Ibiyobyabwenge bya biopesticide ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi byo gushyira mu bikorwa "Ingamba za Sisitemu y'Ibiryo Bitangiza Ibidukikije" mu Buyapani. Iyi nyandiko isobanura ibisobanuro n'icyiciro cy'ibiyobyabwenge bya biopesticide mu Buyapani, kandi ishyira mu byiciro iyandikwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge bya biopesticide mu Buyapani, kugira ngo habeho ishingiro ry'iterambere n'ikoreshwa ryabyo mu bindi bihugu.
Bitewe n'ubuso buke bw'ubutaka buhari mu Buyapani, ni ngombwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko n'ifumbire mvaruganda myinshi kugira ngo umusaruro w'ibihingwa wongererwe kuri buri gace. Ariko, gukoresha imiti myinshi yica udukoko byanduje ibidukikije byongereye umutwaro w'ibidukikije, kandi ni ingenzi cyane kurengera ubutaka, amazi, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, imiterere y'icyaro n'umutekano w'ibiribwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku iterambere rirambye ry'ubuhinzi n'ibidukikije. Kubera ko ibisigazwa byinshi by'imiti yica udukoko mu bihingwa bituma indwara zikwirakwira mu baturage ziyongera, abahinzi n'abaturage bakunda gukoresha imiti yica udukoko irinda ibidukikije kandi irinda ibidukikije.
Kimwe n'umushinga w'Uburayi wo gukora farm-to-Fork, guverinoma y'Ubuyapani muri Gicurasi 2021 yashyizeho "Ingamba zo Gutunganya Ibiribwa Bitangiza Ibidukikije" zigamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ku kigero cya 50% bitarenze 2050 no kongera ubuso bw'ubuhinzi bushingiye ku bimera kugeza kuri miliyoni 1 hm2 (bingana na 25% by'ubutaka bw'Ubuyapani). Iyi ngamba igamije kongera umusaruro no gukomeza ibiribwa, ubuhinzi, amashyamba n'uburobyi binyuze mu ngamba nshya zo guhangana n'ingaruka mbi (MeaDRI), harimo no gucunga udukoko mu buryo buhuriweho, uburyo bwo kunoza ikoreshwa ry'imiti no guteza imbere ubundi buryo bushya. Muri byo, icy'ingenzi ni iterambere, ikoreshwa no guteza imbere imicungire y'udukoko mu buryo buhuriweho (IPM), kandi imiti yica udukoko mu buryo bw'ibinyabuzima ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi.
1. Ibisobanuro n'icyiciro cy'imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani
Ibiyobyabwenge bya biopesticide bigereranywa n’imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu buvuzi bw’imiti cyangwa iy’ubukorano, kandi muri rusange bivuga imiti yica udukoko ifite umutekano cyangwa ifitiye akamaro abantu, ibidukikije n’ibidukikije ikoresheje cyangwa ishingiye ku mutungo kamere. Dukurikije aho ibintu bikora, imiti yica udukoko ishobora kugabanywa mu byiciro bikurikira: icya mbere, imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku mikorobe, harimo bagiteri, ibihumyo, virusi n’inyamaswa z’umwimerere (zahinduwe mu buryo bw’ingirabuzimafatizo) n’uturemangingo twazo; Icya kabiri ni imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku bimera, harimo ibimera bizima n’ibikomoka kuri byo, ibintu birinda ibimera (ibihingwa byahinduwe mu buryo bw’ingirabuzimafatizo); Icya gatatu, imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku nyamaswa, harimo n’imiti itera indwara, inyamaswa zitera udukoko n’izirya inyama ndetse n’ibikomoka ku nyamaswa (nk’ibimera bitera udukoko). Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’ibindi bihugu nabyo bishyira imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku mabuye y’agaciro karemano nka peteroli y’amabuye y’agaciro nk’imiti yica udukoko.
SEIJ yo mu Buyapani ishyira imiti yica udukoko mu byiciro by’imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima n’imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima, kandi ishyira mu byiciro pheromone, imiti igabanya udukoko (imiti yica udukoko mu buhinzi), ibikomoka ku bimera, imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku myunyu ngugu, ibikomoka ku nyamaswa (nk’uburozi bwa arthropod), nanoantibodies, n’imiti irinda ibimera nk’imiti yica udukoko. Ishyirahamwe ry’Amakoperative y’Ubuhinzi mu Buyapani rishyira mu byiciro imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani, imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima, imiti yica udukoko n’imiti irwanya udukoko, kandi ishyira mu byiciro Bacillus thuringiensis idakora nk’imiti mito kandi ikavanamo imiti yica udukoko mu buhinzi mu cyiciro cy’imiti yica udukoko. Ariko, mu micungire nyayo y’imiti yica udukoko, imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani isobanurwa mu buryo burambuye nk’imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima, ni ukuvuga “imiti irwanya udukoko nk’imiti irwanya udukoko, imiti itera udukoko, imiti yica udukoko, imiti yica udukoko n’imiti irya udukoko ikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko”. Mu yandi magambo, imiti yica udukoko yo mu Buyapani ni imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw’ibinyabuzima nka mikorobe, imyuka itera indwara zo mu bwoko bwa entomopathetic nematodes ndetse n’ibinyabuzima by’umwanzi karemano nk’ibintu bikora, mu gihe ubwoko n’ubwoko bw’ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima byanditswe mu Buyapani bitari mu cyiciro cy’imiti yica udukoko. Byongeye kandi, nk’uko bivugwa mu Buyapani mu “Ingamba zo Kuvura Ibisubizo by’Isuzuma ry’Umutekano Bijyanye no Gusaba Kwandikisha Imiti Irwanya Udukoko”, mikorobe n’ibimera byahinduwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo ntibicungwa n’imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi, Amashyamba n’Uburobyi nayo yatangije gahunda yo kongera gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani ndetse inashyiraho amahame mashya yo kudakoresha imiti yica udukoko mu rwego rwo kugabanya amahirwe yo gukoresha no gukwirakwiza imiti yica udukoko mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangiza cyane aho batuye cyangwa gukura kw’inyamaswa n’ibimera mu bidukikije.
"Urutonde rw'ibikoresho byo gutera ibimera mu buryo bw'umwimerere" rwasohotse na Minisiteri y'Ubuhinzi, Amashyamba n'Uburobyi mu Buyapani mu 2022 rukubiyemo imiti yose yica udukoko n'imiti imwe n'imwe ikomoka ku binyabuzima. Imiti yica udukoko yo mu Buyapani ntigomba gushyirwaho gahunda y'imiti yemewe ya buri munsi (ADI) n'imipaka ntarengwa y'ibisigaye (MRL), byombi bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora umusaruro w'ubuhinzi hakurikijwe amahame y'ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere mu Buyapani (JAS).
2. Incamake y'iyandikwa ry'imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani
Nk'igihugu kiri ku isonga mu iterambere n'ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko, Ubuyapani bufite uburyo bwuzuye bwo kwandika imiti yica udukoko ndetse n'ubwoko bwinshi bw'imiti yica udukoko. Dukurikije imibare y'umwanditsi, kugeza mu 2023, hari imiti 99 y'imiti yica udukoko yanditswe kandi ikora neza mu Buyapani, irimo ibintu 47 bikora, bingana na 8.5% by'ibintu byose bikora imiti yica udukoko yanditswe. Muri byo, ibintu 35 bikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko (harimo n'imiti 2 ya nematocide), ibintu 12 bikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko, kandi nta miti yica udukoko cyangwa izindi mbogamizi zihari (Ishusho ya 1). Nubwo pheromone zitari mu cyiciro cy'imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani, akenshi ziterwa inkunga kandi zigakoreshwa hamwe n'imiti yica udukoko nk'inyongeramusaruro z'ibihingwa.
2.1 Imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima ku banzi karemano
Hari ibintu 22 bikora mu miti irwanya udukoko karemano y’umwanzi byanditswe mu Buyapani, bishobora kugabanywamo udukoko duto, udukoko twica udukoko n’udukoko twica udukoko bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima n’uburyo bibikoramo. Muri byo, udukoko twica udukoko n’udukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko, kandi udukoko dutera amagi mu dukoko duto, hanyuma udukoko twazo duto duto turya utwo dukoko maze tugakura tukica utwo dukoko. Udukoko twa hymenoptera duterwa n’udukoko, nka aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee na Mylostomus japonicus, twanditswe mu Buyapani, dukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya aphid, isazi n’udukoko twera ku mboga zihingwa mu buvumo, naho chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug na thrips zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya aphid, thrips n’udukoko twera ku mboga zihingwa mu buvumo. Udukoko two mu bwoko bwa "red squirrels" dukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya igitagangurirwa gitukura, udukoko tw'amababi, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips na whiteflies ku mboga, indabyo, ibiti by'imbuto, ibishyimbo n'ibirayi bihingwa mu mazu ahingwamo, ndetse no ku mboga, ibiti by'imbuto n'icyayi byatewe mu mirima. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kwandikisha abanzi karemano nka O. sauteri ntikwavuguruwe.
2.2 Imiti yica udukoko iterwa na mikorobe
Hari ubwoko 23 bw'ibintu bikora ku miti yica udukoko byanditswe mu Buyapani, bishobora kugabanywamo imiti yica udukoko/fungicides ya virusi, imiti yica udukoko/fungicides ya bagiteri n'imiti yica udukoko/fungicides bitewe n'ubwoko n'imikoreshereze ya mikorobe. Muri byo, imiti yica udukoko yica cyangwa ikagenzura udukoko yanduza, ikagwiza kandi igasohora uburozi. Imiti yica udukoko irwanya udukoko igenzura bagiteri zitera indwara binyuze mu guhangana n'imiti itera udukoko, gusohora imiti yica udukoko cyangwa metabolites ya kabiri, no gutuma ibimera bidashobora guhangana [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Ibihumyo (ibikomoka ku bikoko) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Imiti yica udukoko ya mikorobe Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, Fusarium oxysporum idatera indwara na Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Kandi kwandikwa kw'imiti yica udukoko nka Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus na Drechslera monoceras ntibyavuguruwe.
2.2.1 Imiti yica udukoko iterwa na mikorobe
Imiti yica udukoko twa granular na nuclear polyhedroid yanditswe mu Buyapani ikoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twihariye nka pome ringworm, tea ringworm na tea longleaf ringworm, ndetse na Streptococcus aureus ku bihingwa nk'imbuto, imboga n'ibishyimbo. Nk'umuti wica udukoko ukoreshwa cyane na bagiteri, Bacillus thuringiensis ikoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twa lepidoptera na hemiptera ku bihingwa nk'imboga, imbuto, umuceri, ibirayi n'ubwatsi. Mu miti yica udukoko yanditswe, Beauveria bassiana ikoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya udukoko two mu kanwa duhekenya no kuruma nk'udukoko twa thrips, udukoko twa scale, isazi z'umweru, udusimba, udusimba, diyama na aphids ku mboga, imbuto, pinusi n'icyayi. Beauveria brucei ikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko twa coleoptera nka longiceps na dukoko mu biti by'imbuto, ibiti, angelica, indabyo za cherry na shiitake mushrooms. Metarhizium anisopliae ikoreshwa mu kurwanya thrips mu buhinzi bw'imboga n'imyembe; Paecilomyces furosus na Paecilopus pectus byakoreshejwe mu kurwanya isazi z'umweru, inda z'ibihumyo n'igitagangurirwa gitukura mu mboga zihingwa mu busitani n'inkeri. Igihumyo gikoreshwa mu kurwanya isazi z'umweru n'udusimba mu busitani bw'imboga, imyembe, chrysanthemums na lisiflorum.
Nk’umuti wonyine w’udukoko twa mikorobe wagaragaye kandi ukagira ingaruka nziza mu Buyapani, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum ikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko twa mikorobe mu mboga, ibirayi n’imbuto.
2.2.2 Udukoko twa mikorobe
Ubwoko bwa virusi bwa zucchini bumeze nk'umuhondo bwa Mosaic virus bwagaragaye mu Buyapani bwakoreshejwe mu kurwanya indwara ya Mosaic na fusarium wilt iterwa na virusi iterwa na concombre. Mu miti irwanya bagiteri yanditswe mu Buyapani, Bacillus amylolitica ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara z'ibihumyo nka brown bolt, gray mold, black blight, white star disease, powdery mildew, black mold, leaf mold, spot disease, white rot na bagiteri blight ku mboga, imbuto, indabyo, hops na tabi. Bacillus simplex yakoreshejwe mu gukumira no kuvura indwara ya bagiteri na bagiteri blight ku muceri. Bacillus subtilis ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara za bagiteri na fungal nka grey mold, powdery mildew, black star disease, rice blast, leaf mildew, black blight, leaf blight, white spot, speckle, canker disease, blight, black mold, brown spot, black leaf blight na bagiteri blight ku mboga, imbuto, umuceri, indabyo n'ibimera by'imitako, ibishyimbo, ibirayi, hops, itabi n'ibihumyo. Ubwoko bw'imboga zo mu bwoko bwa karoti zo mu bwoko bwa Erwenella soft rot butari butera indwara bukoreshwa mu kurwanya ububore bworoshye n'indwara y'ibicurane ku mboga, citrus, cycleen n'ibirayi. Pseudomonas fluorescens ikoreshwa mu kurwanya ububore, ububore bw'umukara, ububore bw'umukara bwa bagiteri n'ububore bw'indabyo ku mboga z'amababi. Pseudomonas roseni ikoreshwa mu kurwanya ububore bworoshye, ububore bw'umukara, ububore, ububore bw'indabyo, agace k'umukara ka bagiteri, agace k'umukara ka bagiteri, gutobora kwa bagiteri, ububore bw'umushino wa bagiteri, ububore bw'ishami rya bagiteri n'ububore bw'indabyo ku mboga n'imbuto. Phagocytophage mirabile ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara yo kubyimba imizi y'imboga zo mu bwoko bwa cruciferous, naho bagiteri z'umuhondo zikoreshwa mu kurwanya ifu y'ibicurane, ifu y'umukara, anthrax, ifu y'amababi, ifu y'umukara, umuceri, ububore bw'umuceri, ububore bw'ibicurane, imitsi y'umukara, indwara y'ibimera bibisi n'indwara y'ibimera ku mboga, inkeri n'umuceri, kandi igatera imbere mu gukura kw'imizi y'ibihingwa. Lactobacillus plantarum ikoreshwa mu kurwanya ububore bworoshye ku mboga n'ibirayi. Mu miti irwanya udukoko twakuwe mu Buyapani, Scutellaria microscutella yakoreshejwe mu gukumira no kurwanya ububore bwa sclerotium mu mboga, ububore bwa black rot mu masaka na tungurusumu. Trichoderma viridis ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara za bagiteri n'ibihumyo nka rice blight, bagiteri brown streak disease, leaf blight and rice blast, ndetse na asparagus purple streak disease na tumbaku white silk disease.
2.3 Indwara zitera indwara z’ibimera
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'imiti itera indwara z'inyenzi yanditswe neza mu Buyapani, kandi uburyo bwo kwica udukoko [1-2, 11] ahanini bugizwe no kwangiza imashini zitera, kurya imirire no kwangiza uturemangingo tw'umubiri, hamwe na bagiteri zikora uburozi. Steinernema carpocapsae na S. glaseri, byanditswe mu Buyapani, bikoreshwa cyane cyane ku bijumba, imyelayo, imbuto z'imitini, indabyo n'ibimera by'amababi, indabyo z'amasheri, amapera, amapera, imbuto zitukura, pome, ibihumyo, imboga, ubwatsi na ginkgo Kurwanya udukoko duto nka Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica na Red fungus. Kwandika kwa entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai ntibyavuguruwe.
3. Incamake n'icyerekezo
Mu Buyapani, imiti yica udukoko ni ingenzi mu kurinda umutekano w'ibiribwa, kurengera ibidukikije n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, no kubungabunga iterambere rirambye ry'ubuhinzi. Bitandukanye n'ibihugu n'uturere nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, Ubushinwa na Vietnam [1, 7-8], imiti yica udukoko yo mu Buyapani isobanurwa mu buryo burambuye nk'imiti ikoreshwa mu kugenzura ibinyabuzima idahinduka, ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gutera imbuto. Kuri ubu, hari imiti yica udukoko 47 yanditswe mu Buyapani kandi ikora neza, ikaba ari iy'abanzi karemano, mikorobe n'udukoko dutera udukoko, kandi ikoreshwa mu gukumira no kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko, udukoko dutera udukoko mu bimera n'udukoko dutera udukoko mu buhinzi no mu mirima nk'imboga, imbuto, umuceri, ibiti by'icyayi, ibiti, indabyo n'ibimera by'imitako n'ubwatsi. Nubwo iyi miti yica udukoko ifite akamaro ko kwirinda cyane, ingaruka nke zo kudakira imiti, kwishakashaka cyangwa kwisubiramo mu gihe cy'imimerere myiza, igihe kirekire cyo gukora no kuzigama abakozi, ifite kandi ingaruka mbi nko kudakomera neza, kudakora neza, kudahuza neza, uburyo bwo kuyigenzura no gukoresha igihe gito. Ku rundi ruhande, ingano y'ibihingwa n'ibikoresho byo kugenzura byo kwandikisha no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani na byo ni bike cyane, kandi ntibishobora gusimbura imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo bigere ku musaruro wuzuye. Dukurikije imibare [3], mu 2020, agaciro k'imiti yica udukoko yakoreshejwe mu Buyapani kari kuri 0.8% gusa, kari munsi cyane y'umubare w'ibintu byanditse.
Nk'icyerekezo cy'ingenzi cy'iterambere ry'inganda zirwanya udukoko mu gihe kizaza, imiti yica udukoko irimo gukorwaho ubushakashatsi no gutegurwa no kwandikwa mu buhinzi. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga mu binyabuzima ndetse n'inyungu ihenze y'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'imiti yica udukoko, kunoza umutekano w'ibiribwa n'ubwiza, umutwaro w'ibidukikije n'ibisabwa mu iterambere rirambye ry'ubuhinzi, isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani rikomeje kwiyongera cyane. Inkwood Research ivuga ko isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani rizakura ku gipimo cy'ubwiyongere bwa 22.8% kuva mu 2017 kugeza 2025, kandi biteganijwe ko rizagera kuri miliyoni 729 z'amadolari mu 2025. Hamwe n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya "Ingamba zo Gutunganya Ibiryo Bihumanya", imiti yica udukoko irimo gukoreshwa mu bahinzi b'Abayapani.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-14-2024