Beauveriabassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae ni bimwe mu bihumyo by’ingenzi kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya udukoko (EPFs) mu kurwanya udukoko. Ubushakashatsi buherutse bwerekanye ko bishobora no guteza imbere imikurire y’ibimera nyuma yo gutera udukoko mu buryo bw’ubukorano. Kugira ngo hasuzumwe neza ingaruka zo gutera no gukura kw’ibimeraBeauveria bassianana Metarhizium anisopliae ku bihingwa by’ubuhinzi, muri ubu bushakashatsi, ingemwe z’ibigori zavuwe n’ubwoko 13 bwa Beauveria bassiana n’ubwoko 73 bwa Metarhizium anisopliae, nk’ibihumyo bya rhizosphere muri sisitemu ya hydroponic. Ibipimo byo gukura kw’ibimera, birimo uburebure bw’ibimera, uburebure bw’imizi, n’uburemere bushya, byakurikiranwe kandi byandikishijwe mu minsi 35 yikurikiranya kugira ngo byemezwe ingaruka zo gutera ibihumyo bya entomopathogenic. Ibisubizo by’isuzuma ry’umuvuduko wo kugarura ibihumyo (FRR) byagaragaje ko Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae byombi bishobora gutera ibigori mu mitsi. Ku munsi wa 7, umuvuduko wo kumenya Beauveria bassiana wari 100% haba ku giti no ku mababi, ariko ku munsi wa 28, umuvuduko wo kumenya mu mizi waragabanutse ugera kuri 11.1% no ku mababi ugera kuri 22.2%. Ariko, *Beauveria bassiana* ntiyabonetse mu mizi kugeza ku munsi wa 28, aho igipimo cyo kumenya cya 33.3%. Mu gihe cyose cyo kwitegereza, ubwoko bwa *Metarhizium anisopliae* bwakuwe mu mizi, ku giti, no ku mababi y'ikimera ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyo kubimenya. Kongera kwa PCR mu duce twa ADN twihariye tw’ibihumyo byakomeje kwemeza ko *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae* byagiye byinjira mu mubiri mu buryo busanzwe; ubu buryo bwagaragaje ubushobozi bwo kumenya ibihumyo kandi butanga igisubizo cyiza 100%. Ugereranyije n'agaciro k'ibanze mu gisubizo cya hydroponic, ku munsi wa 21, ubucucike bw'ibihumyo bwagabanutse bugera munsi ya 1%. Bityo, ubwoko bubiri bwatoranijwe bw'ibihumyo bya entomopathogenic bwagaragaje neza ko binjira mu mubiri mu gihe cy'ibigori aho kwinjira mu mubiri, kandi byateje imbere cyane iterambere ryabyo muri sisitemu ya hydroponic. Ibihumyo bya entomopathogenic bifite ubushobozi bunini bwo gukoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'umwimerere, harimo nk'imiti yica udukoko n'ifumbire mvaruganda.
Ibihumyo bitera indwara zo mu bwoko bwa Entomopathogenic Fungus (EPFs) byagaragaje akamaro kabyo nk'ibikoresho birwanya udukoko (BCAs) mu gucunga udukoko dutandukanye bitewe n'uko bikunda kwangirika, koroshya umusaruro, kuguma hamwe no kuba bifite indwara nyinshi.1, 2, 3Mu Bushinwa, *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae* bikoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu kurwanya udukoko tw’ibigori dukomeye (nk’udukoko tw’ibigori n’udukoko tw’ipamba) kugira ngo hirindwe ikoreshwa ryinshi ry’imiti yica udukoko.4Mu gucunga udukoko duterwa n'udukoko, isano iri hagati y'ibimera, udukoko, n'udukoko iragoye cyane kurusha isano iri hagati y'udukoko n'udukoko dutera indwara z'udukoko.
Ibimera byinshi bibaho mu buryo bwo guhuza n'ibihumyo byo mu nda5, biba mu bice by'ibimera bitagize ingaruka mbi ku bimera6Ibihumyo byo mu nda ni ibinyabuzima bikora nyuma yo kugirana umubano mwiza n'uwabituye.7Bishobora guteza imbere imikurire y'ibimera mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye no kongera ubushobozi bwabyo bwo guhangana n'ibihe bibi, harimo n'imihangayiko ya biotic na abiotic8, 9, 10Ibihumyo byo mu nda bifite imiterere y'ingenzi ya filogenetike n'imiterere y'ubuzima, nko kwigarurira ibidukikije, gukwirakwira, imiterere y'ibimera byihariye, no kwigarurira ibice bitandukanye by'ibimera.11Gukoresha ibihumyo byo mu bwoko bwa endophyte nk'ibinyabuzima byo mu bwoko bwa endophyte byakuruye ubushakashatsi bwinshi kandi byagaragaje ibyiza byinshi bidasanzwe ugereranije n'ibinyabuzima gakondo byo mu bwoko bwa endophyte.
Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae bishobora kwanduza ibimera bitandukanye, birimo ingano, soya, umuceri, ibinyamisogwe, igitunguru, inyanya, ikimasa, inzabibu, ibirayi n'ipamba.12Ubwandu bwo mu gace cyangwa mu mubiri bukunze kugaragara cyane cyane mu mizi, ku ruti, ku mababi no mu ngingo z'imbere z'ibimera.11Kwandura indwara z’ubukorano binyuze mu kuvura imbuto, gushyira mu mashaza no kuhira ubutaka bishobora gutuma ibimera bikura binyuze mu kwandura indwara ziterwa n’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa fungi.13, 14, 15, 16Kuvura imbuto z'ibihingwa hakoreshejwe Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae byagize ingaruka nziza ku kwandura kw'imitsi mu mubiri w'ibimera kandi byateje imbere gukura kw'ibimera binyuze mu kongera uburebure bw'igiti, uburebure bw'umuzi, uburemere bw'umuzi, n'uburemere bw'igiti.17, 18, 19Gutera ubutaka noamababiGutera Beauveria bassiana ni nabwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane, bushobora gutuma imbuto z'ibigori zikura cyane.20
Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugusuzuma ingaruka zitera gukura n'imiterere y'imbuto z'ibigori za Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae ndetse n'ingaruka zabyo ku mikurire y'ibimera mu buryo bwa hydroponic.
Mu igerageza ry’iminsi 35, kuvura ibihumyo Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae byateje imbere cyane iterambere ry’ibigori. Nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1, ingaruka z’ibihumyo ku ngingo zitandukanye z’ibigori zaterwaga n’urwego rw’imikurire yazo.
Ingemwe z'ibigori zikura mu buryo butandukanye uko igihe kigenda gihita. Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo, imirongo ifite amabara atandukanye igaragaza ingemwe z'ibigori mu itsinda rishinzwe kurwanya indwara, itsinda ryavuwe na Beauveria bassiana, n'itsinda ryavuwe na Metarhizium anisopliae.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bice by'ibigori hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae* hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa PCR amplification. Imbonerahamwe ya 5 igaragaza ko *Beauveria bassiana* yakusanyije 100% by'ibice byose by'ibigori kuri buri gice cyo gufatiraho urugero (iminsi 7-35). Ibisubizo nk'ibyo byagaragaye kuri *Metarhizium anisopliae* mu bice by'amababi, ariko ubu buryo bwo gukusanya ubwinshi bw'ibihumyo ntibwahoraga buri gihe buri gihe buguma kuri 100% mu biti by'ibigori no mu mababi.
Uburyo bwo gutera inshinge ni ingenzi cyane mu miterere y’ibihumyo.28Parsa n'abandi.29basanze *Beauveria bassiana* ishobora kwibasira ibimera mu buryo bworoshye iyo bisutswe cyangwa bivomerewe, mu gihe gukwirakwira kw'imizi bishoboka gusa iyo bivomerewe. Mu masaka, Tefera na Vidal bavuze ko gutera amababi byongera umuvuduko wo guterana kwa *Beauveria bassiana* mu ruti, mu gihe gutera imbuto byongera umuvuduko wo guterana mu mizi no mu mizi. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twateye imizi ibihumyo bibiri twongeramo umuyoboro wa conidial kuri sisitemu ya hydroponic. Ubu buryo bushobora kunoza imikorere yo gukwirakwiza ibihumyo, kuko amazi atemba ashobora koroshya ingendo za conidia y'ibihumyo mu mizi y'ibigori. Uretse uburyo bwo gutera, izindi mpamvu nka mikorobe zo mu butaka, ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe, intungamubiri, imyaka y'ibimera n'ubwoko bwabyo, ubucucike bw'ingufu, n'ubwoko bw'ibihumyo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku guterana kw'uturemangingo tw'ibimera bitandukanye n'ibihumyo.28
Byongeye kandi, kongera imbaraga za PCR mu migozi ya ADN yihariye y’ibihumyo ni uburyo bushya kandi bw’umwihariko bwo gupima endophytes z’ibihumyo. Urugero, nyuma yo guhinga ingirangingo z’ibimera ku buryo bworoshye, habonetse umubare muto wa receptor y’ubuntu (FRR) kuri *Beauveria bassiana*, ariko isesengura rya PCR ryagaragaje 100%. Ubucucike buke bw’ibihumyo mu mubiri w’ibimera cyangwa gukumira ibinyabuzima mu mubiri w’ibimera bishobora kuba intandaro yo gukura nabi kw’ibihumyo ku buryo bworoshye. Guteza imbere PCR bishobora gukoreshwa neza mu bushakashatsi ku bihumyo mu mubiri.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko udukoko dutera indwara zimwe na zimwe dushobora gukora nk'ifumbire mvaruganda binyuze mu gutuma ibimera bikura neza. Jaber et al. [16]bavuze ko imbuto z'ingano zatewe Beauveria bassiana mu gihe cy'iminsi 14 zifite uburebure bw'igishishwa, uburebure bw'umuzi, uburemere bw'imizi mishya, n'uburemere bw'igishishwa kurusha ibimera bitatewe. Russo n'abandi.[30]bavuze ko gutera ibigori mu mashaza bya Beauveria bassiana byongera uburebure bw'ibimera, umubare w'amababi, n'umubare w'utubuto tw'amatwi ya mbere.
Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, ibihumyo bibiri byatoranijwe bitera indwara zo mu bwoko bwa entomopathogenic, Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae, nabyo byateje imbere cyane iterambere ry’ibigori mu buryo bwo guhinga ibimera hakoreshejwe hydroponic ndetse binashyiraho uburyo bwo gukurura ibice bitandukanye by’imbuto z’ibigori, byitezwe ko bizamura iterambere ry’igihe kirekire.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, Moloignane n'abandi basanze ndetse n'ibyumweru 4 nyuma yo kuhira ubutaka, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu burebure bw'ibimera, umubare w'imizi, umubare w'amababi, uburemere bushya, n'uburemere bwumye bwagaragaye hagati y'ibiti by'imizabibu byavuwe kandi bitavuwe na *Beauveria bassiana*. Ibi ntibitangaje, kuko ubushobozi bw'imiti yihariye y'ibihumyo bushobora kuba bufitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubwoko bw'ibimera, ingano y'ibimera, imiterere y'imirire, n'ingaruka ku bidukikije. Tull na Meying bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zo kuvura imbuto za *Beauveria bassiana* ku mikurire y'ibigori. Basanze *Beauveria bassiana* yakoraga nk'umuterankunga w'imikurire mu bigori gusa mu gihe cy'isuku ihagije, kandi nta ngaruka zo gukangura zagaragaye mu gihe cy'isuku ihagije y'intungamubiri. Bityo, uburyo ibimera bihangana n'ingaruka z'imiti mu gihe cy'isuku ihagije ntabwo busobanutse neza kandi bisaba iperereza ryinshi.
Twakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'ibihumyo bitera indwara zo mu bwoko bwa *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae* nk'ibitera iterambere mu bigori. Ariko, niba imikorere y'ibanze ari rhizosphere cyangwa endophytic ntibirasobanuka neza. Twakurikiranye imiterere y'ubwinshi bw'ibihumyo bya *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae* mu bisubizo bya hydroponic n'uturemangingo tw'ibimera kugira ngo dusobanukirwe uburyo bikora. Dukoresheje ibice bikora koloni (CFU) nk'ikimenyetso, twasanze ubwinshi bwa *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae* mu gisubizo cya hydroponic bwaragabanutse cyane. Nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe, igipimo cya *Metarhizium anisopliae* cyari munsi ya 10%, naho *Beauveria bassiana* cyari munsi ya 1%. Mu gisubizo cy'ibigori cya hydroponic, ibihumyo byombi byazimye ku munsi wa 28. Igerageza ryo kugenzura ryagaragaje ko conidia y'ibihumyo byombi yagumanye ubushobozi bwinshi mu buryo bwa hydroponic nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe. Bityo, fungi zo mu nda, ziterwa no gufatana kw'uturemangingo, kumenya ko ariho, n'inzira z'ibinyabuzima, ni zo mpamvu nyamukuru itera kugabanuka gukabije k'ubwinshi bw'ibihumyo muri sisitemu ya hydroponic. Byongeye kandi, imikorere yo guteza imbere gukura kw'ibihumyo ahanini iterwa n'imikorere yabyo ya endophytic, ntabwo ari imikorere ya rhizosphere.
Imikorere y’ibinyabuzima muri rusange ifitanye isano n’ubucucike bw’abaturage. Gupima umubare w’ibihumyo byo mu mubiri mu bice by’ibimera ni byo byonyine bishobora gutuma habaho isano iri hagati yo gushishikariza gukura kw’ibimera n’ubucucike bw’ibihumyo byo mu mubiri. Uburyo ibimera bikuramo mu mibanire y’ibihumyo n’ibimera bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse. Ibihumyo byo mu mubiri ntabwo bifite ubushobozi bunini bwo kurwanya udukoko two mu mubiri gusa ahubwo bigira uruhare runini mu gushishikariza gukura kw’ibimera, bikingura ibitekerezo bishya ku mibanire y’ibidukikije hagati y’ibimera, udukoko two mu mubiri, n’ibihumyo byo mu mubiri.
Imbuto 90 z'ibigori zihingwa neza kandi zifite ubuzima bwiza zatoranijwe mu buryo butunguranye muri buri tsinda ry'igerageza. Imbuto zihingwa zikikije imizi ya buri shitingi zogejwe neza n'amazi meza kugira ngo hirindwe kwangiza imizi. Imbuto z'ibigori zavuwe, zari zifite imikurire imwe haba hejuru no munsi y'ubutaka, zashyizwe mu buryo bwo guhinga ibigori hakoreshejwe hydroponic.
Amakuru yose y’igerageza yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe bwo gusesengura itandukaniro (ANOVA) muri IBM SPSS Statistics (version 20.0), kandi akamaro k’itandukaniro hagati y’ubuvuzi kagenwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya Tukey cya HSD (P ≤ 0.05).
Kubera ko ibikoresho by’ibimera byaguzwe n’umucuruzi wemewe wo mu gace utuyemo, nta ruhushya rwari rukenewe. Gukoresha ibimera cyangwa ibikoresho by’ibimera muri ubu bushakashatsi bikurikiza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga, ay’igihugu cyangwa ay’ibigo.
Mu gusoza, ibihumyo bibiri bitera indwara zo mu bwoko bwa entomopathogenic, *Beauveria bassiana* na *Metarhizium anisopliae*, byagize uruhare rwiza mu guteza imbere imikurire y’imbuto z’ibigori nyuma yo gutera rhizosphere hifashishijwe sisitemu ya hydroponic. Ibi bihumyo bibiri byashoboye gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukusanya ingingo zose z’ibigori n’uturemangingo binyuze mu mizi mu gihe cy’icyumweru kimwe. Imiterere y’ubwinshi bw’ibihumyo mu gisubizo cya hydroponic no gukusanya amashami y’ibigori byagaragaje ko, uretse imikorere ya rhizosphere, imikorere ya endophytic y’ibihumyo yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere imikurire y’ibimera byagaragaye. Imyitwarire ya endophytic y’ibihumyo yagaragaje imiterere imwe n’imwe yihariye y’ubwoko. Kongera ADN y’udutsiko tw’ibihumyo hakoreshejwe PCR byagaragaye ko byoroshye kurusha uburyo bwo gushakisha amashami hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutoranya amashami. Ubu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mu gukurikirana neza uburyo amashami y’ibihumyo akwirakwira mu turemangingo tw’ibimera n’uburyo bikwirakwira mu turemangingo tw’ibimera. Hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwiyongereye kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo ibimera n’udukoko tw’ibimera bihangana n’ingaruka za fungi mu turemangingo (amakuru y’inyongera).
Amakuru yakozwe muri ubu bushakashatsi araboneka ku mwanditsi ubisabye mu buryo bwumvikana.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-20-2026