Citrus, ikimera kiri mu muryango wa Arantioideae wo mu muryango wa Rutaceae, ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi ku isi bitanga umusaruro, kikaba ari kimwe cya kane cy'umusaruro w'imbuto zose ku isi. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'imbuto z'indimu, harimo iz'indimu, iz'icunga, iz'umuhondo, iz'umuhondo, iz'indimu n'iz'indimu. Mu bihugu birenga 140 n'uturere, harimo Ubushinwa, Brezili na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ubuso bw'imbuto z'indimu bwageze kuri miliyoni 10.5530 hm2, kandi umusaruro wari toni miliyoni 166.3030. Ubushinwa ni cyo gihugu kinini ku isi gihinga kandi kigurisha imbuto z'indimu, mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubuso bw'imbuto n'umusaruro bikomeje kwiyongera, muri 2022, ubuso bugera kuri 3.033.500 hm2, umusaruro ugera kuri toni miliyoni 6.039. Ariko, inganda z'imbuto z'indimu mu Bushinwa ni nini ariko ntizikomeye, kandi Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Brezili n'ibindi bihugu bifite icyuho kinini.
Citrus ni igiti cy'imbuto gifite ubuso bunini bw'ubuhinzi kandi kikaba ari cyo cy'ingenzi mu bukungu mu majyepfo y'Ubushinwa, gifite akamaro kadasanzwe mu kugabanya ubukene mu nganda no kuvugurura icyaro. Bitewe no kunoza uburyo bwo kurengera ibidukikije no kumenyekanisha ubuzima ndetse no guteza imbere iterambere mpuzamahanga no gutanga amakuru ku nganda z'indimu, indimu mbisi n'umwimerere zirimo kuba ahantu hashyushye cyane ku bantu, kandi icyifuzo cy'ubwiza bwo hejuru, butandukanye kandi buri mwaka gikomeje kwiyongera. Ariko, mu myaka ya vuba aha, inganda z'indimu zo mu Bushinwa zigizweho ingaruka n'ibintu karemano (ubushyuhe, imvura, ubwiza bw'ubutaka), ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora (ubwoko butandukanye, ikoranabuhanga ryo guhinga, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi) n'uburyo bwo gucunga, hamwe n'ibindi bintu, hari ibibazo nk'ubwoko bwiza n'ububi, ubushobozi buke bwo kwirinda indwara n'udukoko, ubumenyi bw'ikirango ntabwo bukomeye, uburyo bwo gucunga burasubira inyuma kandi kugurisha imbuto mu bihe bitandukanye biragoye. Kugira ngo duteze imbere iterambere ry'inganda z'indimu mbisi n'ubwiza, ni ngombwa kongera imbaraga mu bushakashatsi ku kunoza ubwoko bw'indimu, amahame n'ikoranabuhanga ryo kugabanya ibiro no kugabanya imiti, kunoza ubwiza no kunoza imikorere. Imiti yica udukoko igira uruhare runini mu musaruro w'indimu kandi igira ingaruka ku musaruro n'ubwiza bw'indimu. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, guhitamo imiti yica udukoko mu buhinzi bw’icyatsi kibisi bya citrus biragoye cyane bitewe n’ikirere gikabije n’udukoko n’ibyatsi.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu bubiko bw’iyandikisha ry’imiti yica udukoko bwakozwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku miti irwanya udukoko mu Bushinwa bwagaragaje ko kugeza ku ya 24 Kanama 2023, hari imiti yica udukoko 3,243 yanditswe ku miti y’indimu mu Bushinwa. Hari 1515.imiti yica udukoko, bingana na 46.73% by'umubare wose w'imiti yica udukoko yanditswe. Hari imiti yica udukoko 684, ingana na 21.09%; imiti yica udukoko 537, ingana na 16.56%; imiti yica udukoko 475, ingana na 14.65%; Hari 132abashinzwe kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera, ingana na 4.07%. Uburozi bw'imiti yica udukoko mu gihugu cyacu bugabanyijemo urwego 5 kuva hejuru kugeza hasi: uburozi bwinshi, uburozi bwinshi, uburozi buri hagati, uburozi buke n'uburozi bworoheje. Hari ibicuruzwa 541 bifite uburozi buri hagati, bingana na 16.68% by'imiti yose yanditswe. Hari ibicuruzwa 2.494 bifite uburozi buke, bingana na 76.90% by'umubare wose w'imiti yica udukoko yanditswe. Hari ibicuruzwa 208 bifite uburozi buke, bingana na 6.41% by'umubare wose w'imiti yica udukoko yanditswe.
1. Imiterere y'iyandikwa ry'imiti yica udukoko/imiti yica udukoko mu bwoko bwa citrus
Hari ubwoko 189 bw'ibinyabutabire bikora imiti yica udukoko bikoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'indimu mu Bushinwa, muri byo 69 ni ibintu bikora ku rugero rumwe naho 120 ni ibintu bivanze. Umubare w'ibinyabutabire byanditswe wari hejuru cyane ugereranije n'ibindi byiciro, byose hamwe bikaba 1.515. Muri byo, ibinyabutabire 994 byanditswe ku rugero rumwe, naho ibinyabutabire 5 bya mbere ni acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), amavuta ya mineral (53) na ethozole (51), bingana na 29.70%. Ibinyabutabire 521 byavanze, naho ibinyabutabire 5 bya mbere mu bwinshi bwanditswe ni actinospirin (ibinyabutabire 52), actinospirin (ibinyabutabire 35), actinospirin (ibinyabutabire 31), actinospirin (ibinyabutabire 31) na dihydrazide (ibinyabutabire 28), bingana na 11.68%. Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2, mu bicuruzwa 1515 byanditswe, hari ubwoko 19 bw'ibipimo, muri byo 3 bya mbere ni ibikomoka kuri emulsion (653), ibikomoka kuri suspension (518) n'ifu itose (169), byose hamwe bikaba 88.45%.
Hari ubwoko 83 bw'ibintu bikora bya acaricides bikoreshwa mu buhinzi bw'indimu, harimo ubwoko 24 bw'ibintu bikora kimwe n'ubwoko 59 bw'ibintu bikora bivanze. Ibikoresho 684 bya acaricides byanditswe (bya kabiri nyuma y'imiti yica udukoko), muri byo 476 byari ibintu bimwe, nk'uko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 3. Imiti yica udukoko 4 ya mbere mu mubare w'imiti yica udukoko yanditswe ni acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) na phenylbutin (26), bingana na 44.59% muri rusange. Ibikoresho 208 byose byavanzwe, naho imiti yica udukoko 4 ya mbere mu mubare wanditswe ni aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · amavuta ya mineral (15), na Aviculin · amavuta ya mineral (13), bingana na 10.67%. Mu bicuruzwa 684 byanditswe, hari ubwoko 11 bw’ibipimo, muri byo 3 bya mbere byari ibikoresho bya emulsion (330), ibikoresho byo gusunika (198) n’ifu itose (124), byose hamwe bikaba 95.32%.
Ubwoko n'ingano y'imiti yica udukoko/irwanya udukoko rimwe (usibye umuti usubitswe, microemulsion, impumuro isubitswe n'imiti ivanze) byari byinshi kuruta ibivanze. Hari ubwoko 18 bw'imiti isubijwe rimwe n'ubwoko 9 bw'imiti ivanze. Hari ubwoko 11 bw'imiti isubijwe rimwe n'ubwoko 5 buvanze bw'imiti isubijwe. Ibintu bigenzurwa n'imiti ivanze ni Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (igitagangurirwa gitukura), Gall mite (ifi y'ingufu, igitagangurirwa cy'ingufu), Whiteflies (ifi y'umweru, ifi y'umweru, ifi y'umukara), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (ifi y'umuhondo, aphids), isazi ifatika (ifi y'umuhondo), leaf miner moth (ifi y'amababi), weevil (ifi y'umukara) n'ibindi bikoko. Ibintu by'ingenzi bigenzurwa n'umuti umwe ni Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (igitagangurirwa gitukura), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whiteflies), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphididae), isazi zisanzwe (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), abacukuzi b'amababi (leafleafers), abacukuzi b'amababi (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), na Longicidae (Longicidae). N'ibindi bikoko. Ibintu bigenzurwa n'udukoko twanditse ni udukoko twa phyllodidae (igitagangurirwa gitukura), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (umucukuzi w'amababi), Pall mite (igisimba cy'ingufu), aphid (aphid) n'ibindi. Muri ubwo bwoko bw'imiti yanditswe n'imiti ya acaricides harimo cyane cyane imiti yica udukoko, ubwoko 60 na 21, uko bikurikirana. Hari ubwoko 9 gusa bwaturutse mu binyabuzima n'amabuye y'agaciro, harimo umunehe (2) na matrine (3) byaturutse mu bimera n'inyamaswa, na Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) na avermectin (103) byaturutse mu mikorobe. Amabuye y'agaciro ni amavuta y'agaciro (62), uruvange rwa sulfure y'amabuye (7), n'ibindi byiciro ni sodium rosin (6).
2. Kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko mu bwoko bwa citrus
Hari ubwoko 117 bw'ibintu bikora ku miti irwanya udukoko, ubwoko 61 bw'ibintu bikora kimwe n'ubwoko 56 bw'ibintu bikora bivanze. Hari ubwoko 537 bw'ibikomoka ku miti bifitanye isano, muri byo 406 byari doze imwe. Imiti yica udukoko 4 yanditswe cyane ni imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), hydroxide y'umuringa (25) na umuringa king (19), bingana na 29.24% muri rusange. Ibicuruzwa 131 byose hamwe byaravanzwe, naho imiti yica udukoko 4 yanditswe cyane ni Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), na azole · imimine (7), bingana na 7.64% muri rusange. Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari ubwoko 18 bw'ibicuruzwa 537 bya fungicide, muri byo ubwoko 3 bwa mbere bufite umubare munini ni ifu itose (159), icyuma gishongesha (148) n'udukoko dutanyagurika mu mazi (86), bingana na 73.18% muri rusange. Hari ubwoko 16 bw'imiti irwanya udukoko hamwe n'ubundi bwoko 7 bw'imiti ivanze.
Ibintu birwanya fungicides ni ifu y’umusemburo, igisebe, akadomo k’umukara (inyenyeri yirabura), ibara ry’umusemburo, indwara ya kanseri, indwara ya anthrax n’indwara zo mu gihe cyo kubika (kubora kw’imizi, kubora k’umukara, penicillium, ibara ry’icyatsi n’ibara rya aside). Imiti yica udukoko ahanini ni imiti yica udukoko, hari ubwoko 41 bw’imiti yica udukoko ikoze mu by’ubutabire, kandi ni ubwoko 19 gusa bw’ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima n’amabuye y’agaciro byanditswe, muri byo harimo berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Inkomoko y’imiti ni mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Inkomoko y’imiti ni cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfate (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfate (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Kwandikisha imiti yica udukoko mu bwoko bwa citrus
Hari ubwoko 20 bw'ibinyabutabire bikoresha imiti yica udukoko, ubwoko 14 bw'ibinyabutabire bikoresha imiti imwe n'ubwoko 6 bw'ibinyabutabire bivanze. Handitswe ibinyabutabire 475, harimo ibinyabutabire 467 bikoresha imiti imwe n'ibinyabutabire 8 bivanze. Nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 5, ibinyabutabire 5 bya mbere byanditswe ni glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) na glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), byose hamwe bikaba 94.95%. Nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari ubwoko 7 bw'ibinyabutabire bikoresha imiti yica udukoko, muri byo 3 bya mbere bikaba ari ibikomoka ku mazi (302), ibinyabutabire bishongeshwa (78) n'ibikomoka ku ifu ishongeshwa (69), byose hamwe bikaba 94.53%. Ku bijyanye n'ubwoko, ibinyabutabire 20 byose byakozwe mu buryo bwa shimi, kandi nta binyabutabire bya binyabuzima byanditswe.
4. Kwandikisha abashinzwe kugenzura ubuhinzi bw'ibinyomoro
Hari ubwoko 35 bw'ibintu bikora mu mikorere y'ibimera, harimo ubwoko 19 bw'ibintu bimwe na bimwe n'ubwoko 16 bw'ibintu bivanze. Hari ibicuruzwa 132 bigenzura ikura ry'ibimera muri rusange, muri byo 100 ni doze imwe. Nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 6, ibikoresho 5 bya mbere bigenzura ikura ry'ibimera byanditswe ni aside gibberellinic (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), bingana na 59.85% muri rusange. Ibicuruzwa 32 byose hamwe byavanze, naho ibicuruzwa 3 bya mbere byanditswe ni benzyl aside gibberellanic (7), aside 24-epimeranic · aside gibberellanic (4) na aside gibberellanic 28 (3), bingana na 10.61%. Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari ubwoko 13 bw'ibipimo by'imiti igenzura imikurire y'ibimera, muri byo 3 bya mbere ni ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora gushonga (52), ibikomoka ku mavuta (19) n'ibikomoka ku ifu ishongeshwa (13), byose hamwe bikaba 63.64%. Imirimo y'ibipimo by'imikurire y'ibimera ni ukugenzura imikurire, kugenzura ubwinshi bw'ibimera, kubungabunga imbuto, guteza imbere imikurire y'imbuto, kwaguka, gusiga ibara, kongera umusaruro no kuzigama. Dukurikije ubwoko bwanditswe, ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikurire y'ibimera byari imikorere ya shimi, hamwe n'amoko 14 yose hamwe, hamwe n'amoko 5 gusa y'ibikomoka ku binyabuzima, muri byo harimo S-allantoin (5), naho ibikomoka ku binyabuzima ni aside gibberellanic (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
4. Kwandikisha abashinzwe kugenzura ubuhinzi bw'ibinyomoro
Hari ubwoko 35 bw'ibintu bikora mu mikorere y'ibimera, harimo ubwoko 19 bw'ibintu bimwe na bimwe n'ubwoko 16 bw'ibintu bivanze. Hari ibicuruzwa 132 bigenzura ikura ry'ibimera muri rusange, muri byo 100 ni doze imwe. Nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 6, ibikoresho 5 bya mbere bigenzura ikura ry'ibimera byanditswe ni aside gibberellinic (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) na S-inducidin (5), bingana na 59.85% muri rusange. Ibicuruzwa 32 byose hamwe byavanze, naho ibicuruzwa 3 bya mbere byanditswe ni benzyl aside gibberellanic (7), aside 24-epimeranic · aside gibberellanic (4) na aside gibberellanic 28 (3), bingana na 10.61%. Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2, hari ubwoko 13 bw'ibipimo by'imiti igenzura imikurire y'ibimera, muri byo 3 bya mbere ni ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora gushonga (52), ibikomoka ku mavuta (19) n'ibikomoka ku ifu ishongeshwa (13), byose hamwe bikaba 63.64%. Imirimo y'ibipimo by'imikurire y'ibimera ni ukugenzura imikurire, kugenzura ubwinshi bw'ibimera, kubungabunga imbuto, guteza imbere imikurire y'imbuto, kwaguka, gusiga ibara, kongera umusaruro no kuzigama. Dukurikije ubwoko bwanditswe, ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikurire y'ibimera byari imikorere ya shimi, hamwe n'amoko 14 yose hamwe, hamwe n'amoko 5 gusa y'ibikomoka ku binyabuzima, muri byo harimo S-allantoin (5), naho ibikomoka ku binyabuzima ni aside gibberellanic (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) na brassinolactone (1).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-24-2024