Umucyo uha ibimera ingufu zikenewe muri fotosite, bigatuma bibyara ibintu bikomoka ku bimera ndetseguhindura ingufu mu gihe cy'iterambere n'iterambereUmucyo uha ibimera ingufu zikenewe kandi ni wo shingiro ryo kwigabanya no gutandukanya uturemangingo, gukora klorofili, gukura kw'uturemangingo no kugenda kw'uturemangingo mu nda. Ubukana bw'urumuri, igihe cyo gufata urumuri n'ubwiza bw'urumuri bigira uruhare runini muri ibi bikorwa. Ihinduka ry'isukari mu bimera rikubiyemo uburyo bwinshi bwo kugenzura. Umucyo, nk'imwe mu mpamvu zigenga, ugira ingaruka ku miterere y'urukuta rw'uturemangingo, utunyangingo twa sitashi, gukora sucrose no kurema imitsi y'amaraso. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, mu rwego rwo gutunganya isukari igenzurwa n'urumuri, ubwoko bw'isukari na genes nabyo biragira ingaruka. Twasuzumye amakuru ahari maze dusanga ibitekerezo bike bifatika. Kubwibyo, iyi nkuru ivuga muri make ingaruka z'urumuri ku mikurire n'iterambere ry'ibimera ndetse no gutunganya isukari kandi ikavuga ku buryo urumuri rugira ingaruka ku bimera mu buryo burambuye, itanga ubumenyi bushya ku buryo bwo kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera mu bihe bitandukanye by'urumuri.
Umucyo utanga ingufu kuri fotositeyine y'ibimera kandi ugakora nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibidukikije kigenzura ibintu byinshi by'imiterere y'ibimera. Ibimera bishobora kumva impinduka mu miterere y'urumuri rwo hanze binyuze mu byuma bitandukanye bya fotoreceptor nka phytochrome na fototropini kandi bigashyiraho inzira zikwiye zo kwerekana kugira ngo bigenzure imikurire n'imikurire yabyo. Mu gihe cy'urumuri ruto, ingano y'ibimera byumye iragabanuka, kimwe n'umuvuduko wa fotositeyine, umuvuduko w'impinduka mu mubiri, umuvuduko w'impinduka mu mubiri, n'umurambararo w'igiti. Byongeye kandi, ubukana bw'urumuri ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigenga imikurire y'ibimera, kwiyongera no kwaguka kw'amababi, imikurire y'impinduka mu mubiri, fotositeyine, no kwigabanya kw'uturemangingo. Ubwiza bw'urumuri butangwa binyuze muri fotoreceptor bugenga uruziga rw'ubuzima bw'ibimera, hamwe n'ubwiza butandukanye bw'urumuri bugira ingaruka zitandukanye ku miterere y'ibimera, fotositeyine, imikurire n'imikurire y'ingingo. Ibimera bishobora kugenzura imikurire yabyo mu gihe cya foto, bitera imbere ibikorwa nko kumera kw'imbuto, kurabya no kwera kw'imbuto. Binagira uruhare mu gusubiza ibimera ku bintu bibi, bihuza n'impinduka zitandukanye z'ibihe (Bao et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2024; Shibaeva et al., 2024).
Isukari, ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukura no gukura kw'ibimera, inyura mu nzira igoye yo gutwara no gukusanya ibintu, igengwa kandi ikagenzurwa n'ibintu byinshi. Ihinduka ry'isukari mu bimera rikubiyemo ikorwa, katabolisme, ikoreshwa, n'ihinduka ry'isukari mu bimera, harimo no gutwara sucrose, gutanga ibimenyetso, no gukora isukari na selulose (Kudo et al., 2023; Li et al., 2023b; Lo Piccolo et al., 2024). Ihinduka ry'isukari rikoresha kandi rigatunganya isukari neza, rigira uruhare mu guhuza ibimera n'impinduka mu bidukikije, kandi rigatanga ingufu zo gukura no gukura kw'ibimera. Umucyo ugira ingaruka ku ihinduka ry'isukari mu bimera binyuze muri fotosite, ikimenyetso cy'isukari, no kugenzura igihe cy'izuba, hamwe n'impinduka mu miterere y'urumuri bigatera impinduka mu mikorere y'ibimera (Lopes et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024). Iri suzuma ryibanda ku ngaruka z'urumuri ku mikorere y'ibimera mu gukora fotosite, gukura no gukura, no gukora isukari. Iyi nkuru kandi ivuga ku iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z’urumuri ku miterere y’ibinyabuzima by’ibimera, hagamijwe gutanga ishingiro ry’inyigisho zo gukoresha urumuri mu kugenzura imikurire y’ibimera no kunoza umusaruro n’ubwiza. Isano iri hagati y’urumuri n’imikurire y’ibimera ntirasobanuka neza kandi igaragaza icyerekezo cy’ubushakashatsi.
Umucyo ufite imiterere myinshi, ariko ubukana n'ubwiza bwawo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bimera. Ubukana bw'urumuri bukunze gukoreshwa mu gupima ubushyuhe bw'isoko y'urumuri cyangwa imbaraga z'urumuri. Hashingiwe ku burebure bw'urumuri, urumuri rushobora kugabanywamo imirasire ya ultraviolet, igaragara, na infrared. Umucyo ugaragara ugabanywamo umutuku, umuhondo, umuhondo, icyatsi kibisi, ubururu, indigo, na violet. Ibimera ahanini bikura urumuri rutukura n'ubururu nk'ingufu z'ibanze za fotositeyine (Liang et al., 2021).
Ariko, ikoreshwa ry’ubwiza butandukanye bw’urumuri mu murima, kugenzura igihe cy’izuba, n’ingaruka z’impinduka z’ubushyuhe bw’urumuri ku bimera ni ibibazo bigoye bigomba gukemurwa. Kubwibyo, twizera ko gukoresha neza imiterere y’urumuri bishobora guteza imbere iterambere ry’ibidukikije byo kwerekana ibishushanyo mbonera by’ibimera no gukoresha ibikoresho n’ingufu mu buryo butunguranye, bityo bikanoza imikorere myiza y’ibimera n’inyungu ku bidukikije. Dukoresheje inyigisho yo gutunganya ibidukikije, ubushobozi bwa fotosite y’ibimera bwo guhuza urumuri n’urumuri rw’igihe gito n’igihe kirekire bwinjizwa muri modeli y’isi kugira ngo bigabanye imiterere idasobanutse y’ibishushanyo mbonera bya fotosite no kunoza ukuri kw’icyitegererezo (Luo na Keenan, 2020). Ibimera bikunda kumenyera urumuri rw’igihe gito n’igihe kirekire, kandi ubushobozi bwabyo bwo gukora fotosite n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu z’urumuri mu gihe giciriritse n’igihe kirekire bishobora kunozwa, bityo bikarushaho kugera ku buryo bwiza ku igenamigambi ry’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’umurima. Byongeye kandi, iyo ukoresheje gutera mu murima, ubushyuhe bw’urumuri buhindurwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’ibimera n’imiterere y’imikurire kugira ngo biteze imbere imikurire myiza y’ibimera. Muri icyo gihe, mu guhindura ingano y’ubwiza bw’urumuri no kwigana uruziga rw’urumuri karemano, birashoboka kwihutisha cyangwa kugabanya umuvuduko w’indabo n’imbuto z’ibimera, bityo bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo kugenzura neza ibidukikije mu bijyanye no gushushanya imirima.
Ihinduka ry’isukari mu bimera rigenzurwa n’urumuri rigira uruhare mu kunoza imikurire n’iterambere ry’ibimera, guhangana n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije. Isukari, nk’ibintu bitanga ibimenyetso, igenzura imikurire n’iterambere ry’ibimera binyuze mu gukorana n’izindi molekile zitanga ibimenyetso (urugero, phytohormones), bityo ikagira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ibinyabuzima by’ibimera (Mukarram et al., 2023). Twizera ko kwiga uburyo bwo kugenzura buhuza ibidukikije by’urumuri n’imikurire y’ibimera n’ihinduka ry’isukari bizaba ingamba nziza mu bukungu zo kuyobora uburyo bwo kororoka no gukora. Hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga, ubushakashatsi bw’ejo hazaza ku guhitamo amasoko y’urumuri, nk’ikoranabuhanga ry’urumuri rw’ubukorano n’ikoreshwa rya LED, bushobora gukorwa kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza y’urumuri n’umusaruro w’ibimera, hagatangwa ibikoresho byinshi bigenga imikurire n’iterambere ry’ibimera (Ngcobo na Bertling, 2024). Ariko, uburebure bw’urumuri rutukura n’ubururu ni bwo bukoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi buriho ku ngaruka z’ubwiza bw’urumuri ku bimera. Bityo, mu gusuzuma ingaruka z’imiterere itandukanye y’urumuri nk’icunga, umuhondo n’icyatsi kibisi ku mikurire n’iterambere ry’ibimera, dushobora guteza imbere uburyo bw’imikorere y’imiterere myinshi y’urumuri ku bimera, bityo tugakoresha neza imiterere itandukanye y’urumuri mu bikorwa bifatika. Ibi bisaba ubushakashatsi n'ivugurura ryinshi. Imiterere myinshi y'imikurire n'iterambere ry'ibimera igenzurwa na phytochrome na phytohormones. Kubwibyo, ingaruka z'imikoranire y'ingufu za spectral n'ibintu byo mu mubiri ku mikurire y'ibimera bizaba icyerekezo cy'ingenzi cy'ubushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza. Byongeye kandi, kwiga byimbitse ku buryo bwa molekile imiterere y'urumuri itandukanye igira ingaruka ku mikurire n'iterambere ry'ibimera, imikorere y'isukari, ndetse n'ingaruka z'ibintu byinshi bidukikije ku bimera, bizagira uruhare mu iterambere no gukoresha ubushobozi bw'ibimera bitandukanye, bizatuma bikoreshwa mu nzego nk'ubuhinzi n'ubuvuzi bw'ibinyabuzima.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 11 Nzeri 2025