Mu mushinga wabanjirije kugerageza ibihingwa bitunganya ibiryo by’inzitiramubu muri Tayilande, amavuta yingenzi (EOs) ya Cyperus rotundus, galangal na cinnamon wasangaga afite ibikorwa byiza byo kurwanya imibu kurwanya Aedes aegypti.Kugerageza kugabanya ikoreshwa rya gakondoudukoko twica udukokono kunoza uburyo bwo kurwanya imibu irwanya imibu irwanya, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije kumenya isano iri hagati y’ingaruka zikuze ziterwa na okiside ya Ethylene n’uburozi bwa permethrine ku mibu ya Aedes.aegypti, harimo pyrethroid-irwanya kandi yoroheje.
Kugirango dusuzume imiterere yimiti nubwicanyi bwa EO yakuwe muri rhizomes ya C. rotundus na A. galanga nigishishwa cya C. verum kurwanya indwara ishobora kwandura Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) hamwe nubwoko bwihanganira Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R ).) Abakuze bakora Ae.Aedes aegypti.Bioassay ikuze yuruvange rwa EO-permethrin nayo yakorewe kuriyi mibu ya Aedes kugirango yumve ibikorwa byayo.aegypti.
Ibiranga imiti hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusesengura GC-MS bwerekanye ko ibice 48 byagaragaye muri EO ya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, bingana na 80.22%, 86,75% na 97.24% byibigize byose.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), na cinnamaldehyde (64,66%) nibice byingenzi bigize amavuta ya cyperus, amavuta ya galangali, namavuta ya balsamike.Mubinyabuzima byica abantu bakuze, C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum EVs zagize uruhare mukwica Ae.aegypti, MCM-S na PMD-R LD50 agaciro kari 10.05 na 9.57 μg / mg igitsina gore, 7.97 na 7.94 μg / mg gore, na 3.30 na 3.22 μg / mg.Imikorere ya MCM-S na PMD-R Ae mukwica abantu bakuru.aegypti muri izi EOs yari yegereye piperonyl butoxide (indangagaciro za PBO, LD50 = 6.30 na 4.79 μg / mg igitsina gore), ariko ntabwo ivugwa nka permethrine (LD50 agaciro = 0.44 na 3,70 ng / mg igitsina gore).Ariko, guhuza bioassay yasanze gukorana hagati ya EO na permethrin.Gukomatanya gukomeye hamwe na permethrine kurwanya imibu ibiri ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti yagaragaye muri EM ya C. rotundus na A. galanga.Kwiyongera kwa C. rotundus na A. galanga byagabanije cyane agaciro ka LD50 ya permethrine kuri MCM-S kuva 0.44 ikagera kuri 0.07 ng / mg na 0,11 ng / mg ku bagore, hamwe, hamwe nigereranya (SR) ya 6.28 na 4.00.Hiyongereyeho, C. rotundus na A. galanga EOs nazo zagabanije cyane indangagaciro za LD50 za permethrine kuri PMD-R kuva kuri 3.70 ikagera kuri 0.42 ng / mg na 0.003 ng / mg ku bagore, hamwe na SR ifite agaciro ka 8.81 na 1233.33..
Ingaruka zo guhuza imbaraga za EO-permethrine kugirango zongere uburozi bwabantu bakuru kurwanya imibu ibiri ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti yerekana uruhare rwiza kuri okiside ya Ethylene nkumuhuza mugutezimbere kurwanya imibu, cyane cyane aho imiti gakondo idakora cyangwa idakwiye.
Umubu wa Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) niwo muti nyamukuru w’indwara ya dengue n’izindi ndwara zandura nka feri y’umuhondo, virusi ya chikungunya na Zika, bikaba bibangamira abantu kandi bikomeje [1, 2]..Virusi ya Dengue ni yo ndwara ikomeye itera indwara ya hemorhagie yibasira abantu, aho abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 5-100 bandura buri mwaka kandi abantu barenga miliyari 2,5 ku isi bakaba bafite ibyago [3].Icyorezo cy'iyi ndwara yanduza gitera umutwaro munini ku baturage, sisitemu z'ubuzima ndetse n'ubukungu bw'ibihugu byinshi bishyuha [1].Minisiteri y’ubuzima yo muri Tayilande ivuga ko mu mwaka wa 2015 habaruwe abantu 142.925 barwaye indwara y’indwara n’impfu 141 mu gihugu hose, zikubye inshuro zirenga eshatu umubare w’abapfuye n’abapfuye muri 2014 [4].Nubwo hari ibimenyetso byamateka, umuriro wa dengue waranduwe cyangwa wagabanutse cyane n'umubu wa Aedes.Nyuma yo kugenzura Aedes aegypti [5], umubare w'abanduye wiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara kandi indwara ikwira isi yose, bitewe n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi.Kurandura no kugenzura Ae.Aedes aegypti biragoye cyane kuko ni inzitiramubu yo murugo ihuza, igaburira, iruhuka kandi itera amagi mumiturire yabantu no kumunsi.Byongeye kandi, uyu mubu ufite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije cyangwa imidugararo iterwa n’ibintu bisanzwe (nk’amapfa) cyangwa ingamba zo kurwanya abantu, kandi irashobora gusubira ku mibare yabyo ya mbere [6, 7].Kubera ko inkingo zirwanya umuriro wa dengue zemejwe vuba aha kandi nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura indwara ya dengue, gukumira no kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara ya dengue biterwa ahanini no kurwanya inzitiramubu no gukuraho abantu guhura na za virusi.
By'umwihariko, ikoreshwa ry’imiti mu kurwanya imibu ubu rifite uruhare runini mu buzima rusange nk’ingenzi mu micungire y’imiti yuzuye.Uburyo bwa chimique buzwi cyane harimo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twica ubumara irwanya inzitiramubu (larvicide) n imibu ikuze (adidocide).Kugenzura byinshi binyuze mu kugabanya inkomoko no gukoresha buri gihe imiti yica imiti nka organofosifate hamwe nogukurikirana udukoko bifatwa nkibyingenzi.Icyakora, ingaruka mbi z’ibidukikije zijyanye n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko hamwe n’imirimo myinshi kandi ikora neza biracyakomeza guhangayikishwa [8, 9].Igenzura rya gakondo rikorwa, nko kugenzura abantu bakuru, rikomeje kuba uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura mugihe cyanduye virusi kuko rishobora kurandura vuba indwara zandura zanduye kandi ku rugero runini, ndetse no kugabanya igihe kirekire no kuramba kwabaturage baho [3]., 10].Ibyiciro bine byica udukoko twica udukoko: organochlorine (byitwa gusa DDT), organofosifate, karbamate, na pyrethroide bigize ishingiro rya gahunda yo kugenzura imiti, hamwe na pyrethroide ifatwa nkicyiciro cyatsinze cyane.Zifite akamaro kanini kurwanya arthropodes zitandukanye kandi zifite imbaraga nke.uburozi bw’inyamabere.Kugeza ubu, pyrethroide yubukorikori igizwe ninshi mu miti yica udukoko twica udukoko, bangana na 25% by isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko ku isi [11, 12].Permethrine na deltamethrin ni udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza pyrethroide twakoreshejwe ku isi hose mu myaka mirongo yo kurwanya udukoko dutandukanye tw’ubuhinzi n’ubuvuzi [13, 14].Mu myaka ya za 1950, DDT yatoranijwe nk'imiti ihitamo gahunda yo kurwanya imibu rusange y’igihugu cya Tayilande.Nyuma yo gukoreshwa cyane na DDT mu bice byanduye malariya, Tayilande yagiye ihagarika ikoreshwa rya DDT hagati ya 1995 na 2000 maze iyisimbuza pyrethroide ebyiri: permethrine na deltamethrine [15, 16].Iyi miti yica udukoko twa pyrethroid yatangijwe mu ntangiriro ya za 90 mu rwego rwo kurwanya malariya na dengue, cyane cyane binyuze mu kuvura inshundura no gukoresha ibicu by’ubushyuhe hamwe n’uburozi bukabije bw’uburozi [14, 17].Icyakora, batakaje imbaraga kubera kurwanya imibu no kutubahiriza rubanda kubera impungenge z’ubuzima rusange n’ingaruka ku bidukikije ziterwa n’imiti ikora.Ibi bitera imbogamizi zikomeye kuri gahunda zo kugenzura iterabwoba [14, 18, 19].Kugira ngo ingamba zirusheho kugenda neza, ingamba zikwiye kandi zikwiye zirakenewe.Uburyo bukoreshwa mu micungire harimo gusimbuza ibintu karemano, guhinduranya imiti yo mu byiciro bitandukanye, kongeramo imiti, no kuvanga imiti cyangwa gukoresha icyarimwe imiti yo mu byiciro bitandukanye [14, 20, 21].Kubwibyo, harakenewe byihutirwa gushakisha no guteza imbere ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, byoroshye kandi bifatika nibindi bisobanuro hamwe nubushakashatsi kandi ubu bushakashatsi bugamije gukemura iki kibazo.
Ubusanzwe udukoko twica udukoko, cyane cyane dushingiye ku bimera, byagaragaje ubushobozi mu gusuzuma ubundi buryo bwo kurwanya imibu iriho ndetse n’ejo hazaza [22, 23, 24].Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko bishoboka kugenzura inzitiramubu zikomeye ukoresheje ibikomoka ku bimera, cyane cyane amavuta yingenzi (EOs), nkabicanyi bakuze.Indwara zikuze zirwanya amoko yingenzi y imibu yabonetse mumavuta menshi yimboga nka seleri, cumin, zedoaria, anise, pepper pepper, thime, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioerms ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata na Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Okiside ya Ethylene ubu ntabwo ikoreshwa yonyine, ahubwo inakoreshwa hamwe n’ibimera byakuweho cyangwa imiti yica udukoko twangiza, itanga uburozi butandukanye.Gukomatanya udukoko twica udukoko nka organofosifate, karbamate na pyrethroide hamwe na Ethylene oxyde / ibimera bivamo ibihingwa bikora hamwe cyangwa birwanya ingaruka z’uburozi kandi byagaragaye ko bifite akamaro kanini mu kurwanya indwara n’udukoko [31,32,33,34,35].Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekeranye ningaruka zuburozi ziterwa no guhuza imiti ya phytochemicals cyangwa idafite imiti yubukorikori bwakozwe ku bice by’udukoko twangiza udukoko n’udukoko aho kuba ku mibu ifite ubuvuzi.Byongeye kandi, imirimo myinshi yibikorwa byingaruka ziterwa nudukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza imibu byibanze ku ngaruka ziterwa na virusi.
Mu bushakashatsi bwabanje gukorwa n’abanditsi mu rwego rwo gukomeza umushinga w’ubushakashatsi ukomeje gusuzuma iterabwoba ry’ibihingwa by’ibiribwa kavukire muri Tayilande, oxyde ya Ethylene yo muri Cyperus rotundus, galangal na cinnamon byagaragaye ko ifite ibikorwa bishobora kurwanya Aedes akuze.Misiri [36].Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije gusuzuma imikorere ya EOs yitandukanije nibi bimera bivura imibu ya Aedes.aegypti, harimo pyrethroid-irwanya kandi yoroheje.Ingaruka zo guhuza ibice bibiri bivanze na okiside ya Ethylene na pyrethroide ya syntetique hamwe ningirakamaro nziza mubantu bakuru nabyo byasesenguwe kugirango bigabanye ikoreshwa ry’udukoko gakondo kandi byongere imbaraga zo kurwanya inzitiramubu, cyane cyane kurwanya Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Iyi ngingo ivuga imiti iranga amavuta yingirakamaro hamwe nubushobozi bwabo bwo kongera ubumara bwa permethrine ya sintetike irwanya imibu ya Aedes.aegypti muburyo bwa pyrethroide (MCM-S) hamwe nubwoko bwihanganira (PMD-R).
Rhizomes ya C. rotundus na A. galanga hamwe nigishishwa cya C. verum (Igishusho 1) yakoreshejwe mugukuramo amavuta yingenzi yaguzwe nabatanga imiti y'ibyatsi mu ntara ya Chiang Mai, Tayilande.Kumenyekanisha siyanse y'ibi bimera byagezweho hifashishijwe inama na Bwana James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Ishami ry’ibinyabuzima, Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi, Kaminuza ya Chiang Mai (CMU), Intara ya Chiang Mai, Tayilande, n’umuhanga Wannari Charoensap;mu ishami rya Farumasi, Ishuri Rikuru rya Farumasi, Kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon, Madamu Voucher ingero za buri gihingwa zibikwa mu ishami rya Parasitologiya mu ishuri ry’ubuvuzi rya kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon kugira ngo rikoreshwe ejo hazaza.
Ingero z’ibimera zumishijwe igicucu ku giti cyazo iminsi 3-5 ahantu hafunguye hamwe no guhumeka neza hamwe nubushyuhe bwibidukikije bugera kuri 30 ± 5 ° C kugirango bikureho ubuhehere mbere yo gukuramo amavuta yingenzi (EOs).Hafi ya 250 g ya buri kintu cyumye cyumye cyashizwemo ifu yuzuye kandi ikoreshwa mugutandukanya amavuta yingenzi (EOs) mukuyungurura amavuta.Ibikoresho byo gusya byari bigizwe na mantle yo gushyushya amashanyarazi, flask ya 3000 mL izenguruka-hepfo, inkingi yo gukuramo, kondenseri, hamwe nigikoresho cya Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokiyo, Ubuyapani) .Ongeramo ml 1600 amazi yatoboye hamwe namasaro 10-15 yikirahure kuri flask hanyuma ubishyuhe kugeza kuri 100 ° C ukoresheje umushyushya wamashanyarazi byibuze amasaha 3 kugeza disillation irangiye kandi ntayindi EO ikorwa.Igice cya EO cyatandukanijwe nicyiciro cyamazi hifashishijwe umuyoboro utandukanya, wumisha hejuru ya sodium sulfate ya anhydrous (Na2SO4) hanyuma ubikwa mu icupa ryijimye rifunze kuri 4 ° C kugeza igihe hasuzumwe imiti n’ibikorwa byabantu bakuru.
Ibigize imiti yamavuta yakorewe icyarimwe hamwe na bioassay kubintu bikuze.Isesengura ryujuje ubuziranenge ryakozwe hifashishijwe sisitemu ya GC-MS igizwe na Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, Amerika) 7890A gazi ya chromatografi ifite ibikoresho bya moteri imwe ya quadrupole imwe (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) na MSD 5975C (EI ).(Agilent Technologies).
Inkingi ya Chromatografiya - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0,25 mm × uburebure bwa firime 0,25 µm).Igihe cyose GC-MS yo gukora yari iminota 20.Imiterere yisesengura nuko ubushyuhe bwumurongo no kwimura umurongo ari 250 na 280 ° C;ubushyuhe bw'itanura bugiye kwiyongera kuva kuri 50 ° C kugeza kuri 250 ° C ku gipimo cya 10 ° C / min, gaze itwara ni helium;umuvuduko w'amazi 1.0 ml / min;ingano yo guterwa ni 0.2 µL (1/10% nubunini muri CH2Cl2, igabana 100: 1);Sisitemu ya ionisation ya electron ifite ingufu za ionisation ya 70 eV ikoreshwa mugutahura GC-MS.Urutonde rwo kugura ni 50-550 ya atomic mass mass (amu) naho umuvuduko wo gusikana ni 2.91 scan kumasegonda.Ijanisha ryijana ryibice bigaragazwa nkijanisha risanzwe nubuso bwimisozi.Kumenyekanisha ibikoresho bya EO bishingiye kubipimo byo kugumana (RI).RI yabazwe ikoresheje ikigereranyo cya Van den Dool na Kratz [37] kuri seriveri ya n-alkanes (C8-C40) kandi ugereranije n'ibipimo byo kubika ibitabo [38] hamwe n'ububiko bw'ibitabo (NIST 2008 na Wiley 8NO8).Ibiranga ibice byerekanwe, nkimiterere na molekuline ya formula, byemejwe no kugereranya nibiteganijwe byukuri.
Ibipimo byisesengura bya permethrine na piperonyl butoxide (PBO, kugenzura neza mubushakashatsi bwimbaraga) byaguzwe muri Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ibikoresho byo gupima abantu bakuru hamwe na dosiye yo gusuzuma impapuro zatewe na permethrine (0,75%) zaguzwe mu bucuruzi mu kigo cya OMS gishinzwe kugenzura ibizamini bya OMS i Penang, muri Maleziya.Indi miti yose hamwe na reagent byakoreshejwe byari mu rwego rwo gusesengura kandi byaguzwe mu bigo byaho byo mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, Tayilande.
Umubu wakoreshejwe nk'ibinyabuzima bipimisha muri bioassay ukuze wasangaga uhuza laboratoire ya Aedes.aegypti, harimo na Muang Chiang Mai byoroshye (MCM-S) hamwe na Pang Mai Dang irwanya (PMD-R).Strain MCM-S yakuwe mu ngero zaho zegeranijwe mu gace ka Muang Chiang Mai, mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande, kandi ikaba yarakomeje mu cyumba cya entomologiya cy’ishami rya Parasitologiya, Ishuri ry’Ubuvuzi rya CMU, kuva mu 1995 [39].Ubwoko bwa PMD-R, bwagaragaye ko butarwanya permethrine, bwatandukanijwe n’umubu wo mu murima wakusanyirijwe mu gace ka Ban Pang Mai Dang, mu karere ka Mae Tang, mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande, kandi ukaba ukomeje kubungabungwa muri icyo kigo kuva mu 1997 [40 ].Ubwoko bwa PMD-R bwakuze mu gitutu cyatoranijwe kugira ngo bugumane urwego rwo guhangana n’igihe kimwe na 0,75% permethrine ukoresheje ibikoresho bya OMS byerekana ko hari ibyo byahinduye [41].Buri bwoko bwa Ae.Aedes aegypti yakolonijwe kugiti cye muri laboratoire idafite virusi kuri 25 ± 2 ° C na 80 ± 10% nubushyuhe bugereranije hamwe na fotoperiod 14:10 h.Hafi yinzoka 200 zabitswe mumurongo wa plastike (cm 33 z'uburebure, cm 28 z'ubugari na cm 9 z'uburebure) zuzuyemo amazi ya robine ku bucucike bwa livi 150-200 kuri buri murongo kandi zigaburirwa kabiri buri munsi hamwe na biscuits zimbwa.Inyo zikuze zabitswe mu kato kandi zikomeza kugaburirwa hamwe na 10% yumuti wa sucrose wo mu mazi hamwe na 10% ya siporo ya vitamine.Imibu y'abagore ihora yonsa amaraso kugirango itere amagi.Abagore bafite iminsi ibiri kugeza kuri itanu batagaburiwe amaraso barashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema mubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima bukuze.
Bioassay ya EO yakozwe na dose-apfa yakozwe ku mibu ikuze ya Aedes.aegypti, MCM-S na PMD-R ukoresheje uburyo bwibanze bwahinduwe ukurikije protocole isanzwe ya OMS yo kwipimisha byoroshye [42].EO muri buri gihingwa yavomwe muburyo bukwiye (urugero nka Ethanol cyangwa acetone) kugirango ubone impamyabumenyi yatanzwe ya 4-6 yibanze.Nyuma yo gutera anesthesia hamwe na karuboni ya dioxyde (CO2), imibu yapimwe kugiti cye.Inzitiramubu zatewe anestheti zahise zibikwa ku mpapuro zungurujwe zumye ku isahani yabugenewe munsi ya stereomicroscope kugirango birinde kongera gukora mugihe gikwiye.Kuri buri muti, 0.1 μl yumuti wa EO washyizwe kuri pronotum yo hejuru yumugore ukoresheje microdispenser ya Hamilton (700 Series Microliter ™, Isosiyete Hamilton, Reno, NV, USA).Abagore 25 bavuwe hamwe na hamwe, impfu ziri hagati ya 10% na 95% byibuze byibuze 4 bitandukanye.Umubu uvuwe n'umuti wabaye nk'igenzura.Kugirango wirinde kwanduza ingero zipimishije, simbuza impapuro zungurura nimpapuro nshya zungurura kuri buri EO zapimwe.Dose ikoreshwa muri bioassay igaragarira muri microgrammes ya EO kuri miligarama yuburemere bwumubiri wumugore.Ibikorwa by'abakuze PBO nabyo byasuzumwe muburyo busa na EO, hamwe na PBO yakoreshejwe nkigenzura ryiza mubushakashatsi bukomatanyije.Umubu uvuwe mumatsinda yose washyizwe mubikombe bya pulasitike uhabwa 10% sucrose wongeyeho 10% ya supire ya vitamine.Bioassay yose yakorewe kuri 25 ± 2 ° C na 80 ± 10% ugereranije nubushyuhe kandi bigasubirwamo inshuro enye hamwe no kugenzura.Urupfu mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 yo kurera rwaragenzuwe kandi rwemezwa n’uko umubu utitabira gukemura ibibazo bya mashini hanyuma bikandikwa hashingiwe ku kigereranyo cya bine byigana.Ubuvuzi bwakorewe ubushakashatsi bwagiye busubirwamo inshuro enye kuri buri cyitegererezo cyifashishijwe hakoreshejwe imibu itandukanye.Ibisubizo byavunaguwe kandi bikoreshwa mukubara ijanisha ryimpfu, ryakoreshejwe mukumenya ibipimo byica amasaha 24 byisesengura.
Ingaruka ya anticidal anticidal ya EO na permethrine yasuzumwe hifashishijwe uburyo bwo gupima uburozi bwaho [42] nkuko byasobanuwe mbere.Koresha acetone cyangwa Ethanol nkigisubizo kugirango utegure permethrine kumurongo wifuzwa, hamwe nuruvange rwimvange rwa EO na permethrine (EO-permethrin: permethrine ivanze na EO kumurongo wa LD25).Ibikoresho byo kwipimisha (permethrin na EO-permethrin) byasuzumwe kurwanya MCM-S na PMD-R ya Ae.Aedes aegypti.Buri mibu 25 y’abagore yahawe inshuro enye za permethrine kugirango isuzume akamaro kayo mu kwica abantu bakuru, buri buvuzi bwasubiwemo inshuro enye.Kugirango hamenyekane abakandida ba EO bahuza, inshuro 4 kugeza kuri 6 za EO-permethrine zahawe buri mibu 25 y’abagore, buri cyifuzo gisubirwamo inshuro enye.Ubuvuzi bwa PBO-permethrine (permethrine ivanze na LD25 yibanze ya PBO) nayo yabaye igenzura ryiza.Ingano ikoreshwa muri bioassay igaragarira muri nanogramu yikigereranyo cyikigereranyo kuri miligarama yuburemere bwumugore muzima.Isuzumabumenyi enye ryakozwe kuri buri bwoko bw’imibu ryakozwe ku byiciro byororerwa ku giti cyabyo, kandi amakuru y’impfu yarahurijwe hamwe arasesengurwa hakoreshejwe Ikibazo kugira ngo hamenyekane urugero rw’amasaha 24 yica.
Umubare w'abapfa wahinduwe ukoresheje formula ya Abbott [43].Amakuru yahinduwe yasesenguwe nisesengura ryibibazo ukoresheje porogaramu ya mudasobwa ya SPSS (verisiyo 19.0).Indangagaciro zica zingana na 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% na 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 na LD99), zabazwe hakoreshejwe 95% intera ikwiye (95% CI).Ibipimo by'akamaro n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibizamini byasuzumwe hifashishijwe ikizamini cya chi-kare cyangwa ikizamini cya Mann-Whitney U muri buri cyegeranyo cyibinyabuzima.Ibisubizo byafatwaga nkibyingenzi kuri P.<0.05.Coefficient yo kurwanya (RR) igereranijwe kurwego rwa LD50 ukoresheje formula ikurikira [12]:
RR> 1 yerekana kurwanya, naho RR ≤ 1 yerekana sensibilité.Ikigereranyo cyo gukorana (SR) agaciro ka buri mukandida wa synergiste kibarwa kuburyo bukurikira [34, 35, 44]:
Iki kintu kigabanya ibisubizo mubyiciro bitatu: agaciro ka SR kangana na 1 ± 0.05 bifatwa nkaho nta ngaruka zigaragara, agaciro ka SR ka> 1.05 gafatwa nkigikorwa cyo guhuza imbaraga, kandi agaciro ka SR kamavuta yumuhondo yoroheje yumuhondo arashobora kuba byabonetse mugutandukanya amavuta ya rhizomes ya C. rotundus na A. galanga nigishishwa cya C. verum.Umusaruro ubarwa ku buremere bwumye wari 0.15%, 0.27% (w / w), na 0.54% (v / v).w) uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe 1).Ubushakashatsi bwa GC-MS bwerekeye imiti y’amavuta ya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum yerekanaga ko hari ibice 19, 17 na 21, bingana na 80.22, 86.75 na 97.24% byibigize byose (Imbonerahamwe 2 ).C. lucidum rhizome yamavuta igizwe ahanini na cyperonene (14.04%), ikurikirwa na karralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7,97%), na α-capsellan (7.53%).Ibikoresho nyamukuru bigize imiti ya galangal rhizome ni β-bisabolene (18.27%), ikurikirwa na α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1.8-cineole (10.17%) na piperonol (10.09%).Mugihe cinnamaldehyde (64,66%) yagaragaye nkibice byingenzi byamavuta ya C. verum, acetate cinnamic (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) na 3-fenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) byafatwaga nkibikoresho bito.Imiterere yimiti ya cyperne, β-bisabolene na cinnamaldehyde nibintu byingenzi bigize C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2.
Ibisubizo bivuye muri OO bitatu byasuzumye ibikorwa byabantu bakuru kurwanya imibu ya Aedes.imibu ya aegypti irerekanwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 3. EO zose wasangaga zigira ingaruka zica ku mibu ya MCM-S Aedes ku bwoko butandukanye.Aedes aegypti.EO ikora cyane ni C. verum, ikurikiwe na A. galanga na C. rotundus ifite LD50 ifite agaciro ka 3.30, 7.97 na 10.05 μg / mg MCM-S igitsina gore, hejuru ya gato 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) na 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R mu bagore.Ibi bihuye na PBO ifite ingaruka zikuze gato kubantu bakuze kuri PMD-R kurenza MSM-S, hamwe na LD50 ifite agaciro ka 4.79 na 6.30 μg / mg igitsina gore, (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Birashobora kubarwa ko indangagaciro za LD50 za C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus na PBO zirwanya PMD-R zigera kuri 0,98, 0,99, 0,95 na 0,76 munsi ugereranije n’iza MCM-S.Rero, ibi byerekana ko kwandura PBO na EO bisa nkaho hagati ya Aedes zombi.Nubwo PMD-R yakunze kwibasirwa na MCM-S, ibyiyumvo bya Aedes aegypti ntabwo byari bikomeye.Ibinyuranye, imirongo ibiri ya Aedes yari itandukanye cyane muburyo bwo kumva permethrine.aegypti (Imbonerahamwe 4).PMD-R yerekanye imbaraga zo kurwanya permethrine (agaciro ka LD50 = 0,44 ng / mg ku bagore) ifite agaciro ka LD50 hejuru ya 3.70 ugereranije na MCM-S (agaciro ka LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg mu bagore) ng / mg mu bagore (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Nubwo PMD-R itumva cyane permethrine kurusha MCM-S, ibyiyumvo byayo kuri PBO na C. verum, A. galanga, na C. rotundus amavuta arenze gato MCM-S.
Nkuko byagaragaye mubantu bakuze bioassay ya EO-permethrin ikomatanya, imvange ya binary ya permethrine na EO (LD25) yerekanaga ubufatanye (SR agaciro> 1.05) cyangwa nta ngaruka (SR agaciro = 1 ± 0.05).Ingaruka zikomeye zabakuze zivanze na EO-permethrin ku mibu igerageza ya albino.Ubwoko bwa Aedes aegypti MCM-S na PMD-R bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 4 no ku gishushanyo cya 3. Kongera amavuta ya C. verum wasangaga bigabanya gato LD50 ya permethrine irwanya MCM-S kandi byongera LD50 kuri PMD-R kugeza 0.44– 0 .42 ng / mg mu bagore no kuva kuri 3.70 kugeza kuri 3,85 ng / mg ku bagore.Ibinyuranye, kongeramo amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga yagabanije cyane LD50 ya permethrine kuri MCM-S kuva 0.44 ikagera kuri 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) no kuri 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng / mg abagore.Ukurikije LD50 indangagaciro za MCM-S, SR agaciro ka EO-permethrin ivanze nyuma yo kongeramo amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga yari 6.28 na 4.00.Kubera iyo mpamvu, LD50 ya permethrine irwanya PMD-R yagabanutse cyane kuva kuri 3.70 igera kuri 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) no kuri 0.003 hiyongereyeho amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga (U = 0) ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng / mg igitsina gore.Agaciro SR ya permethrine ihujwe na C. rotundus kurwanya PMD-R yari 8.81, mugihe SR agaciro ka galangal-permethrin ivanze yari 1233.33.Ugereranije na MCM-S, LD50 agaciro ko kugenzura neza PBO yagabanutse kuva kuri 0.44 igera kuri 0.26 ng / mg (igitsina gore) naho kuva kuri 3.70 ng / mg (igitsina gore) igera kuri 0,65 ng / mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) na PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Indangagaciro za SR zivanze na PBO-permethrin ivanze kumurongo MCM-S na PMD-R byari 1.69 na 5.69.Ibisubizo byerekana ko C. rotundus na A. galanga amavuta na PBO byongera uburozi bwa permethrine kurwego runini kuruta amavuta ya C. verum ya MCM-S na PMD-R.
Ibikorwa by'abantu bakuru (LD50) bya EO, PBO, permethrine (PE) hamwe no guhuza kwabo kurwanya pyrethroide (MCM-S) hamwe no kurwanya (PMD-R) imibu ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti
[45].Synthetic pyrethroide ikoreshwa kwisi yose kugirango igenzure hafi ya arthropods zose zubuhinzi nubuvuzi.Icyakora, kubera ingaruka mbi ziterwa no gukoresha udukoko twica udukoko, cyane cyane mu bijyanye no guteza imbere no kurwanya imibu, ndetse n'ingaruka ku buzima bw'igihe kirekire ndetse no ku bidukikije, ubu hakenewe byihutirwa kugabanya ikoreshwa y’udukoko twica udukoko twangiza kandi tugateza imbere ubundi buryo [35, 46, 47].Usibye kurengera ibidukikije n’ubuzima bw’abantu, ibyiza byo kwica udukoko twangiza ibihingwa birimo guhitamo byinshi, kuboneka ku isi hose, no koroshya umusaruro no gukoresha, bigatuma bikurura cyane imibu [32,48, 49].Ubu bushakashatsi, usibye gusobanura imiterere yimiti yamavuta yingenzi akoresheje isesengura rya GC-MS, yanasuzumye imbaraga zamavuta yingenzi akuze nubushobozi bwabo bwo kongera uburozi bwa permethrine.aegypti muburyo bwa pyrethroide (MCM-S) hamwe nubwoko bwihanganira (PMD-R).
Ibiranga GC-MS byerekanaga ko cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) na cinnamaldehyde (64,66%) aribyo byingenzi bigize amavuta ya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum.Iyi miti yerekanye ibikorwa bitandukanye byibinyabuzima.Ahn n'abandi.]β-Bisabolene, yakuwe mu mavuta yingenzi y igiti cya myrrh, yerekana cytotoxicitike yihariye yibibyimba by’ibibyimba by’inyamabere by’abantu n’imbeba haba muri vitro ndetse no muri vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, yakuwe mu bimera bisanzwe cyangwa ikomatanyirizwa muri laboratoire, bivugwa ko ifite udukoko twica udukoko, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, na antiangiogenic [52].
Ibisubizo by'ibikorwa bikuze bikuze bioassay byerekanaga ubushobozi bwiza bwa EOs zapimwe kandi byerekana ko umubu wa Aedes MCM-S na PMD-R ufite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura EO na PBO.Aedes aegypti.Kugereranya imikorere ya EO na permethrine byerekanaga ko ibya nyuma bigira ingaruka zikomeye za allercidal: Indangagaciro za LD50 ni 0.44 na 3.70 ng / mg ku bagore ku moko MCM-S na PMD-R.Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bishyigikirwa n’ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekana ko bisanzwe imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko, cyane cyane ibikomoka ku bimera, muri rusange bidakorwa neza kuruta ibintu bya sintetike [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Ibi birashobora kuba kubera ko ibyambere aribintu bigoye guhuza ibintu bikora cyangwa bidakora, mugihe ibyanyuma aribintu byeze.Nyamara, ubudasa nuburemere bwibintu bisanzwe bikora hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa bishobora guteza imbere ibikorwa byibinyabuzima cyangwa bikabangamira iterambere ry’imyigaragambyo mu baturage babakira [55, 56, 57].Abashakashatsi benshi bavuze ko ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imibu bwa C. verum, A. galanga na C. rotundus n'ibiyigize nka β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde na 1.8 cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63, 64].Icyakora, isuzuma ry’ibitabo ryerekanye ko nta raporo zigeze zerekana ingaruka ziterwa na permethrine cyangwa izindi miti yica udukoko twica udukoko twangiza imibu ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, itandukaniro rikomeye muburyo bworoshye bwa permethrine ryagaragaye hagati yimiterere yombi ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti.MCM-S yunvikana na permethrine, mugihe PMD-R itabyumva cyane, hamwe nigipimo cya 8.41.Ugereranije na sensibilité ya MCM-S, PMD-R ntabwo yunvikana na permethrine ariko yunvikana kuri EO, itanga ishingiro ryinyigisho zindi zigamije kongera imikorere ya permethrine mukuyihuza na EO.Gukomatanya gushingiye kuri bioassay kubikorwa byabakuze byerekanaga ko kuvanga binini ya EO na permethrine byagabanije cyangwa byongera impfu za Aedes zikuze.Aedes aegypti.Kwiyongera kwa C. verum yagabanije gato LD50 ya permethrine irwanya MCM-S ariko byongera gato LD50 kurwanya PMD-R hamwe na SR ifite agaciro ka 1.05 na 0.96.Ibi byerekana ko amavuta ya C. verum adafite imbaraga zo guhuza cyangwa antagonistique kuri permethrine mugihe yapimwe kuri MCM-S na PMD-R.Ibinyuranye, amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga yerekanaga ingaruka zikomeye zo kugabanya kugabanya agaciro ka LD50 ya permethrine kuri MCM-S cyangwa PMD-R.Iyo permethrine yahujwe na EO ya C. rotundus na A. galanga, SR agaciro ka EO-permethrine ivanze na MCM-S yari 6.28 na 4.00.Byongeye kandi, iyo permethrin yasuzumwe na PMD-R ifatanije na C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) cyangwa A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), agaciro ka SR kiyongereye cyane.Birakwiye ko tumenya ko C. rotundus na A. galanga byombi byongereye uburozi bwa permethrine kurwanya PMD-R Ae.aegypti ku buryo bugaragara.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, PBO yasanze yongera uburozi bwa permethrine hamwe na SR ifite agaciro ka 1.69 na 5.69 kumurongo MCM-S na PMD-R.Kubera ko C. rotundus na A. galanga bari bafite agaciro ka SR hejuru, bafatwaga nkabahuza imbaraga mu kuzamura uburozi bwa permethrine kuri MCM-S na PMD-R.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwibanze bwerekanye ingaruka ziterwa no guhuza udukoko twica udukoko hamwe n’ibikomoka ku bimera kurwanya amoko atandukanye y’imibu.Bioassay yibasiwe na Anopheles Stephensi yakozwe na Kalayanasundaram na Das [65] yerekanye ko fention, organophosphate yagutse, ifitanye isano na inerme ya Cleodendron, Pedalium murax na Parthenium hysterophorus.Gukorana gukomeye kwagaragaye hagati yikuramo ningaruka zo guhuza (SF) ya 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 na 2.23.Mu isuzuma ryinshi rya mangrove 15, peteroli ether ikomoka kumyanda ya mangrove yasanze byagaragaye ko ari byiza cyane kurwanya Culex quinquefasciatus ifite LC50 ifite agaciro ka 25.7 mg / L [66].Ingaruka zo guhuza ibiyikomokaho hamwe na pyrethrum yica udukoko twangiza ibihingwa nazo zavuzwe ko zigabanya LC50 ya pyrethrum kurwanya livine ya C. quinquefasciatus ikava kuri 0.132 mg / L ikagera kuri 0,107 mg / L, hiyongereyeho, kubara SF kuri 1.23 muri ubu bushakashatsi.34,35,44].Hakozwe isuzumabushobozi ry’imiti ya Solanum citron hamwe nudukoko twinshi twica udukoko twica udukoko (urugero, fenthion, cypermethrine (pyrethroid synthique) na timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) kurwanya imibu ya Anopheles.Stephensi [54] na C. quinquefasciatus [34].Gukoresha hamwe na cypermethrine hamwe nimbuto yumuhondo ya peteroli ether yerekanaga ingaruka zifatika kuri cypermethrine mubice byose.Ikigereranyo cyiza cyane ni 1: 1 binini ikomatanya hamwe na LC50 na SF agaciro ka 0.0054 ppm na 6.83, ugereranije na An.Stephen West [54].Mugihe uruvange rwa 1: 1 rwa S. xanthocarpum na temephos rwarwanyaga (SF = 0.6406), guhuza S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) byagaragaje ibikorwa byo guhuza C. quinquefasciatus hamwe na SF ya 1.3125 [34]].Tong na Blomquist [35] bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka ziterwa na okiside ya Ethylene ku burozi bwa karbaryl (karbamate yagutse) na permethrine ku mibu ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko okiside ya Ethylene ikomoka kuri agar, urusenda rwirabura, aruneri, helichrysum, sandalwood na sesame byongereye uburozi bwa karbaryl ku mibu ya Aedes.aegypti larvae SR indangagaciro ziratandukanye kuva 1.0 kugeza 7.0.Ibinyuranye, nta na kimwe muri EO cyari uburozi ku mibu ya Aedes ikuze.Kuri iki cyiciro, nta ngaruka zo guhuza amakuru zigeze zivugwa mu guhuza Aedes aegypti na EO-karbaryl.PBO yakoreshejwe nkigenzura ryiza kugirango yongere uburozi bwa karbaryl kurwanya imibu ya Aedes.Indangagaciro za SR za Aedes aegypti larvae hamwe nabakuze ni 4.9-9.5 na 2.3.Gusa binini ivanze ya permethrine na EO cyangwa PBO byapimwe kubikorwa bya larvicidal.Uruvange rwa EO-permethrine rwagize ingaruka zo kurwanya, mu gihe imvange ya PBO-permethrine yagize ingaruka zo guhuza imibu ya Aedes.Larvae ya Aedes aegypti.Nyamara, ibipimo byo gusubiza hamwe no gusuzuma SR kubivanga PBO-permethrin ntabwo byakozwe.Nubwo ibisubizo bike byagezweho kubyerekeranye ningaruka ziterwa na phytosynetique ikomatanya kurwanya inzitiramubu, aya makuru ashyigikira ibisubizo bihari, bifungura ibyiringiro byo kongeramo imikoreshereze itari kugabanya gusa imiti ikoreshwa, ahubwo binongera ingaruka zubwicanyi.Imikorere y'udukoko.Byongeye kandi, ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi byerekanye ku nshuro ya mbere ko amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga akoresha imbaraga nyinshi cyane mu kurwanya imibu ya pyrethroide-yanduye na pyrethroide irwanya imibu ya Aedes ugereranije na PBO iyo ihujwe n’uburozi bwa permethrine.Aedes aegypti.Nyamara, ibisubizo bitunguranye bivuye mu isesengura ryakozwe byerekanaga ko amavuta ya C. verum yagize ibikorwa bikomeye byo kurwanya abantu bakuru kurwanya Aedes zombi.Igitangaje, ingaruka z'uburozi bwa permethrine kuri Aedes aegypti ntabwo zishimishije.Guhindagurika mubikorwa byuburozi ningaruka zo guhuza imbaraga bishobora guterwa nigice cyo guhura nubwoko butandukanye ninzego zibigize bioaktike muri aya mavuta.
Nubwo hashyizweho ingufu zo kumva uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere, uburyo bwo guhuza imbaraga ntibusobanutse.Impamvu zishoboka ziterwa nubushobozi butandukanye hamwe nubushobozi bwo guhuza imbaraga zishobora kubamo gutandukanya imiterere yimiti yibicuruzwa byageragejwe hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kwanduza imibu bijyana no guhangana niterambere.Hariho itandukaniro riri hagati yingenzi na ntoya ya Ethylene oxyde yapimwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, kandi bimwe muribi bikoresho byagaragaye ko bifite ingaruka mbi kandi zangiza uburozi butandukanye nudukoko twangiza [61,62,64,67,68].Nyamara, ibice byingenzi byaranzwe na C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum amavuta, nka cypern, β-bisabolene na cinnamaldehyde, ntabwo byageragejwe muriyi mpapuro kubikorwa byabo byo kurwanya abantu bakuru no guhuza ibikorwa na Ae.Aedes aegypti.Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi buzaza burakenewe kugirango utandukane ibintu bifatika biboneka muri buri mavuta yingenzi kandi bisobanure neza imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’imikoranire ihuriweho niyi nzitiramubu.Muri rusange, ibikorwa byica udukoko biterwa nigikorwa nigisubizo hagati yuburozi nuduce tw’udukoko, bishobora koroshya no kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: kwinjira mu ruhu rw’udukoko hamwe n’ibice bigize urugingo, gukora (= imikoranire nintego) no kwangiza.ibintu bifite uburozi [57, 69].Kubwibyo rero, guhuza udukoko twica udukoko bivamo kongera imbaraga zo guhuza uburozi bisaba byibuze kimwe muribi byiciro, nko kwiyongera kwinshi, gukora cyane kwinshi kwinshi, cyangwa kugabanya kwangiza kwangiza imiti yica udukoko.Kurugero, kwihanganira ingufu bidindiza kwinjira muri cicicle ikoresheje umubyimba mwinshi hamwe no kurwanya ibinyabuzima, urugero nko kongera imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko [70, 71].Ingaruka zikomeye za EO mu kongera ubumara bwa permethrine, cyane cyane kurwanya PMD-R, birashobora kwerekana igisubizo cy’ikibazo cyo kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kurwanya [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong na Blomquist [35] bashyigikiye ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bagaragaza imikoranire hagati ya EOs n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza.aegypti, hari ibimenyetso byerekana ibikorwa byo kubuza kurwanya imisemburo yangiza, harimo cytochrome P450 monooxygenase na carboxylesterase, bifitanye isano rya bugufi no guteza imbere kurwanya imiti yica udukoko gakondo.PBO ntabwo ivugwa gusa ko ibuza metabolike ya cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ahubwo inatezimbere kwinjiza udukoko twica udukoko, nkuko bigaragazwa nikoreshwa ryayo nkigenzura ryiza mubushakashatsi bwimbitse [35, 72].Igishimishije ni uko 1.8-cineole, kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biboneka mu mavuta ya galangal, azwiho ingaruka z’ubumara ku bwoko bw’udukoko [22, 63, 73] kandi byavuzwe ko bifite ingaruka zifatika mu bice byinshi by’ubushakashatsi ku bikorwa by’ibinyabuzima [ 74].., 75,76,77].Byongeye kandi, 1.8-cineole ifatanije n’ibiyobyabwenge bitandukanye birimo curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], aside mefenamic [80] na zidovudine [81] nayo igira ingaruka zo gutera imbere.muri vitro.Rero, uruhare rushoboka rwa 1.8-cineole mugikorwa cyo guhuza udukoko twica udukoko ntabwo ari nkibintu bikora gusa ahubwo ni nkibikoresho byinjira.Bitewe no guhuza cyane na permethrine, cyane cyane kurwanya PMD-R, ingaruka ziterwa namavuta ya galangal hamwe namavuta ya trichosanthes yagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi zishobora guturuka ku mikoranire nuburyo bwo kurwanya, ni ukuvuga kwiyongera kwa chlorine.Pyrethroide yongerera imbaraga ibikorwa byegeranijwe kandi ikabuza imisemburo yangiza nka cytochrome P450 monooxygenase na carboxylesterase.Nyamara, izi ngingo zisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugirango dusobanure uruhare rwihariye rwa EO hamwe n’ibice byitaruye (byonyine cyangwa bifatanije) muburyo bwo guhuza imbaraga.
Mu 1977, umubare munini w’imyororokere ya permethrine wagaragaye mu baturage benshi b’ibinyabuzima muri Tayilande, kandi mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho, ikoreshwa rya permethrine ryasimbuwe ahanini n’indi miti ya pyrethide, cyane cyane iyasimbuwe na deltamethrine [82].Icyakora, kurwanya virusi ya deltamethrine no mu bindi byiciro byica udukoko bikunze kugaragara mu gihugu hose kubera gukoresha cyane kandi bikomeje [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, birasabwa kuzunguruka cyangwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twajugunywe mbere yari ifite akamaro kandi idafite ubumara bw’inyamabere, nka permethrine.Kugeza ubu, nubwo ikoreshwa rya permethrine ryagabanutse muri gahunda za leta z’igihugu ziherutse kurwanya imibu, kurwanya permethrine birashobora kuboneka mu baturage b’imibu.Ibi birashobora guterwa no guhura n’umubu ku bicuruzwa byangiza udukoko two mu rugo, bigizwe ahanini na permethrine nizindi pyrethroide [14, 17].Rero, gusubiramo neza permethrine bisaba guteza imbere no gushyira mubikorwa ingamba zo kugabanya kurwanya inzitizi.Nubwo nta mavuta yingenzi yapimwe kugiti cye muri ubu bushakashatsi yagize akamaro nka permethrine, gukorana na permethrine byaviriyemo ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza imbaraga.Iki nikimenyetso cyerekana ko imikoranire ya EO nuburyo bwo kurwanya itera kuvanga permethrine na EO gukora neza kuruta kwica udukoko cyangwa EO byonyine, cyane cyane kurwanya PMD-R Ae.Aedes aegypti.Inyungu zo kuvangavanga mu kongera imbaraga, nubwo hakoreshwa dosiye nkeya kugirango igenzure vector, irashobora gutuma imiyoborere irwanya kandi igabanya ibiciro [33, 87].Duhereye kuri ibyo bisubizo, birashimishije kumenya ko A. galanga na C. rotundus EOs zagize akamaro kanini kurusha PBO muguhuza uburozi bwa permethrine mumyanya yombi ya MCM-S na PMD-R kandi bushobora kuba ubundi buryo bwo gufasha imiti gakondo.
EOs zatoranijwe zagize ingaruka zikomeye zo kongera uburozi bwabantu bakuru kurwanya PMD-R Ae.aegypti, cyane cyane amavuta ya galangal, ifite SR ifite agaciro ka 1233.33, byerekana ko EO ifite amasezerano yagutse nkumuhuza mukuzamura imikorere ya permethrine.Ibi birashobora gushishikariza ikoreshwa ryibicuruzwa bishya bikora, bishobora hamwe byongera imikoreshereze y’ibicuruzwa byangiza imibu.Irerekana kandi ubushobozi bwa okiside ya Ethylene nkubundi buryo bwo guhuza imbaraga kugirango iteze imbere neza imiti yica udukoko cyangwa imiti gakondo kugirango ikemure ibibazo bihari byo kurwanya imibu.Gukoresha ibihingwa byoroshye kuboneka muri gahunda yo kurwanya imibu ntibigabanya gusa gushingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bihenze, ahubwo binashishikariza imbaraga zaho gushimangira gahunda z’ubuzima rusange.
Ibisubizo byerekana neza ingaruka zingirakamaro ziterwa no guhuza Ethylene oxyde na permethrine.Ibisubizo byerekana ubushobozi bwa okiside ya Ethylene nkumuhuza wibimera mukurwanya imibu, byongera imbaraga za permethrine kurwanya imibu, cyane cyane mubaturage barwanya.Iterambere hamwe nubushakashatsi bizakenera guhuza bioanalyse yamavuta ya galangal na alpinia hamwe n’ibintu byitaruye, guhuza udukoko twangiza udukoko karemano cyangwa sintetike turwanya amoko menshi nicyiciro cy’imibu, hamwe no gupima uburozi bwibinyabuzima bidafite intego.Gukoresha neza okiside ya Ethylene nkibishoboka bifatika.
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