Isaranganya ryinyungu zinganda zica udukoko "inseko yumurongo": imyiteguro 50%, abahuza 20%, imiti yumwimerere 15%, serivisi 15%

Uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa birinda ibihingwa birashobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: “ibikoresho fatizo - abahuza - imiti yumwimerere - imyiteguro”.Upstream ninganda za peteroli / chimique, zitanga ibikoresho fatizo kubicuruzwa bikingira ibihingwa, cyane cyane ibikoresho fatizo bya chorogi nganda nka fosifore yumuhondo na chlorine y’amazi, hamwe n’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibanze bya chimique nka methanol na “tribenzene”.

Inganda zo hagati zirimo abahuza nibiyobyabwenge bikora.Abahuza ni ishingiro ryo gukora imiti ikora, kandi imiti itandukanye isaba abahuza batandukanye mugikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro, ishobora kugabanywamo abahuza ba florine, abahuza na cyano, hamwe nabahuza heterocyclic.Umuti wumwimerere nigicuruzwa cyanyuma kigizwe nibintu bikora hamwe n umwanda wabonetse mugikorwa cyo gukora imiti yica udukoko.Ukurikije ikintu cyo kugenzura, gishobora kugabanywamo ibyatsi, imiti yica udukoko, fungiside nibindi.

Inganda zo hasi cyane cyane zikubiyemo imiti yimiti.Bitewe no kudashonga mumazi hamwe nibirimo byinshi mubigize ingirakamaro, umubare munini wibiyobyabwenge bikora ntibishobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye, bikeneye kongeramo inyongeramusaruro zikwiye (nka solde, emulisiferi, dispersants, nibindi) bitunganijwe muburyo butandukanye, bikoreshwa mubuhinzi, amashyamba, ubworozi, ubuzima nizindi nzego.

01Imiterere yiterambere ryimiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa

Imiti yica udukokoinganda ziciriritse ziri hagati y’uruganda rw’udukoko twangiza udukoko, amasosiyete mpuzamahanga agenzura ubushakashatsi bwambere bw’udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza imiti, benshi mu bahuza n’abakozi bakora bahitamo kugura mu Bushinwa, Ubuhinde ndetse no mu bindi bihugu, Ubushinwa. n'Ubuhinde byahindutse ahantu h’umusaruro w’imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’ibikorwa bikora ku isi.

Umusaruro w’abahuza imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa wakomeje umuvuduko muke w’iterambere, aho impuzandengo y’ubwiyongere buri mwaka ya 1,4% kuva 2014 kugeza 2023. Imishinga ihuza imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa yibasiwe cyane na politiki, kandi igipimo rusange cyo gukoresha ubushobozi kiri hasi.Abahuza imiti yica udukoko ikorerwa mu Bushinwa barashobora ahanini guhaza ibikenerwa n’inganda zica udukoko, ariko abahuza bamwe baracyakenera gutumizwa mu mahanga.Bimwe muribyo bikorerwa mubushinwa, ariko ubwinshi cyangwa ubwiza ntibishobora kuzuza ibisabwa byumusaruro;Ikindi gice cy'Ubushinwa ntikirashobora gutanga umusaruro.

Kuva mu 2017, icyifuzo cy’abahuza imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa cyaragabanutse cyane, kandi igabanuka ry’ubunini bw’isoko ntiri munsi yo kugabanuka kw'ibisabwa.Ahanini bitewe n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya zeru-ziyongera ry’imiti yica udukoko n’ifumbire, umubare w’imiti yica udukoko n’umusaruro w’ibiyobyabwenge mbisi mu Bushinwa wagabanutse cyane, kandi n’abahuza imiti yica udukoko na bo baragabanutse cyane.Muri icyo gihe kandi, kubera ingaruka z’ibidukikije byo kurengera ibidukikije, igiciro cy’isoko ry’abahuza imiti yica udukoko cyazamutse vuba muri 2017, bituma ingano y’isoko ry’inganda muri rusange ihagaze neza, kandi igiciro cy’isoko cyagabanutse buhoro buhoro kuva muri 2018 kugeza 2019 kuko ibicuruzwa byagarutse buhoro buhoro.Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, guhera mu 2022, Ubushinwa bwica udukoko twangiza imiti bugera kuri miliyari 68.78, naho impuzandengo y’isoko ni 17.500 / toni.

02Iterambere ryisoko ryo gutegura imiti yica udukoko mubushinwa

Isaranganya ryunguka ryinganda zica udukoko ryerekana ibiranga "inseko yumurongo": imyiteguro igera kuri 50%, abahuza 20%, imiti yumwimerere 15%, serivisi 15%, hamwe nigurisha ryimyiteguro yanyuma niyo nyungu yibanze, ifata umwanya wuzuye muri gukwirakwiza inyungu zo gukwirakwiza imiti yica udukoko.Ugereranije no gukora imiti yumwimerere, ishimangira ikorana buhanga no kugenzura ibiciro, imyiteguro yegereye isoko ryanyuma, kandi ubushobozi bwikigo burarenze.

Usibye ubushakashatsi n'ikoranabuhanga mu iterambere, urwego rw'imyiteguro runashimangira imiyoboro no kubaka ibicuruzwa, serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha, hamwe n'ibipimo bitandukanye by'amarushanwa bitandukanye ndetse n'agaciro kiyongereye.Bitewe n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya zeru-zeru ziterwa na pesticide n'ifumbire, icyifuzo cyo gutegura imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa cyakomeje kugabanuka, ibyo bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku bunini bw’isoko n’umuvuduko w’iterambere ry’inganda.Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bugenda bugabanuka bwateje ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubushobozi buke, ibyo bikaba byarushijeho gukaza umurego ku isoko kandi bikagira ingaruka ku nyungu z’inganda no guteza imbere inganda.

Umubare w'Ubushinwa wohereza mu mahanga n'ubwinshi bw'imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko twinshi cyane kuruta ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bisaguka.Kuva mu 2020 kugeza 2022, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga by’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa bizahinduka, bihuze kandi bitezimbere mu kuzamuka no kumanuka.Mu 2023, Ubushinwa bwatumije mu mahanga imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twari miliyoni 974 z'amadolari y'Amerika, ikaba yariyongereyeho 1,94% mu gihe kimwe cy'umwaka ushize, kandi ibihugu bikomoka mu mahanga byatumijwe mu mahanga ni Indoneziya, Ubuyapani n'Ubudage.Ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byageze kuri miliyari 8.087 z'amadolari, byagabanutseho 27.21% umwaka ushize, aho ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ari Burezili (18.3%), Ositaraliya na Amerika.70% -80% by’umusaruro w’udukoko twangiza udukoko two mu Bushinwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, ibarura ry’isoko mpuzamahanga rigomba gusya, kandi igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa byica udukoko twangiza cyane cyaragabanutse cyane, iyi ikaba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru yatumye igabanuka ry’amafaranga yoherezwa mu mahanga y’imiti yica udukoko mu 2023.