Imiti yica udukoko ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi byo gushyira mu bikorwa “Green Food System strategy” mu Buyapani.Uru rupapuro rusobanura ibisobanuro n’icyiciro cya biopesticide mu Buyapani, kandi rushyira mu bikorwa iyandikwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu Buyapani, hagamijwe gutanga ibisobanuro ku iterambere no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu bindi bihugu.
Bitewe n'ahantu hashobora kuba hagaragara imirima ihingwa mu Buyapani, ni ngombwa gukoresha imiti myinshi yica udukoko n’ifumbire kugirango umusaruro wibihingwa kuri buri gace.Icyakora, ikoreshwa ry’imiti myinshi yica udukoko twangiza imiti yongereye umutwaro ku bidukikije, kandi ni ngombwa cyane cyane kurinda ubutaka, amazi, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, imiterere y’icyaro ndetse n’umutekano w’ibiribwa kugira ngo iterambere rirambye ry’ubuhinzi n’ibidukikije.Hamwe n’ibisigisigi byinshi byica udukoko mu bihingwa biganisha ku kwandura indwara rusange, abahinzi n’abaturage bakunda gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza kandi twangiza ibidukikije.
Kimwe na gahunda y’ibihugu by’i Burayi kugeza kuri Fork, guverinoma y’Ubuyapani muri Gicurasi 2021 yashyizeho “Strategy Green Food System Strategy” igamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza 50% muri 2050 no kongera ubuso bw’ubuhinzi kama kugeza Miliyoni 1 hm2 (ihwanye na 25% yubutaka bwubuyapani).Ingamba zigamije kuzamura umusaruro no kuramba mu biribwa, ubuhinzi, amashyamba n’uburobyi binyuze mu ngamba zo kurwanya udushya (MeaDRI), harimo kurwanya udukoko twangiza, uburyo bunoze bwo gukoresha no guteza imbere ubundi buryo bushya.Muri byo, icy'ingenzi ni iterambere, gushyira mu bikorwa no guteza imbere kurwanya udukoko twangiza (IPM), kandi imiti yica udukoko ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi.
1. Ibisobanuro nicyiciro cya biopesticide mu Buyapani
Imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti yica udukoko cyangwa imiti yica udukoko, kandi muri rusange yerekeza ku miti yica udukoko twangiza umutekano cyangwa inshuti kubantu, ibidukikije n’ibidukikije ukoresheje cyangwa bishingiye ku mutungo kamere.Dukurikije inkomoko y'ibigize ingirakamaro, imiti yica udukoko irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bikurikira: icya mbere, imiti yica udukoko twangiza mikorobe, harimo za bagiteri, ibihumyo, virusi n’inyamaswa z’ibinyabuzima (zahinduwe mu buryo bwa genoside) ibinyabuzima bifite mikorobe na metabolite zasohotse;Iya kabiri ni imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko, harimo ibimera bizima nibiyikuramo, ibihingwa byashyizwemo imiti ikingira (ibihingwa byahinduwe genetique);Icya gatatu, imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku nyamaswa, harimo nematode nzima, inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa parasitike n’inyamanswa hamwe n’ibikomoka ku nyamaswa (nka feromone).Amerika ndetse n’ibindi bihugu na byo bishyira mu byiciro imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko nk’amavuta y’ubutare nka biopesticide.
SEIJ yo mu Buyapani ishyira biopesticide mu miti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko. ibintu byica udukoko.Ihuriro ry’amakoperative y’ubuhinzi y’Ubuyapani ashyira biopesticide y’Abayapani muri arthropode y’umwanzi karemano, nematode y’umwanzi karemano, mikorobe ndetse n’ibinyabuzima, kandi ishyira Bacillus thuringiensis idakora nka mikorobe kandi ikuraho antibiyotike y’ubuhinzi mu cyiciro cya biopesticide.Nyamara, mu micungire y’imiti yica udukoko, imiti y’ibinyabuzima yo mu Buyapani isobanurwa mu buryo bworoshye nk’imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubuzima, ni ukuvuga, “imiti igabanya ubukana nka mikorobe ya antagonistique, mikorobe y’ibimera itera udukoko, udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, nematode y’udukoko, parasitike n’inyamaswa zangiza zikoreshwa mu kugenzura udukoko ”.Mu yandi magambo, ibiyayuramutwe by’Abayapani ni imiti yica udukoko twangiza ibinyabuzima nka mikorobe, entomopathetic nematode n’ibinyabuzima by’umwanzi bisanzwe nkibigize ibintu bifatika, mu gihe ubwoko nubwoko bwibinyabuzima bikomoka mu binyabuzima byanditswe mu Buyapani ntabwo biri mu cyiciro cya biopesticide.Byongeye kandi, nk’uko bigaragara mu Buyapani “Ingamba zo kuvura ibyavuye mu bizamini by’isuzuma ry’umutekano bijyanye no gusaba kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko twangiza mikorobe”, ibinyabuzima byahinduwe mu buryo bwa genoside n’ibimera ntabwo biyoborwa n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza mu Buyapani.Mu myaka yashize, Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi, amashyamba n’uburobyi nayo yatangije gahunda yo kongera gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko ndetse inashyiraho ibipimo bishya byo kutandikisha imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo bigabanye amahirwe yo gukwirakwiza no gukwirakwiza imiti y’ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangiza cyane aho ituye. cyangwa gukura kw'inyamaswa n'ibimera mubuzima.
Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi, amashyamba n’uburobyi mu Buyapani mu mwaka wa 2022, yasohoye “Urutonde rw’ibiti by’ibimera” byashyizwe ahagaragara bikubiyemo imiti yose yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza ubuzima.Imiti y’ibinyabuzima yo mu Buyapani isonewe ishyirwaho rya Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) hamwe n’ibipimo ntarengwa by’ibisigisigi (MRL), byombi bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikomoka ku buhinzi hakurikijwe ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi n’ubuyapani (JAS).
2. Incamake yo kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko twangiza mu Buyapani
Nkigihugu kiza imbere mugutezimbere no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko, Ubuyapani bufite gahunda yo kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko hamwe nubwoko butandukanye bwo kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko.Nk’uko imibare y’umwanditsi ibigaragaza, guhera mu 2023, mu Buyapani hari imiti 99 yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko.Muri byo, ibikoresho 35 bikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko (harimo nematocide 2), ibintu 12 bikoreshwa mu kuboneza urubyaro, kandi nta bimera cyangwa ibindi bikoreshwa (Ishusho 1).Nubwo feromone itari mubyiciro bya biopesticide mu Buyapani, mubisanzwe bitezwa imbere kandi bigashyirwa hamwe hamwe na biopesticide nkibikoresho byo gutera kama.
2.1 Imiti yica udukoko twangiza abanzi karemano
Hariho ibintu 22 byingenzi bigize umwanda kamere biopesticide yanditswe mubuyapani, bishobora kugabanywamo udukoko twa parasitike, udukoko twangiza ndetse nudukoko twangiza dukurikije amoko y’ibinyabuzima nuburyo bwo gukora.Muri byo, udukoko twangiza n’udusimba twangiza twangiza udukoko twangiza ibiryo, kandi udukoko twa parasitike dutera amagi mu byonnyi byangiza udukoko twangiza kandi bigatera imbere kwica nyirubwite.Udukoko twa parasitike hymenoptera, nk'inzuki za aphid, inzuki za aphid, inzuki za aphid, inzuki za aphid, inzuki za aphid, inzuki za hemiptera na Mylostomus japonicus, zanditswe mu Buyapani, zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya aphide, isazi n'ibisazi byera ku mboga zihingwa muri pariki, n'umuhigo chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug na thrips bikoreshwa cyane mugucunga aphide, thrips hamwe nisazi zera ku mboga zihingwa muri pariki.Ibinyamanswa byangiza bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kugenzura igitagangurirwa gitukura, mite yamababi, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips na cyera ku mboga, indabyo, ibiti byimbuto, ibishyimbo n ibirayi bihingwa muri pariki, ndetse no ku mboga, ibiti byimbuto nicyayi byatewe muri imirima.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (= Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kwiyandikisha kwabanzi karemano nka O. sauteri ntabwo byongeye gushya.
2.2 Imiti yica udukoko
Hariho ubwoko 23 bwibintu byica udukoko twangiza mikorobe byanditswe mubuyapani, bishobora kugabanywamo udukoko twica udukoko / fungicide, bagiteri yica udukoko / fungiside na fungiside yica udukoko / fungiside ukurikije ubwoko n’imikoreshereze ya mikorobe.Muri byo, udukoko twica mikorobe twica cyangwa tugenzura udukoko twanduza, kugwiza no gusohora uburozi.Microbial fungicides igenzura bagiteri ziterwa na virusi binyuze mumarushanwa yo gukoloniza, gusohora mikorobe cyangwa metabolite ya kabiri, no kwinjiza ibimera [1-2, 7-8, 11].Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, virusi ya Fusarium oxysporum na Pepper yoroheje ya mottle virusi itera imbaraga, no kwandikisha mikorobe yica udukoko nka Xan. Drechslera monoceras ntabwo yavuguruwe.
2.2.1 Imiti yica udukoko
Imiti yica udukoko twa granular na nuclear polyhedroid yanditswe mu Buyapani ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twihariye nka pome ya pome, icyayi cy’icyayi n’icyayi kirekire, ndetse na Streptococcus aureus ku bihingwa nkimbuto, imboga n'ibishyimbo.Nka mikorobe ikoreshwa cyane, Bacillus thuringiensis ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twa lepidoptera na hemiptera ku bihingwa nk'imboga, imbuto, umuceri, ibirayi na turf.Mu miti yica udukoko twanduye, Beauveria bassiana ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza no gukomeretsa umunwa nka thrips, udukoko twinshi, isazi zera, mite, inyenzi, diyama na aphide ku mboga, imbuto, pinusi n'icyayi.Beauveria brucei ikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko twa coleoptera nka longiceps hamwe ninyenzi mu biti byimbuto, ibiti, angelika, indabyo za kireri n ibihumyo bya shiitake.Metarhizium anisopliae yakoreshwaga mu kugenzura thrips mu guhinga pariki y’imboga n imyembe;Paecilomyces furosus na paecilopus pectus byakoreshwaga mu kugenzura inyoni zera, aphide nigitagangurirwa gitukura muri pariki zihingwa imboga na strawberry.Agahumyo gakoreshwa mu kurwanya isazi zera na thrips mu guhinga pariki yo guhinga imboga, imyembe, chrysanthemumu na lisiflorum.
Nka mikorobe yonyine nematocide yanditswe kandi ikora neza mubuyapani, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum ikoreshwa mugucunga ipfundo rya nematode mu mboga, ibirayi nimbuto.
2.2.2 Microbiocide
Virusi imeze nka fungiside zucchini yumuhondo virusi ya Mosaic yongerewe imbaraga mu Buyapani yakoreshejwe mu kurwanya indwara ya Mosaic na fusarium wilt iterwa na virusi ifitanye isano na combre.Muri fungiside ya bacteriologiya yanditswe mu Buyapani, Bacillus amylolitica ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara z’ibihumyo nko kubora ibara ryijimye, imvi zijimye, indwara y’umukara, indwara y’inyenyeri yera, ifu yifu, ifu yumukara, ibibabi, indwara yibibabi, ingese yera n’ibibabi ku mboga, imbuto, indabyo, hops n'itabi.Bacillus simplex yakoreshejwe mu gukumira no kuvura indwara ya bagiteri na bagiteri yumuceri.Bacillus subtilis ikoreshwa muguhashya indwara ziterwa na bagiteri na fungal nka gray gray, powdery mildew, indwara yinyenyeri yumukara, guturika umuceri, ibibabi byirabura, indwara yumukara, ibibabi byera, ibibara byera, udusimba, indwara ya kanseri, indwara ya kirabiranya, indwara yumukara, Indwara yumukara, amababi yumukara hamwe nindwara ya bagiteri yimboga, imbuto, umuceri, indabyo nibimera byimitako, ibishyimbo, ibirayi, hops, itabi nibihumyo.Imiti idatera indwara ya Erwenella yoroshye ya karoti ya karoti ikoreshwa muguhashya indwara yoroshye na kanseri ku mboga, citrusi, cycleen n'ibirayi.Pseudomonas fluorescens ikoreshwa mukurwanya kubora, kubora umukara, bacteri yumukara no kumera kwindabyo kubibabi byamababi.Pseudomonas roseni ikoreshwa muguhashya kubora byoroshye, kubora kwirabura, kubora, kumera kwindabyo, kubibabi bya bagiteri, kwandura kwa bagiteri, gutobora kwa bagiteri, kubora kwa bagiteri, kubora kwa bagiteri, kwandura amashami ya bagiteri na kanseri ya bagiteri ku mboga n'imbuto.Phagocytophage mirabile ikoreshwa muguhashya indwara yo kubyimba imizi yimboga zibisi, na bagiteri yumuhondo wumuhondo ikoreshwa muguhashya ifu yifu, ifu yumukara, anthrax, ibabi ryibabi, ifu yumuceri, guturika umuceri, indwara ya bagiteri, kwandura bagiteri, umurongo wijimye , indwara mbi ziterwa no gutera ingemwe ku mboga, strawberry n'umuceri, kandi biteza imbere imizi y'ibihingwa.Lactobacillus plantarum ikoreshwa muguhashya kubora imboga n'ibirayi.Muri fungicide yanditswe mu Buyapani, microscutella ya Scutellaria yakoreshejwe mu gukumira no kugenzura ibibyimba bya sclerotium mu mboga, kubora kwirabura kubora muri tungurusumu na tungurusumu.Trichoderma viridis ikoreshwa muguhashya indwara za bagiteri na fungal nka blight umuceri, indwara ya bagiteri yubururu, indwara yibibabi n'umuceri, hamwe n'indwara ya asparagus yumutuku n'indwara ya silike yera.
2.3 Entematopatogene nematode
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa nematode ya entomopatogeneque yanditswe neza mubuyapani, kandi uburyo bwabo bwo kwica udukoko [1-2, 11] burimo ahanini kwangiza imashini zitera, kurya imirire no kwangirika kw ingirabuzimafatizo, hamwe na bagiteri ya symbiotic isohora uburozi.Carpocapsae ya Steinernema na S. glaseri, byanditswe mu Buyapani, bikoreshwa cyane cyane ku birayi, imyelayo, insukoni, indabyo n’ibiti by’ibabi, indabyo za kirisi, plum, pashe, imbuto zitukura, pome, ibihumyo, imboga, turf na ginkgo Kurwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko. nka Megalophora, olive weestro, Imizabibu Yumukara Weestro, Palm Palm Weestro, Inyenyeri Yumuhondo Longicornis, Peach Neck-ijosi Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Ikiyapani Cherry Igiti gito , aculema Japonica na fungus itukura.Kwiyandikisha kwa entomopatogene nematode S. kushidai ntabwo byongeye.
3. Incamake n'ibitekerezo
Mu Buyapani, imiti yica udukoko ni ingenzi mu kurinda umutekano w’ibiribwa, kurengera ibidukikije n’ibinyabuzima, no gukomeza iterambere rirambye ry’ubuhinzi.Bitandukanye n’ibihugu n’uturere nka Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubushinwa na Vietnam [1, 7-8], imiti y’ibinyabuzima y’Ubuyapani isobanurwa mu buryo bworoshye nk’imiti y’ibinyabuzima yahinduwe idashingiye ku ngirabuzima fatizo ishobora gukoreshwa nk’ibikoresho byo gutera kama.Kugeza ubu, mu Buyapani hari imiti 47 yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza kandi ifite akamaro mu Buyapani, ikaba ari iy'abanzi karemano, mikorobe ndetse n’udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, kandi ikoreshwa mu gukumira no kurwanya indwara ya arthropode yangiza, ibihingwa bya parasitike nematode hamwe n’udukoko twangiza ibihingwa n’ibihingwa byo mu murima nkibi nk'imboga, imbuto, umuceri, ibiti by'icyayi, ibiti, indabyo n'ibiti by'imitako n'ibyatsi.Nubwo iyi miti yica udukoko ifite ibyiza byo kwirinda umutekano muke, ibyago bike byo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge, kwishakamo ibisubizo cyangwa kurandura burundu udukoko twangiza mu bihe byiza, igihe kirekire no kuzigama abakozi, bifite kandi ingaruka nko guhagarara nabi, gukora neza, kutabangikanya nabi , kugenzura ibintu no kugabanya gukoresha idirishya igihe.Ku rundi ruhande, ingano y’ibihingwa n’ibikoresho byo kugenzura kwandikisha no gukoresha imiti y’ibinyabuzima mu Buyapani nabyo ni bike, kandi ntibishobora gusimbuza imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo bigerweho neza.Dukurikije imibare [3], mu 2020, agaciro k’imiti yica udukoko dukoreshwa mu Buyapani kangana na 0.8% gusa, kikaba cyari munsi y’umubare w’umubare w’ibikoresho byanditse.
Nicyerekezo nyamukuru cyiterambere ryinganda zica udukoko mugihe kizaza, imiti yica udukoko irakorwaho ubushakashatsi kandi igatezwa imbere kandi yandikwa kubyara umusaruro.Hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima no kumenyekanisha inyungu z’igiciro cy’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ibinyabuzima, kuzamura umutekano w’ibiribwa n’ubuziranenge, umutwaro w’ibidukikije ndetse n’ibikenewe mu iterambere rirambye ry’ubuhinzi, isoko ry’ibinyabuzima byangiza Ubuyapani rikomeje kwiyongera vuba.Ubushakashatsi bwa Inkwood bugereranya ko isoko ry’ibinyabuzima by’Ubuyapani riziyongera ku gipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka kingana na 22.8% kuva 2017 kugeza 2025, bikaba biteganijwe ko kizagera kuri miliyoni 729 z'amadolari mu 2025. Hamwe n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya “Green Food System Strategy”, hakoreshwa imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko. mu bahinzi b'Abayapani
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-14-2024