Ibipimo ngenderwaho mu mikurire y'ibimera (PGRs)ni uburyo buhendutse bwo kongera ubwirinzi bw'ibimera mu gihe cy'imihangayiko. Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye ubushobozi bw'abantu babiriPGRs, thiourea (TU) na arginine (Arg), kugira ngo bigabanye ikibazo cy'umunyu mu ngano. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko TU na Arg, cyane cyane iyo bikoreshejwe hamwe, bishobora kugenga imikurire y'ibimera mu gihe cy'umunyu. Uburyo bwo kuvura bwazamuye cyane imikorere ya enzymes zirwanya antioxidant mu gihe bigabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), no kuzana electrolyte (REL) mu mbuto z'ingano. Byongeye kandi, ubu buryo bwo kuvura bwagabanyije cyane igipimo cya Na+ na Ca2+ n'igipimo cya Na+/K+, mu gihe byongera cyane igipimo cya K+, bityo bigakomeza kuringaniza ion-osmotic. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, TU na Arg byongereye cyane chlorophyll, igipimo cya photosynthesis, n'igipimo cyo guhererekanya gazi mu mbuto z'ingano mu gihe cy'umunyu. TU na Arg bikoreshejwe byonyine cyangwa bivanze bishobora kongera ubwiyongere bw'ibintu byumye ku kigero cya 9.03–47.45%, kandi ukwiyongera kwabyo kwari gukomeye cyane igihe byakoreshejwe hamwe. Mu gusoza, ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko kubungabunga redox homeostasis na ion kuringaniza ari ingenzi mu kongera ubushobozi bw'ibimera bwo kwihanganira ikibazo cy'umunyu. Byongeye kandi, TU na Arg byasabwe nk'ibishoboraabashinzwe kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera,cyane cyane iyo bikoreshejwe hamwe, kugira ngo byongere umusaruro w'ingano.
Impinduka zihuse mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ubuhinzi zirimo kongera kwangirika kw’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima by’ubuhinzi1. Imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye ni ugutera umunyu ku butaka, bibangamira umutekano w’ibiribwa ku isi2. Gutera umunyu ubu bigira ingaruka kuri 20% by’ubutaka buhingwa ku isi, kandi iyi mibare ishobora kwiyongera ikagera kuri 50% mu 20503. Gutera umunyu-alkali bishobora gutera stress ya osmotic mu mizi y’ibihingwa, bigahungabanya uburinganire bwa iyoni mu bimera4. Izi ngorane zishobora kandi gutuma chlorophyll igabanuka vuba, fotosinthesisite igabanuka, ndetse n’ihindagurika ry’imikorere y’umubiri, amaherezo bigatera kugabanuka k’umusaruro w’ibimera5,6. Byongeye kandi, ingaruka mbi isanzwe ni ukwiyongera k’ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora neza (ROS), ishobora kwangiza ogisijeni ku binyabuzima bitandukanye, harimo ADN, poroteyine, na lipide7.
Ingano (Triticum aestivum) ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi cyane ku isi. Si igihingwa cy'ibinyampeke gihingwa cyane gusa, ahubwo ni n'igihingwa cy'ingenzi mu bucuruzi8. Ariko, ingano zikunda umunyu, bishobora kubangamira imikurire yazo, bigahungabanya imikorere yazo mu mikorere no mu buvuzi, kandi bikagabanya cyane umusaruro wazo. Ingamba z'ingenzi zo kugabanya ingaruka z'umunyu zirimo guhindura imiterere y'ibinyabuzima no gukoresha ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera. Udukoko twahinduwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo (GM) ni ugukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y'uturemangingo n'ubundi buryo bwo guteza imbere ubwoko bw'ingano zihanganira umunyu9,10. Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera byongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umunyu mu ngano binyuze mu kugenzura ibikorwa by'umubiri n'urwego rw'ibintu bifitanye isano n'umunyu, bityo bikagabanya kwangirika kw'imikurire11. Ibi bikoresho muri rusange byemewe kandi bikoreshwa cyane kuruta uburyo bwa transgenic. Bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira imikurire y'ibimera ku bintu bitandukanye nk'umunyu, amapfa n'ibyuma biremereye, kandi bigatera imbere kumera kw'imbuto, gufata intungamubiri no kororoka, bityo byongera umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'ibihingwa. 12 Ibipimo bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ko ibihingwa bikura kandi bigakomeza umusaruro n'ubwiza bitewe n'uko bibungabunga ibidukikije, byoroshye kubikoresha, bifite akamaro kandi bikoresha ikoranabuhanga. 13 Ariko, kubera ko izi modulator zifite uburyo bumwe bwo gukora, gukoresha bumwe muri bwo gusa bishobora kutagira ingaruka nziza. Gushaka uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo bwo gukura bushobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umunyu mu ngano ni ingenzi mu korora ingano mu gihe habayeho imihindagurikire mibi, kongera umusaruro no kwemeza ko hari umutekano w'ibiribwa.
Nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe bugamije gusuzuma ikoreshwa rya TU na Arg hamwe. Ntibiramenyekana neza niba ubu buryo bushya bushobora guteza imbere ingano mu buryo buhuriweho mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy'umunyu. Kubwibyo, intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ukumenya niba izi nzego zombi zigenzura ubwiyongere zishobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi z'umunyu mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy'umunyu ku ngano. Kugira ngo tubigereho, twakoze igerageza ry'igihe gito ry'imbuto z'ingano zikomoka kuri hydroponic kugira ngo dusuzume ibyiza byo gukoresha TU na Arg hamwe mu ngano mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy'umunyu, twibanda ku buryo ibimera bihindukamo redox na ionic. Twatekereje ko guhuza TU na Arg bishobora gukorana mu buryo buhuriweho mu kugabanya kwangirika kwa oxidative guterwa n'umunyu no gucunga ubusumbane bwa ionic, bityo bikanongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umunyu mu ngano.
Ingano ya MDA mu bipimo yagenwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa aside thiobarbituric. Pima neza garama 0.1 y'ifu nshya, uyikuremo ml 1 ya aside trichloroacetic 10% mu gihe cy'iminota 10, uyikuremo centrifuge kuri garama 10.000 mu gihe cy'iminota 20, hanyuma ufate supernatant. Ingano yavuyemo yavanzwe n'ingano ingana ya aside thiobarbituric 0.75% hanyuma uyishyira kuri dogere selisiyusi 100 mu gihe cy'iminota 15. Nyuma yo kuyikuramo, supernatant yakusanyijwe hakoreshejwe centrifuge, maze agaciro ka OD kari kuri 450 nm, 532 nm, na 600 nm kapimwe. Igipimo cya MDA cyabazwe ku buryo bukurikira:
Kimwe no kuvura mu minsi 3, gukoresha Arg na Tu byanatumye enzymes za antioxidant ziyongera cyane ku mbuto z'ingano mu gihe cy'iminsi 6. Guhuza TU na Arg byari bikiri byiza cyane. Ariko, mu minsi 6 nyuma yo kuvurwa, imikorere ya enzymes enye za antioxidant mu bihe bitandukanye byo kuvurwa yagaragaje ko yagabanutse ugereranije n'iminsi 3 nyuma yo kuvurwa (Ishusho ya 6).
Fotosintesi ni ishingiro ry’ubwiyongere bw’ibintu byumye mu bimera kandi biba mu bimera bya chloroplast, bikunze cyane umunyu. Ihungabana ry’umunyu rishobora gutuma plasma membrane ihinduka, ihungabana ry’uburinganire bw’uturemangingo, kwangiza imiterere ya chloroplast36, gutera kwangirika kwa chlorophyll, kugabanya imikorere ya enzymes za Calvin cycle (harimo na Rubisco), no kugabanya ihererekanya rya elegitoroniki kuva kuri PS II kugera kuri PS I37. Byongeye kandi, ihungabana ry’umunyu rishobora gutuma stomatal ifunga, bityo bikagabanya ubwiyongere bwa CO2 mu mababi no kubuza fotosintesi38. Ibisubizo byacu byemeje ibyavumbuwe mbere ko ihungabana ry’umunyu rigabanya imikorere y’igifu mu ngano, bigatuma igipimo cyo guhumeka mu mababi no kwiyongera kwa CO2 mu turemangingo, amaherezo bigatera kugabanuka k’ubushobozi bwa fotosintesi no kugabanuka k’ingano (Ishusho ya 1 na 3). By’umwihariko, ikoreshwa rya TU na Arg rishobora kongera ubushobozi bwa fotosintesi mu bimera by’ingano biri mu ihungabana ry’umunyu. Iterambere ry’imikorere ya fotosintesi ryari ingenzi cyane iyo TU na Arg byakoreshejwe icyarimwe (Ishusho ya 3). Ibi bishobora guterwa n'uko TU na Arg bigenzura uburyo umwijima ufunguka n'ufunga mu nda, bityo byongera ubushobozi bwo gukora umwijima, ibi bikaba bishyigikiwe n'ubushakashatsi bwabanje. Urugero, Bencarti n'abandi basanze ko mu gihe cy'umunyu, TU yongereye cyane uburyo umwijima ufunguka, igipimo cyo guhuza CO2, n'ubushobozi ntarengwa bwa PSII muri Atriplex portulacoides L.39. Nubwo nta raporo zigaragaza ko Arg ishobora kugenzura uburyo umwijima ufunguka n'ufunga mu nda mu bimera byahuye n'umunyu, Silveira n'abandi bagaragaje ko Arg ishobora guteza imbere ihererekanya rya gaze mu mababi mu gihe cy'amapfa22.
Muri make, ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza ko nubwo uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora n'imiterere ya fizikiki, TU na Arg bishobora gutanga ubudahangarwa bungana na NaCl mu mbuto z'ingano, cyane cyane iyo bikoreshejwe hamwe. Gukoresha TU na Arg bishobora gukora sisitemu yo kurinda enzymes zo mu ngano, kugabanya ROS, no kubungabunga lipide zo mu ruhu, bityo bigatuma photosynthesis na Na+/K+ bigumana neza mu mbuto. Ariko, ubu bushakashatsi bufite imbogamizi; nubwo ingaruka za TU na Arg zemejwe kandi imikorere yazo ikanasobanurwa ku rugero runaka, imikorere igoye cyane ya molekile ntirasobanuka neza. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kwiga byinshi ku buryo bwa TU na Arg buhuza hakoreshejwe transcriptomic, metabolomic n'ubundi buryo.
Amakuru yakoreshejwe cyangwa yasesenguwe mu gihe cy'ubushakashatsi buriho araboneka ku mwanditsi ubisabye mu buryo bwumvikana.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-19-2025