwa n’uruhu rw’umukara, kugabanuka kw’amaraso, cyangwa kwihuta kw’igogora ry’amaraso—ibintu tutakozeho ubushakashatsi. Nitisidone yagaragaje uburozi buke ku bwoko bw’umubu wa Culex muheza urwanya, bigaragaza ko hakenewe ubushakashatsi bw’inyongera ku gipimo cyo hejuru (25 kugeza 125 mg/m²). Byongeye kandi, kimwe na Culex, imibu ya Aedes ntabwo yumva nitisidone cyane kurusha Anopheles, ibi bishobora kugaragaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubwoko bwombi mu bijyanye n’uko amaraso akoreshwa n’umuvuduko w’igogora [27]. Iri tandukaniro rigaragaza akamaro ko gusobanukirwa imiterere y’ubwoko runaka mu gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu maraso. Nubwo iterwa n’amaraso kandi igatinda gukora, nitisidone ishobora kugira akamaro gafatika kuko ishobora gukora mbere y’uko imibu itera amagi cyangwa ikagabanya ubukana bwayo muri rusange. Bitewe n'uburyo bwayo bwihariye bwo gukora, yibanda ku nzira yo kwangirika kwa tyrosine ibuza 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), nitisidone ifite icyizere nk'igice cy'ingamba zirambuye zo kugenzura vectors. Ariko, birashoboka ko habaho ubudahangarwa bw'imiti buterwa n'impinduka mu gace kagenewe cyangwa impinduka mu mikorere y'umubiri, kandi ubu hari ubushakashatsi bukomeje gukorwa kugira ngo hasuzumwe ubwo buryo.
Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko nitisidone yica imibu inyunyuza amaraso ikoresheje uburyo bwo gukora ku maguru, uburyo butagaragara kuri mesotrione, sulfadiazine, na thiamethoxam. Iyi ngaruka yo kwica ntitandukanya ubwoko bw'imibu bushobora kwibasirwa cyangwa budashobora kwibasirwa n'indi miti yica udukoko, harimo pyrethroids, organochloride, na carbamate zishobora kuba. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo kwibasirwa n'imiti ya nitisidone mu miyoboro y'amazi ntibugarukira ku bwoko bwa Anopheles gusa; ibi byemezwa n'ubushobozi bwayo mu kurwanya Culex pipiens pallens na Aedes aegypti. Amakuru yacu ashyigikira ko hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugira ngo nitisidone inyurwe neza, urugero, binyuze mu kongera ubushobozi bwo kwibasirwa n'imiti cyangwa gukoresha imiti ifasha. Binyuze mu buryo bwayo bwihariye bwo gukora, nitisidone ikoresha neza imyitwarire yo kwibasirwa n'imibu y'ingore mu miyoboro y'amazi. Ibi bituma iba umukandida mwiza wo gukoresha imiti mishya yo mu nzu yica udukoko n'inzitiramibu zifite uburyo bwo kwica udukoko igihe kirekire, cyane cyane mu turere aho uburyo gakondo bwo kurwanya imibu bugabanuka bitewe no gukwirakwira vuba k'ubudahangarwa bwa pyrethroid.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-23-2025