Kongera umusaruro w'ibiribwa ni ngombwa kugira ngo abaturage bose bahuze n'ibyo bakeneye. Muri urwo rwego, imiti yica udukoko ni igice cy'ingenzi mu buhinzi bugezweho bugamije kongera umusaruro w'ibihingwa. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu buhinzi byagaragaye ko bitera umwanda ukomeye w'ibidukikije n'ibibazo by'ubuzima bw'abantu. Imiti yica udukoko ishobora kwirundanya ku ngirabuzimafatizo z'abantu no kwangiza imikorere y'abantu binyuze mu gukora ku biribwa byanduye cyangwa kurya, ibi bikaba ari impamvu ikomeye y'ibibazo by'ubuzima.
Ibipimo bya cytogenetic byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi byagaragaje imiterere ihamye igaragaza ko omethoate igira ingaruka mbi ku bimera by’igitunguru. Nubwo nta bimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ingaruka mbi za omethoate ku bitunguru mu nyandiko zihari, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka mbi za omethoate ku bindi binyabuzima byapimwe. Dolara n'abandi bagaragaje ko omethoate yateye kwiyongera bitewe n’umubare w’ihindagurika rya chromatid mu maraso y’abantu muri vitro. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, Arteaga-Gómez n'abandi bagaragaje ko omethoate yagabanyije ubushobozi bw’uturemangingo mu turemangingo twa HaCaT keratinocytes na NL-20 tw’uturemangingo tw’ibihaha by’abantu, ndetse n’ibyangiritse mu maraso byapimwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya comet. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, Wang n'abandi babonye uburebure bwa telomere bwiyongera kandi ko abantu benshi bashobora kwandura kanseri mu bakozi bahuye na omethoate. Byongeye kandi, mu gushyigikira ubu bushakashatsi, Ekong n'abandi. byagaragaje ko omethoate (ameze nk'umwuka wa ogisijeni wa omethoate) yateje igabanuka rya MI muri A. cepa kandi itera ihindagurika ry'uturemangingo, kugumana kwa chromosome, gucikamo ibice bya chromosome, kwiyongera kwa nucleus, gusenyuka kwa nucleus, gukura kwa chromosome imburagihe, gukubana kwa metaphase, gucikamo ibice bya nucleus, gukomera kwa anaphase, no kutumvikana kwa c-metaphase na anaphase bridges. Kugabanuka kw'agaciro ka MI nyuma yo kuvurwa na omethoate bishobora guterwa no kugabanuka kw'igabanywa ry'uturemangingo cyangwa kunanirwa kw'uturemangingo kurangiza uruhererekane rwa mitotic. Mu buryo bunyuranye, kwiyongera kwa MN na chromosomes zitari nziza ndetse no gucikamo ibice bya ADN byagaragaje ko igabanuka ry'agaciro ka MI ryari rifitanye isano itaziguye no kwangirika kwa ADN. Mu bintu bitameze neza bya chromosomes byagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi, chromosomes zifatana nizo zikunze kugaragara cyane. Uku kutumvikana, gufite uburozi bwinshi kandi kudasubirwaho, guterwa no gufatana kwa poroteyine za chromosomes cyangwa guhungabanya imikorere ya aside nucleic mu turemangingo. Ubundi buryo, bushobora guterwa no gushonga kwa poroteyine zifunze ADN ya chromosomes, bishobora gutuma uturemangingo dupfa42. Chromosome zifunguye zigaragaza ko hari amahirwe yo kuba hari aneuploidy43. Byongeye kandi, ibiraro bya chromosome bishyirwaho no gucika no kwivanga kwa chromosome na chromatids. Ikorwa ry'ibice rituma MN iremwa, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibisubizo bya comet muri ubu bushakashatsi. Ikwirakwizwa ritari ryinshi rya chromatin riterwa no kunanirwa kw'itandukana rya chromatid mu gice cya nyuma cya mitotic, bigatuma habaho chromosomes zifunguye44. Uburyo nyabwo bwo guhumanya imiterere ya omethoate ntabwo busobanutse neza; icyakora, nk'umuti wica udukoko wa organophosphorus, ushobora gukorana n'ibice by'uturemangingo nka nucleobases cyangwa ugatera kwangirika kwa ADN binyuze mu gukora ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ifunguye (ROS)45. Bityo, imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus ishobora gutera ubwiyongere bwa radicals zifunguye cyane zirimo O2−, H2O2, na OH−, zishobora gukorana n'ibice bya ADN mu binyabuzima, bityo bigatera kwangirika kwa ADN mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye. Iyi ROS yagaragaye kandi ko yangiza enzymes n'imiterere bigira uruhare mu kongera no gusana ADN. Mu buryo bunyuranye, byavuzwe ko imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus inyura mu buryo bugoye bwo guhindura imikorere y’umubiri nyuma yo kuyinywa n’abantu, ikagirana isano n’imisemburo myinshi. Bavuga ko iyi mikoranire ituma imisemburo itandukanye n’uturemangingo dushyira izi misemburo mu ngaruka za omethoate40. Ding n’abandi 46 bavuze ko abakozi bahuye na omethoate biyongereye uburebure bwa telomere, ibyo bikaba byarajyanaga n’imikorere ya telomerase na polymorphism y’uturemangingo. Icyakora, nubwo isano iri hagati ya omethoate ADN repair na polymorphism y’uturemangingo yasobanuwe neza ku bantu, iki kibazo ntikirakemuka ku bimera.
Uburyo bwo kwirinda imiterere y’uturemangingo mu kurwanya ubwoko bwa ogisijeni (ROS) bwongerwaho atari gusa n’imikorere ya ogisijeni ikoreshwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo ahubwo no mu mikorere ya ogisijeni idakoreshwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo, aho proline yigenga ari antioxydant y’ingenzi idakoreshwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo mu bimera. Ingano ya proline irenga inshuro 100 ugereranyije n’isanzwe yagaragaye mu bimera byagizweho ingaruka n’imitsi56. Ibisubizo by’ubu bushakashatsi bihuye n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi33 byagaragaje ko ingano ya proline iri hejuru mu mbuto z’ingano zavuwe na omethoate. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, Srivastava na Singh57 nabo babonye ko malathion y’inkoko irwanya udukoko ya organophosphate yongera urugero rwa proline mu gitunguru (A. cepa) ndetse yongera ibikorwa bya superoxide dismutase (SOD) na catalase (CAT), bigabanya ubusugire bw’uturemangingo no kwangiza ADN. Proline ni aside amine idakenewe cyane igira uruhare mu buryo butandukanye bw’umubiri harimo gushinga imiterere ya poroteyine, kumenya imikorere ya poroteyine, kubungabunga homeostasis ya redox mu turemangingo, gushakisha ogisijeni ya singlet na hydroxyl radical, kubungabunga osmotic balance, no gutanga ibimenyetso ku turemangingo57. Byongeye kandi, proline irinda enzymes zirwanya udukoko, bityo igakomeza imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo58. Ukwiyongera kwa proline mu bitunguru nyuma yo guhura na omethoate bigaragaza ko umubiri ukoresha proline nka superoxide dismutase (SOD) na catalase (CAT) kugira ngo urinde uburozi buterwa n’imiti yica udukoko. Ariko, kimwe na sisitemu yo kurwanya udukoko irwanya udukoko, proline byagaragaye ko idahagije mu kurinda uturemangingo tw’imizi y’igitunguru kwangirika kw’imiti yica udukoko.
Isuzuma ry’inyandiko ryagaragaje ko nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku kwangirika kw’imizi y’ibimera biterwa n’imiti yica udukoko ya omethoate. Ariko, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere ku yindi miti yica udukoko bihuye n’ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi. Çavuşoğlu n’abandi 67 bavuze ko imiti yica udukoko ya thiamethoxam yangiza imizi y’ibitunguru nko kwangirika k’uturemangingo, imitsi idasobanutse neza, guhinduka k’uturemangingo, urwego rw’inyuma rw’uturemangingo rudasobanutse, n’imiterere idasanzwe y’uturemangingo twa meristem. Tütüncü n’abandi 68 bagaragaje ko doze eshatu zitandukanye z’imiti yica udukoko ya methiocarb zateye kwangirika k’uturemangingo, kwangirika k’uturemangingo twa epidermal, no kwiyongera k’urukuta rw’uturemangingo twa cortical mu mizi y’ibitunguru. Mu bundi bushakashatsi, Kalefetoglu Makar36 yasanze gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ya avermectin ku doze ya 0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L na 0.100 ml/L byateraga ingirabuzimafatizo zitazwi neza, guhinduka k’uturemangingo twa epidermal no kwangirika k’uturemangingo mu mizi y’ibitunguru. Umuzi ni wo winjirira imiti yangiza mu kimera kandi ni na wo ukunze kwibasirwa n’ingaruka mbi. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa MDA, stress ya oxidative ishobora gutuma uturemangingo twangirika. Ku rundi ruhande, ni ngombwa kumenya ko imizi ari na wo ubanza urinda ingaruka nk’izo69. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko kwangirika kwagaragaye ku turemangingo tw’imizi bishobora guterwa n’uburyo uturemangingo twirinda imiti yica udukoko. Ubwiyongere bw’uturemangingo tw’imbere mu ruhu n’utw’imbere mu ruhu bwagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi bushobora kuba buterwa no kugabanya ukwinjira kw’imiti mu bimera. Uku kwiyongera gushobora gutera gukanda no guhinduka kw’uturemangingo n’uturemangingo. Byongeye kandi, byavuzwe ko ibimera bishobora kwegeranya imiti imwe n’imwe kugira ngo bigabanye kwinjira kw’imiti yica udukoko mu turemangingo. Iki kintu gishobora gusobanurwa nk'impinduka zishingiye ku mikorere y'uturemangingo tw'umubiri n'uturemangingo tw'amaraso, aho uturemangingo dufasha inkuta z'uturemangingo twatwo gukurura ibintu nka selulose na suberin kugira ngo tubuze omethoate kwinjira mu mizi.71 Byongeye kandi, kwangirika kwa nucleus kwagabanutse bishobora guterwa no gukandagira uturemangingo cyangwa stress ya oxidative igira ingaruka ku ruhu rw'umubiri, cyangwa bishobora guterwa no kwangirika kw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri biterwa no gushyirwa muri omethoate.
Omethoate ni umuti wica udukoko ukomeye cyane ukoreshwa cyane, cyane cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Ariko, kimwe n'indi miti myinshi yica udukoko ya organophosphate, haracyari impungenge ku ngaruka zayo ku bidukikije no ku buzima bw'abantu. Ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije kuziba icyuho cy'amakuru binyuze mu gusuzuma neza ingaruka mbi z'imiti yica udukoko ya omethoate ku kimera gikunze kugeragezwa, A. cepa. Muri A. cepa, kwibasirwa na omethoate byateje gutinda gukura, ingaruka za genositike, gutakaza ubuziranenge bwa ADN, stress ya oxidative, no kwangirika kw'uturemangingo mu mizi ya meristem. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ingaruka mbi z'imiti yica udukoko ya omethoate ku binyabuzima bitari ibyagenewe. Ibisubizo by'ubu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko hakenewe kwitonda cyane mu ikoreshwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ya omethoate, gutanga ingano isobanutse neza, kongera ubumenyi mu bahinzi, n'amabwiriza akaze. Byongeye kandi, ibi bisubizo bizatanga intangiriro y'ingirakamaro y'ubushakashatsi busuzuma ingaruka z'imiti yica udukoko ya omethoate ku bimera bitari ibyagenewe.
Inyigo z’igerageza n’inyigo ku bimera n’ibice byabyo (utubuto tw’ibitunguru), harimo no gukusanya ibimera, byakozwe hakurikijwe amahame n’amabwiriza agenga inzego, igihugu n’amahanga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-04-2025