Uruhererekane rw'inganda rw'ibikomoka ku bimera rushobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: “ibikoresho fatizo – ibikomoka ku bimera biciriritse – imiti y’umwimerere – ibikomoka ku bimera.” Hejuru y’inganda hari inganda zikora peteroli/ibinyabutabire, zitanga ibikoresho fatizo byo kurinda ibimera, cyane cyane ibikoresho fatizo bidafite umwimerere nka fosifore y’umuhondo na chlorine y’amazi, hamwe n’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibanze bya shimi nka methanol na “tribenzene”.
Inganda zo hagati zirimo ahanini imiti ikoreshwa hagati n'imiti ikoreshwa hagati. Imiti ikoreshwa hagati ni yo shingiro ry'ikorwa ry'imiti ikoreshwa hagati, kandi imiti itandukanye ikoreshwa hagati ikenera imiti itandukanye hagati mu ikorwa, ishobora kugabanywamo imiti ikoreshwa hagati irimo fluorine, imiti ikoreshwa hagati irimo cyano, n'imiti ikoreshwa hagati ya heterocyclic. Umuti w'umwimerere ni wo musaruro wa nyuma ugizwe n'ibintu bikora n'imyanda iboneka mu ikorwa ry'imiti yica udukoko. Dukurikije intego yo kugenzura, ushobora kugabanywamo imiti yica udukoko, imiti yica udukoko, imiti yica udukoko n'ibindi.
Inganda zo mu gace k’ubuso zikorera ahanini imiti. Bitewe n’uko idashonga mu mazi kandi ikaba irimo ibintu byinshi bikora, imiti myinshi ikora ntishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye, hakenewe kongeramo inyongeramusaruro zikwiye (nk’imiti ivangavanze, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, n’ibindi) itunganywa mu buryo butandukanye, ikoreshwa mu buhinzi, amashyamba, ubworozi, ubuzima n’ibindi.
01Iterambere ry'isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa rihagaze neza
Umuti wica udukokoInganda zitunganya imiti zikoresha imiti irwanya udukoko ziri hagati mu nganda zitunganya imiti irwanya udukoko, amasosiyete mpuzamahanga agenzura ubushakashatsi bushya bw’imiti irwanya udukoko, iterambere n’imiyoboro yo kugurisha imiti ikoreshwa mu kuyitunganya, inyinshi mu nganda zitunganya imiti irwanya udukoko zihitamo kugura mu Bushinwa, mu Buhinde no mu bindi bihugu, Ubushinwa n’Ubuhinde byabaye ahantu hakuru hakorerwa imiti irwanya udukoko ku isi.
Umusaruro w'imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa wakomeje kwiyongera ku gipimo kiri hasi, aho impuzandengo y'izamuka ry'umusaruro ku mwaka ya 1.4% kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2023. Ibigo by'imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa bigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri iyi politiki, kandi igipimo rusange cy'ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ni gito. Imiti yica udukoko ikorerwa mu Bushinwa ishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'inganda zirwanya udukoko, ariko hari imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo buciriritse ikeneye gutumizwa mu mahanga. Imwe muri yo ikorerwa mu Bushinwa, ariko ingano cyangwa ubwiza ntibishobora guhaza ibisabwa mu musaruro; ikindi gice cy'Ubushinwa ntikirabasha gukora.
Kuva mu 2017, icyifuzo cy’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa cyaragabanutse cyane, kandi igabanuka ry’ingano y’isoko riri munsi y’igabanuka ry’ikiguzi. Bitewe ahanini no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kudakura kw’imiti yica udukoko n’ifumbire mvaruganda, ingano y’imiti yica udukoko n’umusaruro w’imiti mibi mu Bushinwa byagabanutse cyane, kandi icyifuzo cy’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa nacyo cyaragabanutse cyane. Muri icyo gihe, bitewe n’inzitizi zo kurengera ibidukikije, igiciro cy’imiti myinshi yica udukoko cyazamutse cyane mu 2017, bituma ingano y’isoko ry’inganda muri rusange ihoraho, kandi igiciro cy’isoko cyaragabanutse buhoro buhoro kuva mu 2018 kugeza mu 2019 uko itangwa ryabyo ryagiye risubira uko ryari risanzwe. Dukurikije imibare, kugeza mu 2022, ingano y’isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa ni miliyari 68.78 z’amayuwani, kandi igiciro mpuzandengo cy’isoko ni hafi 17.500 y’amayuwani kuri toni.
02Iterambere ry'isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa rihagaze neza
Igabanywa ry'inyungu ry'uruhererekane rw'inganda zirwanya udukoko rigaragaza imiterere ya "smile curve": gutegura bingana na 50%, hagati 20%, imiti y'umwimerere 15%, serivisi 15%, naho kugurisha imiti igabanya ubukana ni byo bihuza ingenzi n'inyungu, bifite umwanya ntarengwa mu gukwirakwiza inyungu z'uruhererekane rw'inganda zirwanya udukoko. Ugereranyije n'ikorwa ry'umuti w'umwimerere, ushimangira ikoranabuhanga rya sintetike no kugenzura ikiguzi, gutegura biri hafi y'isoko ry'inganda, kandi ubushobozi bw'ikigo ni bwinshi kurushaho.
Uretse ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, urwego rw'itegurwa runashimangira uburyo bwo kubaka ikirango, serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha, n'uburyo butandukanye bwo guhangana ndetse n'agaciro kongerwamo. Bitewe no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kudakura kw'imiti yica udukoko n'ifumbire mvaruganda, icyifuzo cy'imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa cyakomeje kugabanuka, ibyo bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku bunini bw'isoko n'umuvuduko w'iterambere ry'inganda. Kuri ubu, kugabanuka k'ubukene mu Bushinwa byateje ikibazo gikomeye cy'ubushobozi burenze urugero, ibyo bikaba byarakomeje kongera imbaraga mu irushanwa ku isoko ndetse bikagira ingaruka ku nyungu z'ibigo ndetse n'iterambere ry'inganda.
Ingano y’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa yoherezwa mu mahanga n’ingano y’imiti yica udukoko iri hejuru cyane ugereranije n’ituruka mu mahanga, bikaba ari inyungu ku bucuruzi. Kuva mu 2020 kugeza 2022, kohereza mu mahanga imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa bizahindura, bihuze kandi birusheho kunoza izamuka n’igabanuka. Muri 2023, ingano y’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa yari miliyoni 974 z’amadolari y’Amerika, yiyongereyeho 1.94% ugereranyije n’igihe nk’icyo umwaka ushize, kandi ibihugu by’ingenzi byaturutse mu mahanga byari Indoneziya, Ubuyapani n’Ubudage. Ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga byageze kuri miliyari 8.087 z’amadolari, byagabanutseho 27.21% ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize, aho ibicuruzwa by’ingenzi byoherezwa mu mahanga ari Brezili (18.3%), Ositaraliya na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. 70%-80% by’umusaruro w’imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa woherezwa mu mahanga, ububiko bw’imiti ku isoko mpuzamahanga bugomba gucukurwa, kandi igiciro cy’imiti yica udukoko cyagabanutse cyane, ari nayo mpamvu nyamukuru yatumye ingano y’imiti yica udukoko yoherezwa mu mahanga igabanuka mu 2023.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Nyakanga 2024