Uburyo bwo gucunga imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bw'imiyoboro y'amazi bushobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ku kigero cya 44% bitagize ingaruka ku kurwanya udukoko n'indwara cyangwa umusaruro w'ibihingwa.

Gucunga udukoko n'indwara ni ingenzi cyane ku musaruro w'ubuhinzi, birinda ibihingwa udukoko n'indwara byangiza. Gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko zishingiye ku musaruro, zikoresha imiti yica udukoko gusa iyo umubare w'udukoko n'indwara urenze urugero rwagenwe, zishobora kugabanyaimiti yica udukokoikoreshwa. Ariko, ubushobozi bw'izi gahunda ntibusobanutse neza kandi buratandukanye cyane. Kugira ngo dusuzume ingaruka zagutse za gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko tw’ibimera dukoresha ingano y’ibimera ku buhinzi, twakoze isesengura ry’ubushakashatsi 126, harimo igerageza 466 ku bihingwa 34, tugereranya gahunda zishingiye ku ngano n’izishingiye ku kalendari (ni ukuvuga, buri cyumweru cyangwa izidafite ubwoko bwihariye)kurwanya imiti yica udukokogahunda na/cyangwa uburyo bwo kugenzura butarinzwe. Ugereranyije na gahunda zishingiye ku kalendari, gahunda zishingiye ku mubare w’inyongera zagabanyije ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko ku kigero cya 44% n’ikiguzi cyazo ku kigero cya 40%, bitagize ingaruka ku buryo bwo kurwanya udukoko n’indwara cyangwa umusaruro rusange w’ibihingwa. Gahunda zishingiye ku mubare w’inyongera nazo zongereye umubare w’udukoko twiza kandi zigera ku rwego rumwe rwo kurwanya indwara ziterwa n’imiti ya arthropod nk’uko gahunda zishingiye ku mubare w’inyongera zibigaragaza. Bitewe n’ubugari n’ubudahinduka bw’izi nyungu, hakenewe inkunga ya politiki n’imari kugira ngo hashishikarizwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubu buryo bwo kurwanya mu buhinzi.
Imiti ikoreshwa mu buhinzi ni yo yiganje mu micungire ya none y’udukoko n’indwara. Imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane, iri mu miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi, ikaba igize hafi kimwe cya kane cy’imiti yica udukoko igurishwa ku isi.¹Bitewe nuko byoroshye kuyikoresha n'ingaruka zikomeye, imiti yica udukoko ikunze gukundwa n'abayobozi b'imirima. Ariko, kuva mu myaka ya 1960, ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ryanenzwe cyane (reba 2, 3). Igereranya ririho ubu rigaragaza ko 65% by'ubutaka bw'ibihingwa ku isi yose bushobora kwanduzwa n'imiti yica udukoko.⁴Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko bifitanye isano n’ingaruka mbi nyinshi, nyinshi muri zo zikaba zirenze aho zakoreshejwe; urugero, kwiyongera kw’ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko byagiye bifitanye isano no kugabanuka kw’ubwinshi bw’inyamaswa.^{5, 6, 7}By’umwihariko, udukoko twangiza imyumbati twagabanutse cyane bitewe n’uko ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko ryiyongereye.^8,9Andi moko, harimo n'inyoni zikunda kwica udukoko, yagaragaje ibintu nk'ibyo, aho umubare ugabanukaho 3–4% buri mwaka bitewe n'uko imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid yiyongera.¹⁰Gukomeza gukoresha cyane imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko, biteganyijwe ko bizatuma ubwoko bw’inyamaswa zirenga 200 ziri mu kaga buzimira burundu.¹¹Ntibitangaje kuba izi ngaruka zaratumye habaho gutakaza imikorere mu buhinzi. Ingaruka mbi zagaragaye cyane zirimo kugabanuka k'ibinyabuzima^{kugenzura12,13}na^{gukwirakwiza impumuro 14,15,16}Izi ngaruka zatumye za leta n'abacuruzi bashyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko muri rusange (urugero, amabwiriza agenga ikoreshwa rirambye ry'ibikomoka ku buhinzi mu muryango w'ubumwe bw'ibihugu by'i Burayi).
Ingaruka mbi z’imiti yica udukoko zishobora kugabanywa hashyirwaho imbibi z’ubwinshi bw’udukoko. Gahunda zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko zishingiye ku mubare w’udukoko ni ingenzi mu gucunga udukoko mu buryo buhuriweho (IPM). Igitekerezo cya IPM cyatanzwe bwa mbere na Stern et al. muri¹⁹⁵⁹¹⁷kandi izwi nka "igitekerezo cyuzuye." IPM ifata ko imicungire y'udukoko ishingiye ku bushobozi bw'ubukungu: ikiguzi cyo kurwanya udukoko kigomba kwishyura igihombo cyatewe n'udukoko. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko bigomba kuba^kuringanizahamwe n'umusaruro uboneka mu kugenzura udukoko.18 Bityo rero, niba umusaruro w'ubucuruzi utagize ingaruka, umusaruro^igihombobitewe n'udukoko birakwiye. Ibi bitekerezo by'ubukungu byashyigikiwe n'imibare muri^{imyaka ya 1980.19,20}Mu by’ukuri, iki gitekerezo gikoreshwa mu buryo bw’ingengo y’imari, ni ukuvuga ko gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ari ngombwa gusa iyo hari umubare runaka w’udukoko cyangwa urwego rwangiritse.21 Abashakashatsi n’inzobere mu gucunga udukoko bahora bafata ingengo y’imari nk’ishingiro ryo gushyira mu bikorwa IPM. Gahunda zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko zishingiye ku musaruro zitanga inyungu nyinshi: kwiyongera k’umusaruro, kugabanuka kw’ikiguzi cy’umusaruro, na^byagabanijweingaruka zitari ku ntego.22,23 Ariko, urwego rw'izi gabanuka^{biratandukanye}bitewe n'ibintu bitandukanye nk'ubwoko bw'udukoko, uburyo bwo guhinga, n'aho umusaruro ukorerwa.24 Nubwo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ishingiye ku mubare w'ibihingwa ari ryo shingiro ry'imicungire y'udukoko ihuriweho (IPM), ubushobozi bwayo bwo kunoza uburyo bwo guhangana n'udukoko ku isi yose buracyari budasobanutse neza. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwemeje muri rusange ko gahunda zishingiye ku mubare w'ibihingwa zigabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ugereranije na gahunda zishingiye ku gihembwe, ibi byonyine ntibihagije kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza ingaruka zabyo ku guhangana n'ingaruka. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasuzumye gahunda zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ishingiye ku mubare w'ibihingwa hakoreshejwe isesengura ryimbitse, dupima ku buryo burambuye uburyo bwo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko, kandi ikiruta byose, uburyo ikomeza mu kubungabunga umusaruro no guteza imbere ubuzima bw'udukoko twitwa arthropods n'utundi dukoko tw'ibihingwa mu buryo butandukanye bw'ubuhinzi. Mu guhuza neza imibare n'ibipimo byinshi by'uburyo bwo guhangana n'ingaruka, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu biteza imbere inyigisho n'imikorere ya IPM birenze imyumvire gakondo, tubigaragaza nk'ingamba zikomeye zo kugera ku buringanire hagati y'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi n'imicungire y'ibidukikije.
Inyandiko zabonetse binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwa database n'ubundi buryo bwo gushakisha, zisuzumwa kugira ngo zirebe niba zikenewe, zisuzumwa kugira ngo zirebe niba zikwiriye, amaherezo zigashyirwa mu bushakashatsi bugera ku 126, bwashyizwe mu isesengura rya nyuma ry’imibare.
Ku bushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'impinduka zizwi, formula ya 1 na 2 zikurikira zikoreshwa mu gupima igipimo cya log n'impinduka zijyanye na zo 25.
Imiterere y’ubukungu igira uruhare runini mu gitekerezo cyo gucunga udukoko duto (IPM), kandi abashakashatsi bamaze igihe kinini batangaza ibyiza byo gukoresha gahunda zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ishingiye ku mubare. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwagaragaje ko kurwanya udukoko dukomoka ku mubare ari ingenzi muri sisitemu nyinshi, kuko 94% by’ubushakashatsi bigaragaza ko umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugabanuka nta miti ikoreshwa. Ariko, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko neza ni ingenzi mu guteza imbere iterambere rirambye ry’ubuhinzi. Twasanze gukoresha imiti ishingiye ku mubare bigenzura neza kwangirika kwa miti ya arthropod bitagabanyije umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugereranije na gahunda zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ishingiye ku mubare. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha imiti ishingiye ku mubare bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti ku kigero kirenga 40%.^IbindiIsuzuma rinini ry’imiterere y’imiti yica udukoko mu mirima y’Ubufaransa no mu igeragezwa ryo kurwanya indwara z’ibimera ryagaragaje ko ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko rishobora kugabanuka bitewe^40-50% bitagize ingaruka ku musaruro. Ibi bisubizo bigaragaza ko hakenewe iterambere rirambuye ry’imirongo mishya yo kurwanya udukoko no gutanga umutungo kugira ngo bishishikarize ikoreshwa ryatwo mu buryo bukwirakwira. Uko ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi rigenda ryiyongera, ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko rizakomeza kubangamira sisitemu karemano, harimo n’izifite akamaro kanini kandi zigoye.^{aho batuye}Ariko, gukoresha no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zo kurwanya udukoko dushobora kugabanya izi ngaruka, bityo ubuhinzi bugakomeza kubungabunga ibidukikije no ku busugire bw’ibidukikije.