Mu mushinga wabanjirije uwo wageragezaga inganda zitunganya ibiribwa zo muri Tayilande, amavuta y’ingenzi (EOs) ya Cyperus rotundus, galangal na sinamoni yagaragaye ko afite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya imibu mu kurwanya Aedes aegypti. Mu rwego rwo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibikomoka ku bimera gakondo.imiti yica udukokono kunoza uburyo imibu yihanganira indwara, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije kugaragaza isano iri hagati y’ingaruka z’uburozi bwa ethylene oxide n’uburozi bwa permethrin ku mibu ya Aedes. aegypti, harimo n’ubwoko bw’imibu irwanya pyrethroid n’iyoroheje.
Kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y’imiti n’imikorere y’iyica rya EO ivanywe mu mitsi ya C. rotundus na A. galanga n’igishishwa cya C. verum ku bwoko bwa Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) n’ubwoko bwa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) budapfa. ) Ae. Aedes aegypti y’abantu bakuru. Hakozwe isuzuma ry’ibinyabutabire bya EO-permethrin ku bwoko bwa Aedes kugira ngo busobanukirwe imikorere yabyo.
Isesengura ry’imiti hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusesengura bwa GC-MS ryagaragaje ko ibintu 48 byagaragaye mu binyabutabire bya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, bingana na 80.22%, 86.75% na 97.24% by’ibice byose uko bikurikirana. Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), na cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ni byo bintu by’ingenzi bigize amavuta ya cyperus, amavuta ya galangal, n’amavuta ya balsamic uko bikurikirana. Mu bipimo by’abantu bakuru bishwe, C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum EVs byagize ingaruka nziza mu kwica Ae. aegypti, MCM-S na PMD-R LD50 byari 10.05 na 9.57 μg/mg y’abagore, 7.97 na 7.94 μg/mg y’abagore, na 3.30 na 3.22 μg/mg y’abagore uko bikurikirana. Ubushobozi bwa MCM-S na PMD-R Ae mu kwica abantu bakuru. Aegipti muri izi EOs yari hafi ya piperonyl butoxide (agaciro ka PBO, LD50 = 6.30 na 4.79 μg/mg y'ingore, uko bikurikirana), ariko ntabwo yagaragaye cyane nka permethrin (agaciro ka LD50 = 0.44 na 3.70 ng/mg y'ingore uko bikurikirana). Ariko, isuzuma ry'ibinyabuzima ryagaragaje ubufatanye hagati ya EO na permethrin. Ihuriro rikomeye na permethrin mu kurwanya ubwoko bubiri bw'imibu ya Aedes. Aedes aegypti yagaragaye muri EM ya C. rotundus na A. galanga. Kongeramo amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga byagabanyije cyane agaciro ka LD50 ka permethrin kuri MCM-S kuva kuri 0.44 kugera kuri 0.07 ng/mg na 0.11 ng/mg mu bagore, uko bikurikirana, hamwe n’agaciro ka synergy ratio (SR) ka 6.28 na 4.00 uko bikurikirana. Byongeye kandi, C. rotundus na A. galanga EOs nabyo byagabanyije cyane agaciro ka LD50 ka permethrin kuri PMD-R kuva kuri 3.70 kugera kuri 0.42 ng/mg na 0.003 ng/mg mu bagore, uko bikurikirana, hamwe n’agaciro ka SR ka 8.81 na 1233.33 uko bikurikirana.
Ingaruka zo guhuza EO-permethrin kugira ngo yongere uburozi ku bwoko bubiri bw'imibu ya Aedes. Aedes aegypti igaragaza uruhare rwiza rwa ethylene oxide nk'umuhuza mu kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imibu, cyane cyane aho ibintu gakondo bidakora neza cyangwa bidakwiye.
Umubu wa Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ni wo mutera indwara ya dengue n'izindi ndwara zandura nka fièvre y'umuhondo, chikungunya na virusi ya Zika, bikaba ari ikibazo gikomeye kandi gikomeje ku bantu [1, 2]. Virusi ya Dengue ni yo ndwara ikomeye cyane itera kuva amaraso yibasira abantu, aho abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni 5-100 bandura buri mwaka kandi abantu barenga miliyari 2.5 ku isi yose bari mu kaga [3]. Icyorezo cy'iyi ndwara yandura gishyira umutwaro ukomeye ku baturage, inzego z'ubuzima n'ubukungu bw'ibihugu byinshi bishyuha [1]. Nk'uko Minisiteri y'Ubuzima ya Tayilande ibivuga, abantu 142.925 barwaye fièvre ya dengue n'impfu 141 zagaragaye mu gihugu hose mu 2015, inshuro zirenga eshatu z'abanduye n'abapfuye mu 2014 [4]. Nubwo hari ibimenyetso by'amateka, fièvre ya dengue yarahagaritswe cyangwa yagabanutse cyane n'umubu wa Aedes. Nyuma yo kurwanya Aedes aegypti [5], igipimo cy’ubwandu cyariyongereye cyane kandi iyi ndwara ikwirakwira ku isi yose, bitewe n’imyaka myinshi y’ubushyuhe bw’isi. Kurandura no kugenzura Ae. Aedes aegypti biragoye cyane kuko ni ubwoko bw’imibu yo mu rugo ihuza, igaburira, ikaruhukira kandi igatera amagi mu ngo z’abantu ku manywa. Byongeye kandi, iyi mibu ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira impinduka mu bidukikije cyangwa ibibazo biterwa n’ibintu bisanzwe (nk’amapfa) cyangwa ingamba zo kurwanya indwara, kandi ishobora gusubira ku mubare wayo wa mbere [6, 7]. Kubera ko inkingo zirwanya indwara ya dengue ziherutse kwemezwa kandi nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura indwara ya dengue, gukumira no kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara ya dengue bishingiye gusa ku kugenzura imibu itera indwara no gukuraho imikoranire n’abantu n’iyi mibu.
By’umwihariko, ikoreshwa ry’imiti mu kurwanya imibu ubu rifite uruhare runini mu buzima rusange nk’igice cy’ingenzi mu gucunga neza imibu itera indwara. Uburyo buzwi cyane bwo gukoresha imiti itera indwara burimo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko duto cyane irwanya imibu itera indwara (larvicides) n’imibu ikuze (adidocides). Kurwanya imibu binyuze mu kugabanya inkomoko no gukoresha imiti itera indwara nka organophosphates n’udukoko duto cyane bifatwa nk’ingenzi. Ariko, ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije zijyanye n’imiti yica udukoko ikoze mu nganda ndetse no kuyibungabunga cyane biracyari ikibazo gikomeye [8, 9]. Kurwanya imibu isanzwe, nko kurwanya abantu bakuru, biracyari uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya indwara mu gihe cy’icyorezo kuko bishobora kurandura indwara zandura vuba kandi ku rugero runini, ndetse no kugabanya igihe cyo kubaho no kuramba kw’imiti itera indwara [3]. , 10]. Amatsinda ane y’imiti yica udukoko: organochlorines (izwi gusa nka DDT), organophosphates, carbamate, na pyrethroids ni byo shingiro rya gahunda zo kurwanya imibu, aho pyrethroids ifatwa nk’itsinda ryatsinze cyane. Zigira ingaruka nziza cyane ku dukoko dutandukanye kandi zifite ingaruka nke ku nyamaswa. Muri iki gihe, imiti yica udukoko ikoze mu nganda ni yo myinshi mu miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi, ikaba ingana na 25% by'isoko ry'imiti yica udukoko ku isi [11, 12]. Permethrin na deltamethrin ni imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu nganda za pyrethroid imaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ikoreshwa ku isi yose mu kurwanya udukoko dutandukanye dufite akamaro mu buhinzi no mu buvuzi [13, 14]. Mu myaka ya 1950, DDT yatoranijwe nk'imiti ikoreshwa cyane muri gahunda y'igihugu yo kurwanya imibu mu buzima rusange muri Tayilande. Nyuma yo gukoresha DDT mu turere twibasiwe na malariya, Tayilande yagabanyije ikoreshwa rya DDT hagati ya 1995 na 2000 maze iyisimbuza pyrethroid ebyiri: permethrin na deltamethrin [15, 16]. Iyi miti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid yatangijwe mu ntangiriro za 1990 kugira ngo irwanye malariya n'indwara ya dengue, cyane cyane binyuze mu kuvura indwara zo mu buriri no gukoresha ibihuhusi bishyushye n'imiti igabanya uburozi [14, 17]. Ariko, byatakaje ubushobozi bwabyo bitewe no kudahangarwa cyane n’imibu no kutubahiriza amategeko y’abaturage bitewe n’impungenge ku buzima rusange n’ingaruka z’imiti ikoreshwa mu buhanga. Ibi biteza imbogamizi zikomeye ku ntsinzi ya gahunda zo kurwanya ibitera impanuka [14, 18, 19]. Kugira ngo ingamba zirusheho kuba nziza, zigezweho kandi zikwiye, ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge. Uburyo bwo gucunga busabwa burimo gusimbuza ibintu karemano, gusimburanya imiti y’ubwoko butandukanye, kongeramo imiti ihuza ibidukikije, no kuvanga imiti cyangwa gukoresha imiti y’ubwoko butandukanye icyarimwe [14, 20, 21]. Kubwibyo, hakenewe byihutirwa gushaka no guteza imbere ubundi buryo bworohereza ibidukikije, bworoshye kandi bufite akamaro kandi bugamije gukemura iki kibazo.
Imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku bimera, cyane cyane ishingiye ku bimera, yagaragaje ubushobozi mu gusuzuma ubundi buryo bwo kurwanya imibu buriho ubu n’ubutaha [22, 23, 24]. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko bishoboka kugenzura ibinyabuzima by’ingenzi bitera imibu hakoreshejwe ibikomoka ku bimera, cyane cyane amavuta y’ingenzi (EOs), nk’imiti yica abantu bakuru. Imiterere yo kwica amoko amwe n’amwe y’ingenzi y’imibu yabonetse mu mavuta menshi y’ibimera nka seleri, cumin, zedoaria, anise, urusenda rw’ibirayi, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cochlospermum planchonii, Eucalyptus ter eticornis., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata na Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Okiside ya ethylene ubu ikoreshwa atari iyo yonyine, ahubwo ikoreshwa no mu bimera bivanywemo cyangwa imiti yica udukoko isanzwe ikoreshwa mu buryo bw’uburozi, itanga uburozi butandukanye. Uruvange rw'imiti isanzwe yica udukoko nka organophosphates, carbamate na pyrethroids hamwe na ethylene oxide/ibikomoka ku bimera bikora mu buryo buhuza cyangwa burwanya ingaruka zayo z'uburozi kandi byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka nziza ku bitera indwara n'udukoko [31,32,33,34,35]. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku ngaruka z'uburozi zihuza imiti ya phytochemicals irimo cyangwa idafite imiti ya synthetic bwakozwe ku dukoko dukomoka ku buhinzi n'udukoko aho gukorwa ku mibu y'ingenzi mu buvuzi. Byongeye kandi, akazi kenshi ku ngaruka z'uruvange rw'imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti, rwibanze ku ngaruka z'imiti ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti ...
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abanditsi mu rwego rw'umushinga w'ubushakashatsi ukomeje gukorwa usuzuma imiti yica udukoko ituruka mu bimera gakondo byo muri Tayilande, okiside ya ethylene ikomoka kuri Cyperus rotundus, galangal na sinamoni byagaragaye ko ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwoko bwa Aedes ikuze. Misiri [36]. Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije gusuzuma uburyo EOs zakuwe muri ibi bimera bivura imibu ya Aedes, harimo n'ubwoko burwanya pyrethroid kandi bushobora kwitabwaho. Ingaruka z'ubuvanganzo bw'ibinyabutabire bya ethylene oxide na pyrethroid zikozwe mu buryo bufatika ku bantu bakuru nazo zasesenguwe kugira ngo bigabanye ikoreshwa ry'imiti gakondo yica udukoko no kongera ubudahangarwa ku mibu itera imibu, cyane cyane kuri Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Iyi nkuru ivuga imiterere y'amavuta y'ingenzi afite akamaro n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kongera uburozi bwa permethrin ikozwe mu buryo burwanya imibu ya Aedes, aegypti mu bwoko burwanya pyrethroid (MCM-S) n'ubwoko burwanya pyrethroid (PMD-R).
Ingano za C. rotundus na A. galanga n'igishishwa cya C. verum (Ishusho ya 1) zakoreshejwe mu gukuramo amavuta y'ingenzi zaguzwe n'abacuruza imiti y'ibimera mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande. Kumenya ibi bimera mu buryo bwa siyansi byagezweho binyuze mu kugisha inama Bwana James Franklin Maxwell, Inzobere mu Bimera bya Herbarium, Ishami ry'Ubumenyi bw'ibinyabuzima, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi, Kaminuza ya Chiang Mai (CMU), Intara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande, n'umuhanga mu bya siyansi Wannari Charoensap; mu Ishami ry'Ubufarumasi, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubufarumasi, Kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon, ingero za Madamu Voucher za buri kimera zibikwa mu Ishami ry'Ubumenyi bw'Ibimera mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuvuzi rya Carnegie Mellon kugira ngo zizakoreshwe mu gihe kizaza.
Ingero z'ibimera zamuritswe mu gicucu mu gihe cy'iminsi 3-5 ahantu hafunguye hari umwuka uhumeka neza n'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 30 ± 5 °C kugira ngo hakureho ubushuhe mbere yo gukuramo amavuta y'ingenzi karemano (EOs). Garama 250 za buri gikoresho cyumye cyasibwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu gusya amavuta y'ingenzi (EOs) hakoreshejwe ifu ishyushye. Igikoresho cyo gusya cyari kigizwe n'icyuma gishyushya gikoresha amashanyarazi, icupa rya 3000 mL rizunguruka hasi, inkingi yo gukuramo, icyuma gikonjesha, n'igikoresho cya Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, mu Buyapani). Shyiramo mililitiro 1600 z'amazi yaciwe n'amasaro y'ibirahure 10-15 mu icupa hanyuma ubishyushye kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 100 ukoresheje icyuma gishyushya gikoresha amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'amasaha 3 kugeza igihe gusya birangiye kandi nta kindi gikoresho cyakozwe. Urukuta rwa EO rwatandukanyijwe n'amazi hakoreshejwe umuyoboro utandukanya, rwumishwa hejuru ya sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) hanyuma rubikwa mu icupa ry'umukara rifunze kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugeza igihe hasuzumwe imiterere y'imiti n'imikorere y'abantu bakuru.
Imiterere y’ibinyabutabire by’amavuta y’ingenzi yakozwe icyarimwe n’isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima ku kintu cy’umuntu mukuru. Isesengura ry’imiterere ryakozwe hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya GC-MS igizwe na Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph ifite icyuma kimwe cya elegitoroniki gipima ubukana bwa quadrupole (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) na MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Inkingi ya kromatografiya – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ubugari bwa firime 0.25 µm). Igihe cyose cyo gukora GC-MS cyari iminota 20. Ibisabwa mu isesengura ni uko ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro w'injector n'umuyoboro w'ihererekanya ari 250 na 280 °C, uko bikurikirana; ubushyuhe bw'itanura bugomba kwiyongera kuva kuri 50 °C kugeza kuri 250 °C ku gipimo cya 10 °C/min, umwuka utwara ni heliyumu; igipimo cy'amazi ni 1.0 ml/min; ingano y'injection ni 0.2 µL (1/10% ukurikije ingano muri CH2Cl2, igipimo cyo kugabana ni 100:1); Sisitemu ya electron ionization ifite ingufu za ionization za 70 eV ikoreshwa mu gutahura GC-MS. Ingano yo kubona ni units 50–550 atome mass (amu) naho umuvuduko wo gushakisha ni 2.91 scans ku isegonda. Ijanisha ry'ibice bigaragazwa nk'ijanisha risanzwe hakurikijwe ubuso bw'agace k'umuvuduko. Kumenya ibintu bigize EO bishingiye ku gipimo cyabyo cyo kubikamo (RI). RI yabazwe hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo cya Van den Dool na Kratz [37] ku ruhererekane rwa n-alkanes (C8-C40) kandi igereranywa n'ibipimo byo kubikamo byakuwe mu nyandiko [38] no mu bubiko bw'ibitabo (NIST 2008 na Wiley 8NO8). Umwirondoro w'ibice byagaragajwe, nk'imiterere na formula ya molekile, byemejwe ugereranije n'ibipimo nyabyo biboneka.
Amabwiriza yo gusesengura permethrin na piperonyl butoxide (PBO, igenzura ryiza mu bushakashatsi bw’ubufatanye) yaguzwe muri Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, Amerika). Ibikoresho byo gupima abantu bakuru by’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) hamwe n’ibipimo byo gusuzuma impapuro za permethrin (0.75%) byaguzwe ku bucuruzi mu Kigo gishinzwe kugenzura Vector cya OMS i Penang, muri Maleziya. Ibindi binyabutabire byose n’ibinyabutabire byakoreshejwe byari bifite ireme ry’isesengura kandi byaguzwe mu bigo byo mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande.
Imibu yakoreshejwe nk'ibinyabuzima bipima mu isuzuma ry'ibinyabuzima bikuze yari ihuza imibu ya Aedes yo muri laboratwari. Aegypti, harimo n'umuti wa Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) n'umuti wa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). Umuti wa MCM-S wakuwe mu bipimo byafatiwe mu gace ka Muang Chiang Mai, mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande, kandi wakomeje kubikwa mu cyumba cy'ubushakashatsi bw'udukoko mu Ishami ry'Ubuvuzi bw'Ibikoko, Ishuri ry'Ubuvuzi rya CMU, kuva mu 1995 [39]. Umuti wa PMD-R, wagaragaye ko urwanya permethrin, wakuwe mu mibu yo mu gasozi yatoranijwe mbere muri Ban Pang Mai Dang, mu Karere ka Mae Tang, mu Ntara ya Chiang Mai, muri Tayilande, kandi wakomeje kubikwa muri icyo kigo kuva mu 1997 [40]. Ubwoko bwa PMD-R bwatewe hifashishijwe igitutu cyo guhitamo kugira ngo bugumane urugero rwo guhangana n'imibu binyuze mu guhura na permethrin ya 0.75% hakoreshejwe agakoresho ka OMS hamwe n'impinduka zimwe na zimwe [41]. Buri bwoko bwa Ae. Aedes aegypti yashyizwe mu matsinda y’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Aedes aegypti ukwayo muri laboratwari idafite indwara ku bushyuhe bwa 25 ± 2 °C na 80 ± 10% by’ubushyuhe n’igihe cy’amasaha 14:10 cy’urumuri/umwijima. Inyo zigera kuri 200 zashyizwe mu dusanduku twa pulasitiki (uburebure bwa cm 33, ubugari bwa cm 28 na cm 9 z’uburebure) zuzuyemo amazi ya robine ku bucucike bwa cm 150–200 kuri buri gasanduku kandi zigaburirwa kabiri ku munsi ibisuguti by’imbwa byasizwe umuti. Inyo zigera ku myaka zabikwaga mu tuzu dutose kandi zigaburirwa buri gihe umuti wa sucrose wa 10% n’umuti wa sirupe ya vitamine nyinshi wa 10%. Imibu y’ingore ihora inyunyuza amaraso kugira ngo itere amagi. Inyoni z’ingore zifite iminsi ibiri kugeza kuri itanu zitarahabwa amaraso zishobora gukoreshwa buri gihe mu igerageza ry’ibinyabuzima by’abantu bakuru.
Isuzuma ry’impinduka ku gipimo cy’umubu w’ingore wa Aedes, aegypti, MCM-S na PMD-R ryakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuvura indwara bwahinduwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya OMS yo gupima ko umuntu ashobora kwandura indwara [42]. Imiti ya EO iva muri buri kimera yavanzwe n’umuti ukwiye (urugero: ethanol cyangwa acetone) kugira ngo haboneke urukurikirane rw’ibipimo 4-6. Nyuma yo gusinziriza hakoreshejwe dioxyde de carbone (CO2), imibu yapimwe ukwayo. Imiti yatewe ikinya yashyizwe ku rupapuro rwumutse rudahinduka ku isahani ikonje yabigenewe munsi ya stereomicroscope kugira ngo hirindwe ko yongera gukora mu gihe cyo kuyivura. Kuri buri buryo bwo kuyivura, 0.1 μl y’umuti wa EO yashyizwe ku gice cyo hejuru cy’umubu w’ingore hakoreshejwe microdispenser ya Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Abagore makumyabiri na batanu bavuwe kuri buri cyiciro, aho impfu zari hagati ya 10% na 95% nibura ku bipimo 4 bitandukanye. Imibu yavuwe n’umuti yakoreshejwe nk’uburyo bwo kuyigenzura. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa kw'ibipimo by'ibizamini, simbura impapuro ziyungurura kuri buri EO yapimwe. Ingano zakoreshejwe muri ibi bipimo by'ibinyabuzima zigaragazwa muri mikorogarama za EO kuri miligarama y'uburemere bw'umubiri w'umugore muzima. Ibikorwa bya PBO by'abantu bakuru nabyo byapimwe mu buryo bumwe na EO, aho PBO yakoreshejwe nk'igenzura ryiza mu bushakashatsi buhuriweho. Imibu yavuwe mu matsinda yose yashyizwe mu bikombe bya pulasitiki maze ihabwa 10% bya sucrose hamwe na 10% ya sirupe ya multivitamine. Isuzuma ryose rya bioassay ryakozwe kuri 25 ± 2 °C na 80 ± 10% by'ubushuhe kandi risubirwamo inshuro enye hamwe n'igenzura. Impfu mu gihe cy'amasaha 24 yororwa zagenzuwe kandi zemezwa n'uko umubu utagize icyo usubiza mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga hanyuma zigafatwa hakurikijwe impuzandengo y'inshuro enye. Ubuvuzi bwakorewe mu igerageza bwasubiwemo inshuro enye kuri buri gipimo cy'ibizamini hakoreshejwe amatsinda atandukanye y'imibu. Ibisubizo byatanzwe muri make kandi byakoreshejwe mu kubara igipimo cy'impfu, cyakoreshejwe mu kumenya igipimo cy'urupfu mu masaha 24 hakoreshejwe isesengura rya probit.
Ingaruka zo kurwanya kwica EO na permethrin zasuzumwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusuzuma uburozi bwo mu gace runaka [42] nk'uko byasobanuwe mbere. Koresha acetone cyangwa ethanol nk'umusemburo wo gutegura permethrin ku rugero rwifuzwa, ndetse n'uruvange rw'ibice bibiri bya EO na permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin ivanze na EO ku rugero rwa LD25). Ibikoresho byo gupima (permethrin na EO-permethrin) byasuzumwe hifashishijwe ubwoko bwa MCM-S na PMD-R bwa Ae. Aedes aegypti. Buri mubu w'ingore 25 wahawe doze enye za permethrin kugira ngo bapime ubushobozi bwayo mu kwica abantu bakuru, buri muti usubirwamo inshuro enye. Kugira ngo hamenyekane imiti ikoreshwa mu kurwanya EO, doze 4 kugeza kuri 6 za EO-permethrin zatanzwe kuri buri mubu w'ingore 25, buri muti usubirwamo inshuro enye. Uburyo bwo kuvura PBO-permethrin (permethrin ivanze na LD25 ya PBO) nabwo bwabaye uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura. Ingano zikoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi zigaragazwa muri nanogarama z'icyitegererezo kuri miligarama y'uburemere bw'umugore muzima. Isuzumabumenyi rine ryakozwe kuri buri bwoko bw'umubu ku matsinda yorowe ukwayo, maze amakuru y'impfu akusanywa kandi asesengurwa hakoreshejwe Probit kugira ngo hamenyekane ingano yica mu masaha 24.
Igipimo cy'impfu cyahinduwe hakoreshejwe formula ya Abbott [43]. Amakuru yahinduwe yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya Probit regression hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya mudasobwa ikoresha imibare ya SPSS (version 19.0). Agaciro k'urupfu ka 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% na 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 na LD99, uko bikurikirana) kabazwe hakoreshejwe interingango za 95% zijyanye nabyo (95% CI). Ibipimo by'akamaro n'itandukaniro hagati y'ibipimo by'ibizamini byapimwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya chi-square cyangwa ikizamini cya Mann-Whitney U muri buri kizamini cy'ibinyabuzima. Ibisubizo byafashwe nk'ibifite agaciro mu mibare kuri P< 0.05. Igipimo cyo guhangana (RR) kibarwa ku rwego rwa LD50 hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira [12]:
RR > 1 igaragaza uburinzi, naho RR ≤ 1 igaragaza ubushobozi bwo kumva. Agaciro k'ikigereranyo cy'ubufatanye (SR) cya buri mukinnyi uhuza imbaraga kabarwa ku buryo bukurikira [34, 35, 44]:
Iki kintu gitandukanya ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi mu byiciro bitatu: agaciro ka SR ka 1±0.05 gafatwa nk'aho nta ngaruka igaragara gafite, agaciro ka SR ka >1.05 gafatwa nk'aho gafite ingaruka zihuriweho, naho agaciro ka SR ka A y'umuhondo woroshye amavuta y'amazi ashobora kuboneka binyuze mu gusya rhizomes za C. rotundus na A. galanga n'igishishwa cya C. verum. Umusaruro wabazwe ku buremere bwumye ni 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), na 0.54% (v/v). w) uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Inyigo ya GC-MS ku miterere y'amavuta ya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum yagaragaje ko hari ibintu 19, 17 na 21, bingana na 80.22, 86.75 na 97.24% by'ibice byose, uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Ibigize amavuta ya C. lucidum rhizome ahanini bigizwe na cyperonene (14.04%), hagakurikiraho carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), na α-capsellan (7.53%). Igice cy'ingenzi cy'amavuta ya galangal rhizome ni β-bisabolene (18.27%), hagakurikiraho α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) na piperonol (10.09%). Mu gihe cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) byagaragaye ko ari byo bigize amavuta ya C. verum bark, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) na 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) byafatwaga nk'ibintu byoroheje. Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire bya cyperne, β-bisabolene na cinnamaldehyde ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, uko bikurikirana, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.
Ibisubizo byavuye mu matsinda atatu ya OO yapimye ibikorwa by’abantu bakuru mu kurwanya imibu ya Aedes. Imibu ya aegypti igaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3. Imibu yose ya EO yagaragaye ko igira ingaruka mbi ku mibu ya MCM-S Aedes ku bwoko butandukanye n’ingano zitandukanye. Aedes aegypti. EO nziza cyane ni C. verum, ikurikirwa na A. galanga na C. rotundus zifite agaciro ka LD50 ka 3.30, 7.97 na 10.05 μg/mg ya MCM-S y’abagore, iri hejuru gato ya 3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) na 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg ya PMD -R ku bagore. Ibi bihuye n’uko PBO igira ingaruka nyinshi ku bantu bakuru kuri PMD-R kurusha ubwoko bwa MSM-S, aho LD50 ifite agaciro ka 4.79 na 6.30 μg/mg ku bagore, uko bikurikirana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Bishobora kubarwa ko agaciro ka LD50 ka C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus na PBO kuri PMD-R kari munsi y’inshuro 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 na 0.76 ugereranyije n’ako kuri MCM-S, uko bikurikirana. Bityo, ibi bigaragaza ko ubushobozi bwo kwandura PBO na EO busa hagati y’ubwoko bubiri bwa Aedes. Nubwo PMD-R yari ifite ubushobozi bwo kwandura kurusha MCM-S, ubushobozi bwo kwandura Aedes aegypti ntibwari buhagije. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ubwoko bubiri bwa Aedes butandukanye cyane mu buryo bwo kwandura permethrin. aegypti (Imbonerahamwe ya 4). PMD-R yagaragaje ubudahangarwa bukomeye kuri permethrin (agaciro ka LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg mu bagore) aho LD50 ifite agaciro ka 3.70 ugereranije na MCM-S (agaciro ka LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg mu bagore) ng/mg mu bagore (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Nubwo PMD-R idakunze cyane permethrin kurusha MCM-S, ubushobozi bwayo bwo kuvura PBO na C. verum, A. galanga, na C. rotundus amavuta buri hejuru gato ugereranyije na MCM-S.
Nkuko byagaragaye mu isuzuma ry’ubwiyongere bw’umuti wa EO-permethrin ku bantu bakuru, uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire bya permethrin na EO (LD25) byagaragaje guhuza (agaciro ka SR > 1.05) cyangwa nta ngaruka (agaciro ka SR = 1 ± 0.05). Ingaruka zikomeye z’umuvange wa EO-permethrin ku bantu bakuru ku mibu ya albino igerageza. Ubwoko bwa Aedes aegypti MCM-S na PMD-R bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 4 n’ishusho ya 3. Kongeramo amavuta ya C. verum byagaragaye ko bigabanya gato LD50 ya permethrin kuri MCM-S kandi byongera gato LD50 kuri PMD-R ikagera kuri 0.44–0 .42 ng/mg mu bagore no kuva kuri 3.70 kugeza kuri 3.85 ng/mg mu bagore, uko bikurikirana. Mu buryo bunyuranye, kongeramo amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga byagabanyije cyane LD50 ya permethrin kuri MCM-S kuva kuri 0.44 kugera kuri 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) no kugera kuri 0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg abagore. Hashingiwe ku gaciro ka LD50 ka MCM-S, agaciro ka SR k'uruvange rwa EO-permethrin nyuma yo kongeramo amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga kari 6.28 na 4.00, uko bikurikirana. Bityo, LD50 ya permethrin kuri PMD-R yagabanutse cyane kuva kuri 3.70 kugera kuri 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) no kugera kuri 0.003 hamwe n’amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg y’igitsina gore. Agaciro ka SR ka permethrin kahujwe na C. rotundus kuri PMD-R kari 8.81, mu gihe agaciro ka SR k’uruvange rwa galangal-permethrin kari 1233.33. Ugereranyije na MCM-S, agaciro ka LD50 ka PBO yo kugenzura neza kagabanutse kuva kuri 0.44 kugera kuri 0.26 ng/mg (abagore) no kuva kuri 3.70 ng/mg (abagore) kugera kuri 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) na PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Agaciro ka SR k'uruvange rwa PBO-permethrin ku bwoko bwa MCM-S na PMD-R kari 1.69 na 5.69, uko bikurikirana. Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ko amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga na PBO byongera uburozi bwa permethrin ku rugero runini kurusha amavuta ya C. verum ku bwoko bwa MCM-S na PMD-R.
Ibikorwa by'abantu bakuru (LD50) bya EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) hamwe n'uburyo bivangavanga ubwoko bw'imibu ya Aedes iterwa na pyrethroid (MCM-S) n'irwanya (PMD-R).
[45]. Inzoga za pyrethroids zikoreshwa ku isi yose mu kugenzura hafi ya arthropods zose zifite akamaro mu buhinzi no mu buvuzi. Ariko, bitewe n'ingaruka mbi zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu buvuzi, cyane cyane mu iterambere no kurwanya imibu ikwirakwira, ndetse n'ingaruka ku buzima bw'igihe kirekire no ku bidukikije, ubu hari ngombwa byihutirwa kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko gakondo ikoreshwa mu buvuzi no gushyiraho ubundi buryo [35, 46, 47]. Uretse kurengera ibidukikije n'ubuzima bw'abantu, ibyiza by'imiti yica udukoko mu bimera birimo guhitamo neza, kuboneka ku isi yose, no koroshya umusaruro no kuyikoresha, bigatuma ikurura cyane mu kurwanya imibu [32,48, 49]. Ubu bushakashatsi, uretse gusobanura imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'amavuta y'ingenzi afite akamaro binyuze mu isesengura rya GC-MS, bwanasuzumye imbaraga z'amavuta y'ingenzi akuze n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kongera uburozi bwa permethrin ikoreshwa mu buvuzi mu bwoko bwa pyrethroid (MCM-S) n'ubwoko budashobora gukoreshwa (PMD-R).
Isesengura rya GC-MS ryagaragaje ko cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) na cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ari byo bigize amavuta ya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum. Ibi binyabutabire byagaragaje ibikorwa bitandukanye bya biyoloji. Ahn et al. [50] bavuze ko 6-acetoxycyperene, yakuwe muri rhizome ya C. rotundus, ikora nk'ikintu kirwanya kanseri kandi ishobora gutera apoptosis iterwa na caspase mu turemangingo twa kanseri y'intanga ngore. β-Bisabolene, ivanywe mu mavuta y'ingenzi y'igiti cya myrchi, igaragaza uburozi bwihariye ku turemangingo twa kanseri y'amabere y'abantu n'imbeba haba muri vitro no mu mubiri [51]. Cinnamaldehyde, iboneka mu binyabutabire karemano cyangwa ikorerwa muri laboratwari, byavuzwe ko ifite ibikorwa byo kwica udukoko, kurwanya bagiteri, kurwanya indwara zifata imitsi, kurwanya kanseri, no kurwanya anginage [52].
Ibisubizo by’isuzuma ry’imikorere y’umuntu mukuru bishingiye ku gipimo byagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza bw’imiti ya EO yageragejwe kandi byerekana ko ubwoko bw’umubu wa Aedes MCM-S na PMD-R bufite ubushobozi bumwe na EO na PBO. Aedes aegypti. Kugereranya ubushobozi bwa EO na permethrin byagaragaje ko iyi miti ifite ingaruka zikomeye ku ndwara ya allergie: agaciro ka LD50 ni 0.44 na 3.70 ng/mg mu bagore ku bwoko bwa MCM-S na PMD-R, uko bikurikirana. Ibi byavumbuwe bishyigikiwe n’ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekana ko imiti yica udukoko isanzwe, cyane cyane ibikomoka ku bimera, muri rusange idakora neza nk’ibintu bya sintetike [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Ibi bishobora guterwa n’uko iya mbere ari uruvange rw’ibintu bikora cyangwa bidakora, mu gihe iya nyuma ari ikintu kimwe gisukuye. Ariko, ubwinshi n’ubukana bw’ibintu karemano bikora bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora bishobora kongera imikorere y’ibinyabuzima cyangwa bikabangamira iterambere ry’ubudahangarwa mu bantu bakira iyi miti [55, 56, 57]. Abashakashatsi benshi bavuze ko C. verum, A. galanga na C. rotundus hamwe n'ibice byayo nka β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde na 1,8-cineole bishobora kurwanya imibu [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63,64]. Ariko, isuzuma ry'inyandiko ryagaragaje ko nta raporo zatanzwe mbere zigaragaza ingaruka zayo zo guhuza na permethrin cyangwa indi miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu gukora irwanya imibu ya Aedes. Aedes aegypti.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, itandukaniro rikomeye mu kuba permethrin ishobora kwangirika hagati y’ubwoko bubiri bwa Aedes. Aedes aegypti. MCM-S ishobora kwangirika kuri permethrin, mu gihe PMD-R yo idakunze kwangirika cyane, aho ifite igipimo cyo kuyirwanya cya 8.41. Ugereranyije n’uburyo MCM-S ishobora kwangirika, PMD-R ntabwo ishobora kwangirika cyane kuri permethrin ahubwo ishobora kwangirika cyane kuri EO, bitanga ishingiro ry’ubushakashatsi bugamije kongera ubushobozi bwa permethrin bayivanga na EO. Isuzuma rishingiye ku guhuza ingaruka z’abantu bakuru ryagaragaje ko uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire bya EO na permethrin byagabanyije cyangwa byongera impfu za Aedes abantu bakuru. Aedes aegypti. Kongeramo amavuta ya C. verum byagabanyije gato LD50 ya permethrin kuri MCM-S ariko byongera gato LD50 kuri PMD-R hamwe n’agaciro ka SR ka 1.05 na 0.96, uko bikurikirana. Ibi bigaragaza ko amavuta ya C. verum adafite ingaruka zo guhuza cyangwa kurwanya permethrin ubwo yageragezwaga kuri MCM-S na PMD-R. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga yagaragaje ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza mu kugabanya cyane agaciro ka LD50 ka permethrin kuri MCM-S cyangwa PMD-R. Ubwo permethrin yahuzwaga na EO ya C. rotundus na A. galanga, agaciro ka SR k'uruvange rwa EO-permethrin kuri MCM-S kari 6.28 na 4.00, uko bikurikirana. Byongeye kandi, ubwo permethrin yapimwaga PMD-R hamwe na C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) cyangwa A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), agaciro ka SR kiyongereye cyane. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko C. rotundus na A. galanga byombi byongereye uburozi bwa permethrin kuri PMD-R Ae. aegypti cyane. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, PBO byagaragaye ko yongera uburozi bwa permethrin hamwe n'agaciro ka SR ka 1.69 na 5.69 ku bwoko bwa MCM-S na PMD-R, uko bikurikirana. Kubera ko C. rotundus na A. galanga byari bifite agaciro ka SR ko hejuru, byafatwaga nk'abahuza beza mu kongera uburozi bwa permethrin kuri MCM-S na PMD-R uko bikurikirana.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ingaruka zo guhuza imiti yica udukoko n'ibimera ku moko atandukanye y'imibu. Isuzuma ryakozwe ku mibu rirwanya Anopheles Stephensi ryakozwe na Kalayanasundaram na Das [65] ryagaragaje ko fenthion, organophosphate ifite spectrum wide-spectrum, yari ifitanye isano na Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax na Parthenium hysterophorus. Hagaragaye ubufatanye bukomeye hagati y'ibikomoka ku mibu bifite ingaruka zo guhuza (SF) za 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 na 2.23, uko bikurikirana. Mu isuzuma ryakozwe ku mibu ku moko 15 y'imibu, icyegeranyo cya peteroli ether cy'imizi ya mibu yakuwemo cyagaragaye ko gikora neza cyane mu kurwanya Culex quinquefasciatus ifite agaciro ka LC50 ka 25.7 mg/L [66]. Ingaruka zo guhuza iyi mvange n'umuti wica udukoko wa pyrethrum mu bimera byavuzwe ko byagabanyije LC50 ya pyrethrum mu kurwanya imyakura ya C. quinquefasciatus kuva kuri 0.132 mg/L kugera kuri 0.107 mg/L, byongeye kandi, muri ubu bushakashatsi hakoreshejwe ibarura rya SF rya 1.23. 34,35,44. Ingaruka zo guhuza imvange y'umuzi wa Solanum citron n'imiti myinshi yica udukoko ikoresheje imiti (urugero: fenthion, cypermethrin (pyrethroid ikoze mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga) na timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) mu kurwanya imibu ya Anopheles zasuzumwe. Stephensi [54] na C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Guhuza ikoreshwa rya cypermethrin n'umuhondo w'imbuto za peteroli ether byagaragaje ingaruka zo guhuza kuri cypermethrin mu bipimo byose. Igipimo cyiza cyane cyari imvange ya 1:1 y'ibinyabutabire hamwe n'agaciro ka LC50 na SF ka 0.0054 ppm na 6.83, ugereranije na An. Stephen West [54]. Mu gihe imvange ya 1:1 y'ibinyabutabire ya S. xanthocarpum na temephos yari ihanganye (SF = 0.6406), imvange ya S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) yagaragaje imikorere ihuza C. quinquefasciatus hamwe na SF ya 1.3125 [34]]. Tong na Blomquist [35] bigaga ingaruka za oxide ethylene y'ibimera ku burozi bwa carbaryl (carbamate ifite spectrum broad-spectrum) na permethrin ku mibu ya Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko oxide ethylene ikomoka kuri agar, urusenda rwirabura, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood na sesame byongera uburozi bwa carbaryl ku mibu ya Aedes. Agaciro ka SR k'udusimba twa aegypti kari hagati ya 1.0 na 7.0. Mu buryo bunyuranye, nta na kimwe muri EO cyari gifite uburozi ku mibu ya Aedes ikuze. Kuri iki cyiciro, nta ngaruka zagaragaye ku guhuza Aedes aegypti na EO-carbaryl. PBO yakoreshejwe nk'uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura uburozi bwa carbaryl ku mibu ya Aedes. Agaciro ka SR k'udusimba twa Aedes aegypti n'udusimba tukuze ni 4.9-9.5 na 2.3, uko bikurikirana. Uruvange rw'ibice bibiri bya permethrin na EO cyangwa PBO ni byo byapimwe kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kwica udusimba. Uruvange rwa EO-permethrin rwagize ingaruka mbi, mu gihe uruvange rwa PBO-permethrin rwagize ingaruka nziza ku mibu ya Aedes. Udusimba twa Aedes aegypti. Ariko, igerageza ryo gusubiza urugero rw'umuti n'isuzuma rya SR ku ruvange rwa PBO-permethrin ntirirakorwa. Nubwo hari ibisubizo bike byagezweho ku bijyanye n'ingaruka zo guhuza imiti n'udukoko mu gutera imibu, aya makuru ashyigikira ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, bitanga amahirwe yo kongeramo imiti n'udukoko mu rwego rwo kugabanya gusa urugero rw'imiti ikoreshwa, ahubwo no kongera ingaruka zo kwica. Ubushobozi bw'udukoko. Byongeye kandi, ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi byagaragaje bwa mbere ko amavuta ya C. rotundus na A. galanga akorana neza cyane mu kurwanya ubwoko bw'imibu ya Aedes iterwa na pyrethroid kandi irwanya pyrethroid ugereranije na PBO iyo ihujwe n'uburozi bwa permethrin. Aedes aegypti. Ariko, ibisubizo bitunguranye byavuye mu isesengura rya synergistic byagaragaje ko amavuta ya C. verum afite imbaraga nyinshi mu kurwanya ubwoko bwombi bwa Aedes. Igitangaje ni uko ingaruka z'uburozi bwa permethrin kuri Aedes aegypti zitari zishimishije. Impinduka mu ngaruka z'uburozi n'ingaruka zo guhuza zishobora guterwa n'ubwoko butandukanye n'urwego rw'ibice bikora muri aya mavuta.
Nubwo hakozwe ibishoboka byose kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere, uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu ntabwo busobanutse neza. Impamvu zishobora gutuma habaho imikorere itandukanye n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibintu zishobora kuba zirimo itandukaniro mu miterere y'ibinyabutabire by'ibicuruzwa byageragejwe n'itandukaniro mu kwibasirwa n'imibu bifitanye isano no guhangana n'iterambere. Hari itandukaniro hagati y'ibice by'ingenzi n'ibito bya ethylene oxide byageragejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, kandi bimwe muri ibi binyabutabire byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka mbi ku dukoko n'udukoko dutera indwara [61,62,64,67,68]. Ariko, ibinyabutabire by'ingenzi bigaragazwa mu mavuta ya C. rotundus, A. galanga na C. verum, nka cypern, β-bisabolene na cinnamaldehyde, ntibyageragejwe muri iyi nyandiko ku bijyanye n'imikorere yabyo yo kurwanya abantu bakuru n'imikorere yo guhuza ibintu kuri Ae, uko bikurikirana. Aedes aegypti. Kubwibyo, hakenewe ubushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza kugira ngo hamenyekane ibintu bikora biri muri buri mavuta y'ingenzi no gusobanura imikorere yabyo yo kwica udukoko n'imikoranire yabyo kuri iyi mibu. Muri rusange, ibikorwa byo kwica udukoko biterwa n'imikorere n'uburyo uburozi n'udukoko bikora, bishobora koroshywa bigabanywamo ibice bitatu: kwinjira mu ruhu rw'umubiri w'udukoko no mu ruhu rw'ingingo zigomba kwibandwaho, gukora (= gukorana n'ikintu kigomba kwibandwaho) no gusohora uburozi [57, 69]. Kubwibyo, guhuza imiti yica udukoko bigatera kwiyongera k'ubushobozi bw'imivange y'uburozi bisaba nibura kimwe muri ibi byiciro, nko kwiyongera k'ubwinjirire, gukora cyane kw'ibintu byibumbiyemo, cyangwa kugabanya gusohora uburozi ku kintu kigira akamaro. Urugero, kwihanganira ingufu bitinda kwinjira mu ruhu binyuze mu ruhu rwuzuye no kudakora neza kwa biochemical, nko kongera imikorere y'imiti yica udukoko igaragara mu dukoko tumwe na tumwe turwanya [70, 71]. Ingufu zikomeye za EOs mu kongera uburozi bwa permethrin, cyane cyane kuri PMD-R, zishobora kwerekana igisubizo ku kibazo cyo kudakora neza imiti yica udukoko binyuze mu gukorana n'uburyo bwo kudakora neza [57, 69, 70, 71]. Tong na Blomquist [35] bashyigikiye ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bagaragaza imikoranire hagati ya EOs n'imiti yica udukoko ikoze mu nganda. Aegypti, hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko hari imikorere ibuza enzymes zikuraho uburozi, harimo monooxygenases za cytochrome P450 na carboxylesterases, bifitanye isano rya hafi no guteza imbere ubudahangarwa bw'imiti gakondo yica udukoko. PBO ntabwo ivugwa gusa ko ibuza imikorere ya cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ahubwo inanoza uburyo imiti yica udukoko yinjiramo, nk'uko bigaragazwa no gukoreshwa kwayo nk'igenzura ryiza mu bushakashatsi bujyanye n'imikorere [35, 72]. Igishimishije ni uko 1,8-cineole, kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi biboneka muri peteroli ya galangal, izwiho ingaruka z'uburozi ku dukoko [22, 63, 73] kandi byavuzwe ko igira ingaruka zijyanye n'imikorere mu bice byinshi by'ubushakashatsi ku mikorere y'ibinyabuzima [74]. , , 75, 76, 77]. Byongeye kandi, 1,8-cineole hamwe n'imiti itandukanye irimo curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], aside mefenamic [80] na zidovudine [81] nayo igira ingaruka zo kwinjirira mu mubiri. Bityo, uruhare rushoboka rwa 1,8-cineole mu bikorwa byo kwica udukoko mu buryo bwa synergistic ntabwo ari ikintu gikora gusa ahubwo ni no kongera imbaraga mu kwinjira. Bitewe no guhuza cyane na permethrin, cyane cyane kurwanya PMD-R, ingaruka zo guhuza amavuta ya galangal n'amavuta ya trichosanthes zagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi zishobora guterwa no gukorana n'uburyo bwo kurwanya, ni ukuvuga kwiyongera k'uburyo bwo kwinjira kuri chlorine. Pyrethroids yongera imbaraga z'ibintu byakusanyijwe kandi ikabuza enzymes zikuraho uburozi nka cytochrome P450 monooxygenases na carboxylesterases. Ariko, ibi bice bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugira ngo hamenyekane uruhare rwihariye rwa EO n'ibintu byayo byatandukanye (byonyine cyangwa bivanze) mu buryo bwa synergistic.
Mu 1977, urwego rwo hejuru rw’ubudahangarwa bwa permethrin rwagaragaye mu matsinda menshi y’abatera udukoko muri Tayilande, kandi mu myaka yakurikiyeho, ikoreshwa rya permethrin ryasimbuwe cyane n’indi miti itera udukoko, cyane cyane iyasimbuwe na deltamethrin [82]. Ariko, ubudahangarwa bwa deltamethrin n’izindi nganda z’imiti yica udukoko ni ibintu bikunze kugaragara mu gihugu hose bitewe no gukoreshwa cyane kandi bidasibangana [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, birasabwa guhinduranya cyangwa kongera gukoresha imiti yica udukoko yajugunywe yari ifite akamaro mbere kandi idahumanya cyane ku nyamaswa, nka permethrin. Muri iki gihe, nubwo ikoreshwa rya permethrin ryagabanutse muri gahunda za leta y’igihugu ziherutse kurwanya imibu, ubudahangarwa bwa permethrin buracyaboneka mu matsinda y’imibu. Ibi bishobora guterwa no guhura n’imibu n’ibicuruzwa byo mu ngo birwanya udukoko, bigizwe ahanini na permethrin n’izindi pyrethroid [14, 17]. Bityo, kongera gukoresha permethrin neza bisaba guteza imbere no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugabanya ubudahangarwa bwa vector. Nubwo nta mavuta y’ingenzi yageragejwe ukwayo muri ubu bushakashatsi yagize ingaruka nziza nka permethrin, gukorana na permethrin byagize ingaruka nziza ku buryo bw’imikorere ihuza imiti. Iki ni ikimenyetso gitanga icyizere cy’uko uburyo EO ikorana n’uburyo bwo kurwanya imiti butuma ihuza permethrin na EO bigira ingaruka nziza kurusha umuti wica udukoko cyangwa EO yonyine, cyane cyane mu kurwanya PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Ibyiza byo kuvanga imiti ihuza imiti mu kongera ubushobozi, nubwo hakoreshejwe dose nke zo kugenzura vectors, bishobora gutuma habaho uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga imiti irwanya indwara no kugabanya ikiguzi [33, 87]. Dukurikije ibi bisubizo, birashimishije kubona ko A. galanga na C. rotundus EOs zari zifite akamaro kurusha PBO mu guhuza uburozi bwa permethrin mu bwoko bwa MCM-S na PMD-R kandi ni ubundi buryo bushoboka bwo gusimbura imiti isanzwe ifasha mu kurwanya indwara.
EO zatoranijwe zagize ingaruka zikomeye ku bufatanye mu kongera uburozi ku bantu bakuru kuri PMD-R Ae. aegypti, cyane cyane amavuta ya galangal, afite agaciro ka SR kagera kuri 1233.33, bigaragaza ko EO ifite icyizere kinini cyo guhuza mu kongera ubushobozi bwa permethrin. Ibi bishobora gutuma ikoreshwa ry'umuti mushya w'umwimerere ukora, hamwe ushobora kongera ikoreshwa ry'imiti irwanya imibu neza cyane. Binagaragaza ubushobozi bwa ethylene oxide nk'uburyo bwo guhuza imiti ishaje cyangwa gakondo kugira ngo hakorwe neza imiti yica udukoko isanzwe kugira ngo hakemurwe ibibazo biriho byo kurwanya imibu mu bwinshi. Gukoresha ibimera biboneka mu buryo bworoshye muri gahunda zo kurwanya imibu ntibigabanya gusa kwishingikiriza ku bikoresho bitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bihenze, ahubwo binatera imbaraga mu rwego rwo gukomeza ubuvuzi rusange.
Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza neza ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza imikorere ziterwa no guhuza oxide ya ethylene na permethrin. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ubushobozi bwa oxide ya ethylene nk'uburyo bwo guhuza ibimera mu kurwanya imibu, byongera ubushobozi bwa oxide ya ethylene mu kurwanya imibu, cyane cyane mu baturage bahangana n'imibu. Iterambere n'ubushakashatsi bizasaba isesengura ry'ibinyabuzima rya galangal na alpinia hamwe n'ibinyabutabire byayo, uruvange rw'imiti yica udukoko ikomoka ku binyabuzima cyangwa inkomoko yayo mu bwoko butandukanye n'icyiciro cy'imibu, hamwe no gupima uburozi ku binyabuzima bitari ibyabo. Gukoresha oxide ya ethylene nk'uburyo bwo guhuza imikorere.
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