Citrus, igihingwa cy’umuryango wa Arantioideae wo mu muryango wa Rutaceae, ni kimwe mu bihingwa by’amafaranga ku isi, bingana na kimwe cya kane cy’umusaruro w’imbuto ku isi.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa citrus, harimo citrus yagutse-orange, orange, pomelo, imizabibu, indimu n'indimu.Mu bihugu n’uturere birenga 140, harimo Ubushinwa, Burezili na Amerika, ubuso bwa citrusi bwageze kuri miliyoni 10.5530 hm2, naho umusaruro uva kuri toni miliyoni 166.3030.Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi mu gukora no kugurisha citrus ku isi, mu myaka yashize, ubuso bwo gutera n’umusaruro bikomeje kwiyongera, mu 2022, ubuso bungana na hm2 3,033.500, umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 6.039.Nyamara, inganda za citrusi mu Bushinwa ni nini ariko ntabwo zikomeye, kandi Amerika na Berezile ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bifite icyuho kinini.
Citrus ni igiti cy'imbuto gifite ubuso bunini bwo guhinga ndetse n’ubukungu bukomeye mu majyepfo y’Ubushinwa, bufite akamaro kanini mu kurwanya ubukene bw’inganda no kuvugurura icyaro.Hamwe no guteza imbere kurengera ibidukikije no gukangurira ubuzima no guteza imbere amahanga no kumenyekanisha inganda za citrusi, citrusi y’icyatsi n’ibinyabuzima igenda ihinduka ahantu hashyushye abantu bakoresha, kandi icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge, bitandukanye kandi buri mwaka bikomeza. kwiyongera.Nyamara, mu myaka yashize, inganda za citrusi mu Bushinwa ziterwa n’ibintu bisanzwe (ubushyuhe, imvura, ubwiza bw’ubutaka), ikoranabuhanga ry’umusaruro (ubwoko, tekinoroji yo guhinga, kwinjiza ubuhinzi) nuburyo bwo gucunga, nibindi bintu, hariho ibibazo nkubwoko bwiza bwibyiza n'ububi, ubushobozi buke bwo gukumira indwara nudukoko, kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa ntabwo bikomeye, uburyo bwo kuyobora bwasubiye inyuma kandi kugurisha imbuto ibihe biragoye.Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere icyatsi n’ubwiza buhanitse bw’inganda za citrusi, birihutirwa gushimangira ubushakashatsi ku kunoza ubwoko butandukanye, ihame n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kugabanya ibiro no kugabanya ibiyobyabwenge, ubwiza no kunoza imikorere.Imiti yica udukoko igira uruhare runini mukuzunguruka kwa citrusi kandi bigira ingaruka itaziguye ku musaruro nubwiza bwa citrusi.Mu myaka yashize, guhitamo imiti yica udukoko mu musaruro w’icyatsi cya citrus biragoye cyane kubera ikirere gikabije n’udukoko n’ibyatsi.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu bubiko bw’imiti yica udukoko tw’urusobe rw’amakuru y’Ubushinwa bwerekanye ko guhera ku ya 24 Kanama 2023, hari ibicuruzwa byica udukoko 3,243 byanditswe muri leta nziza kuri citrusi mu Bushinwa.Hari 1515imiti yica udukoko, bingana na 46,73% byumubare wica udukoko twangiza.Hariho 684 acariside, bingana na 21.09%;537 fungicide, bingana na 16.56%;475 ibyatsi byica, bingana na 14,65%;Hari 132ibimera bikura, bingana na 4.07%.Uburozi bwimiti yica udukoko mugihugu cyacu bugabanijwemo urwego 5 kuva hejuru kugeza hasi: uburozi bukabije, uburozi bukabije, uburozi buciriritse, uburozi buke nuburozi bworoheje.Hariho ibicuruzwa 541 bifite uburozi buringaniye, bingana na 16.68% byimiti yica udukoko twanduye.Hariho ibicuruzwa 2,494 bifite uburozi buke, bingana na 76.90% byumubare w’imiti yica udukoko twanditswe.Hariho ibicuruzwa 208 byoroheje byoroheje, bingana na 6.41% byumubare wica udukoko twanduye.
1. Imiterere yo kwiyandikisha kwa citrus pesticide / acaricide
Hariho ubwoko 189 bwibintu byica udukoko byica udukoko bikoreshwa mu musaruro wa citrusi mu Bushinwa, muri byo 69 ni ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikora hamwe na 120 bivangwa n’ibikoresho bikora.Umubare w’udukoko twica udukoko twanditswe wari hejuru cyane ugereranije n’ibindi byiciro, byose hamwe ni 1.515.Muri byo, ibicuruzwa 994 byanditswe mu kigero kimwe, kandi imiti 5 yica udukoko ni acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), amavuta y’amabuye y'agaciro (53) na ethozole (51), bingana na 29.70 %.Ibicuruzwa 521 byose byavanze, kandi imiti 5 yica udukoko twambere mubwinshi bwanditswe ni actinospirine (ibicuruzwa 52), actinospirine (ibicuruzwa 35), actinospirin (ibicuruzwa 31), actinospirine (ibicuruzwa 31) na dihydrazide (ibicuruzwa 28), bingana na 28; 11,68%.Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, mu bicuruzwa 1515 byanditswe, hari impapuro 19 za dosiye, muri zo 3 za mbere ni ibicuruzwa bya emulsiyo (653), ibicuruzwa byahagaritswe (518) n’ifu y’amazi (169), byose hamwe bikaba 88.45. %.
Hariho ubwoko 83 bwibintu bikora bya acariside ikoreshwa mugukora citrus, harimo ubwoko 24 bwibintu bimwe bikora hamwe nubwoko 59 buvanze nibikorwa.Ibicuruzwa 684 bya acariside byanditsweho (icya kabiri nyuma y’udukoko twica udukoko), muri byo 476 ni byo byonyine, nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3. Imiti yica udukoko 4 ya mbere mu mubare w’udukoko twangiza ni acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) na fenylbutine (26), bingana na 44.59% muri rusange.Ibicuruzwa 208 byose byaravanze, kandi imiti 4 yica udukoko twambere mu mubare wanditswe ni aviculine (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculine · amavuta y’amabuye y'agaciro (15), na Aviculin · amavuta y’amabuye y'agaciro (13), angana na 10.67 %.Mu bicuruzwa 684 byanditswe, harimo impapuro 11 za dosiye, muri zo 3 za mbere ni ibicuruzwa bya emulsiyo (330), ibicuruzwa byahagaritswe (198) hamwe n’ifu y’amazi (124), bingana na 95.32% muri rusange.
Ubwoko nubwinshi bwudukoko twica udukoko / acaricidal inshuro imwe (usibye umukozi wahagaritswe, microemuliyoni, emulioni yahagaritswe na emulioni yo mumazi) byari byinshi kuruta kuvanga.Hariho ubwoko 18 bwumuti umwe hamwe nubwoko 9 bwimvange.Hariho 11-dose imwe hamwe na 5 ivanze ya dosiye ya acaricide.Ibintu bigenzura imiti yica udukoko ni Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (igitagangurirwa gitukura), Gall mite (tick rust, igitagangurirwa), Whitefly (Umweru wera, umweru, umukara wirabura), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphididae) , aphide), isazi ifatika (Orange Macropha), inyenzi zicukura amababi (ucukura amababi), weevil (imvi zijimye) nibindi byonnyi.Ibintu nyamukuru bigenzura ikinini kimwe ni Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (igitagangurirwa gitukura), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphid) , Tangeridae), abacukura amababi (amababi), amababi (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), na Longicidae (Longicidae).N'udukoko twangiza.Ibintu bigenzura acariside yanditswemo ni mite ya phyllodidae (igitagangurirwa gitukura), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), inyenzi zamababi (amabuye y'agaciro), aphide (aphide). ) n'ibindi.Uhereye ku bwoko bw’imiti yica udukoko hamwe na acariside ni imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti, ubwoko 60 na 21.Hariho ubwoko 9 gusa buturuka ku binyabuzima n’amabuye y'agaciro, harimo neem (2) na matrine (3) biva mu bimera n’inyamaswa, na Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) na avermectine ( 103) biva kuri mikorobe.Amabuye y'agaciro ni amavuta yubutare (62), ivangwa rya sulfure yamabuye (7), naho ibindi byiciro ni sodium rosine (6).
2. Kwiyandikisha kwa citrus fungicide
Hariho ubwoko 117 bwibikoresho bikora bya fungiside, ubwoko 61 bwibintu bimwe bikora hamwe nubwoko 56 buvanze nibintu bikora.Hariho ibicuruzwa 537 bifitanye isano na fungiside, muri byo 406 byari dosiye imwe.Imiti 4 yambere yica udukoko ni imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), hydroxide yumuringa (25) numwami wumuringa (19), bangana na 29.24%.Ibicuruzwa 131 byose byavanze, kandi imiti 4 yambere yica udukoko twanditswe ni Chunlei · Wang umuringa (17), umuringa wa Chunlei · quinoline (9), azole · deisen (8), na azole · imimine (7), bingana na 7,64% byose hamwe.Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari uburyo 18 bwa dosiye y’ibicuruzwa 537 byica fungiside, muri byo ubwoko 3 bwa mbere bufite umubare munini ni ifu y’amazi (159), ibicuruzwa byahagaritswe (148) na granule ikwirakwizwa n’amazi (86), ibaruramari kuri 73.18% muri rusange.Hariho uburyo 16 bwa dosiye imwe ya fungiside hamwe na dosiye 7 ivanze.
Fungiside igenzura ibintu ni powdery mildew, scab, ikibara cyumukara (inyenyeri yumukara), ifu yumukara, canker, indwara ya resin, anthrax nindwara zigihe cyo kubika (kubora imizi, kubora umukara, penisilium, icyatsi kibisi na aside ibora).Fungiside ni imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko, hari ubwoko 41 bwimiti yica udukoko twica udukoko twangiza imiti, kandi ubwoko 19 gusa bwibinyabuzima n’ibinyabuzima byandikwa, muri byo hakaba harimo ibimera n’ibikomoka ku nyamaswa ni berberine (1), carvall (1), ikomoka kuri sopranoginseng (2) ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Inkomoko ya mikorobe yari mesomycine (4), priuremycine (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Amabuye y'agaciro ni oxyde ya cuprous (1), umuringa wumwami (19), ivangwa rya sulfure yamabuye (6), hydroxide yumuringa (25), calcium yumuringa sulfate (11), sulfure (6), amavuta yubutare (4), sulfate yibanze yumuringa (7), Amazi ya Bordeaux (11).
3. Kwiyandikisha kwa citrus herbicides
Hariho ubwoko 20 bwibintu byica ibyatsi, ubwoko 14 bwibintu bimwe byingirakamaro hamwe nubwoko 6 buvanze nibintu byiza.Ibicuruzwa byica ibyatsi 475 byanditswe, harimo 467 imwe rukumbi hamwe n’imiti 8 ivanze.Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 5, ibyatsi 5 byambere byanditsweho ni glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) na amphonium ya glyphosate nziza (6), bingana na 94,95% muri rusange.Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari uburyo 7 bwa dosiye y’imiti yica ibyatsi, muri byo 3 bya mbere ni ibikomoka ku mazi (302), ibikomoka kuri granule soluble (78) n’ibicuruzwa bivamo ifu (69), bingana na 94.53% muri rusange.Ku bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima, ibyatsi 20 byose byatewe mu buryo bwa shimi, kandi nta bicuruzwa by’ibinyabuzima byanditswe.
4. Kwiyandikisha kugenzura imikurire ya citrus
Hariho ubwoko 35 bwibintu bikora bigenga imikurire yikimera, harimo ubwoko 19 bwimikorere imwe nubwoko 16 buvanze.Hano hari ibicuruzwa 132 bikurikirana bikura bikura, muri byo 100 ni ikinini kimwe.Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 6, 5 byambere byanditseho kugenzura imikurire ya citrusi ni aside ya gibberellinike (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), bingana na 59.85% muri rusange. .Ibicuruzwa 32 byose byavanze, kandi ibicuruzwa 3 byambere byanditsweho ni benzylamine · gibberellanic aside (7), aside 24-epimeranic aside · gibberellanic aside (4) na acide 28-epimeranic · acide gibberellanic (3), bingana na 10.61% muri yose hamwe.Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari uburyo 13 bwa dosiye yuburyo bugenzura imikurire y’ibihingwa, muri byo 3 bya mbere ni ibicuruzwa biva mu mazi (52), ibikomoka ku mavuta (19) n’ibicuruzwa bivamo ifu (13), bingana na 63,64% byose hamwe.Imikorere yubuyobozi bukura bwibihingwa ni cyane cyane kugenzura imikurire, kugenzura kurasa, kubungabunga imbuto, guteza imbere imbuto, kwaguka, amabara, kongera umusaruro no kubungabunga.Nk’uko amoko yanditswe abivuga, ibiyobora nyamukuru bikura by’ibihingwa byari synthesis ya chimique, hamwe n’amoko 14 yose, hamwe n’amoko 5 gusa y’ibinyabuzima, muri byo hakaba harimo mikorobe yari S-allantoin (5), naho ibinyabuzima bikomoka kuri biohimiki byari aside gibberellanic; (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
4. Kwiyandikisha kugenzura imikurire ya citrus
Hariho ubwoko 35 bwibintu bikora bigenga imikurire yikimera, harimo ubwoko 19 bwimikorere imwe nubwoko 16 buvanze.Hano hari ibicuruzwa 132 bikurikirana bikura bikura, muri byo 100 ni ikinini kimwe.Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 6, 5 byambere byanditseho kugenzura imikurire ya citrusi ni aside ya gibberellinike (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), bingana na 59.85% muri rusange. .Ibicuruzwa 32 byose byavanze, kandi ibicuruzwa 3 byambere byanditsweho ni benzylamine · gibberellanic aside (7), aside 24-epimeranic aside · gibberellanic aside (4) na acide 28-epimeranic · acide gibberellanic (3), bingana na 10.61% muri yose hamwe.Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari uburyo 13 bwa dosiye yuburyo bugenzura imikurire y’ibihingwa, muri byo 3 bya mbere ni ibicuruzwa biva mu mazi (52), ibikomoka ku mavuta (19) n’ibicuruzwa bivamo ifu (13), bingana na 63,64% byose hamwe.Imikorere yubuyobozi bukura bwibihingwa ni cyane cyane kugenzura imikurire, kugenzura kurasa, kubungabunga imbuto, guteza imbere imbuto, kwaguka, amabara, kongera umusaruro no kubungabunga.Nk’uko amoko yanditswe abivuga, ibiyobora nyamukuru bikura by’ibihingwa byari synthesis ya chimique, hamwe n’amoko 14 yose, hamwe n’amoko 5 gusa y’ibinyabuzima, muri byo hakaba harimo mikorobe yari S-allantoin (5), naho ibinyabuzima bikomoka kuri biohimiki byari aside gibberellanic; (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-24-2024