1. Brassinosteroids iboneka cyane mu bwami bw'ibimera
Mu gihe cy'ubwihindurize, ibimera bigenda bikora urusobe rw'imisemburo ikora kugira ngo ishobore guhangana n'ibibazo bitandukanye bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije. Muri byo, brassinoide ni ubwoko bwa phytosterols bufite inshingano yo guteza imbere ubwiyongere bw'uturemangingo. Bikunze kuboneka mu bwami bwose bw'ibimera kuva ku bimera byo hasi kugeza ku binini, kandi havumbuwe ubwoko bwinshi bwa brassinoide.
2. Brassinoide karemano ni "urufunguzo" rwiza rwo gufungura inzira ya brassinoide ikomoka ku binyabuzima.
Brassinoide karemano ziba ahanini mu ndabyo no mu mbuto, zigenzura iterambere ry’imyororokere, gukura kw’imbuto, ziteza imbere uburebure bw’igiti n’imiterere y’imizi, kandi zigira uruhare runini mu kurwanya stress y’ibimera [3, 5]. Brassinoide za mbere zabonetse imiterere yazo ni brassinoide BL (Ishusho ya 1-1). Ariko, ingano yazo karemano ni nke cyane kandi ikoreshwa mu nganda ntirishobora kugerwaho. Ibi byatumye habaho uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibintu. Ibimera bibona uburyo bwo kumva no gusubiza imisemburo binyuze mu ihame rya "gufunga no gufunguza", kandi brassinoide karemano ni zo "funguzo" nziza zo gufungura umuryango wo gusubiza brassinoide. Zifite isano ikomeye n’udukingirizo kandi zigira akamaro kanini kurusha brassinoide zitandukanye za synthetic. Gukoresha brassinoide karemano hanze y’igihugu bishobora kumenyekana vuba no kwinjizwa n’ibimera, byuzuza neza imikorere idahagije ya brassinoide karemano iterwa n’ibintu bitandukanye, bigatuma uturemangingo twitabira vuba, dufite imikorere myinshi, nta kwangwa, kandi dufite umutekano mwinshi.
14-Hydroxybrassinosteroid (Ishusho ya 2), nk'umusemburo mushya wa brassinosteroid mu mbuto z'imbuto za rapeseed, ushobora gukurwamo no gutunganywa mu byiciro hakoreshejwe imiti ihumanya ibidukikije. Ni wo musemburo wa mbere karemano wa brassinosteroid wagize uruhare mu nganda zo gukuramo ibimera. 14-Hydroxybrassinosteroid ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy'uburozi buto cyangwa uburozi buke mu cyiciro cy'uburozi bw'imiti yica udukoko mu Bushinwa. Igipimo cy'uburozi ku bidukikije ni uburozi buke kandi bworoshye kwangirika, kandi isuzuma ry'ibyago ku buzima bushingiye ku bidukikije ni rito (RQ<1). Ni bibi ku bantu no ku bantu. Ku bidukikije no ku bidukikije, ni wo musaruro wonyine ukomoka ku bimera mu gihugu wabonye icyemezo cy'igihugu cy' "ibikoresho byo gukora ibiryo bitujuje ubuziranenge" n'icyemezo cy'ibikoresho by'umwimerere bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
3. Uburyo bwo gukoresha brassinoide karemano bugaragaza ko brassinoide zisanzwe zishobora gutuma umusaruro wiyongera kandi zikongera amafaranga
(1) Guteza imbere itandukaniro ry'indabyo no kubungabunga indabyo n'imbuto
Umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'ibiti by'imbuto bifitanye isano rya bugufi n'iterambere ry'ingingo z'indabyo. Gutera brassinoids karemano mu gihe cyo gutandukanya indabyo n'imbuto zikiri nto, cyangwa kongeramo ingano runaka ya brassinoids karemano mu gihe cyo gutandukanya indabyo bishobora kongera cyane ubwiza bw'indabyo z'imbuto no kugabanya indabyo zangiritse. Bishobora kunoza imikorere y'indabyo, kongera umuvuduko w'imbuto, no kugabanya kugwa kw'indabyo n'imbuto, kandi byakoreshejwe cyane mu gutera no gutanga ibiti byinshi by'imbuto nka kiwi, citrus, pome, na jujube.
Kiwifruit ni umuzabibu usanzwe ukunda kumera neza. Mu bikorwa byo gukora, gukwirakwiza imbuto mu buryo bw'ubukorano bigomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo byongere umusaruro w'imbuto no kuzibyaza umusaruro. Iyo igiti cyose kirenze 2/3 cyarabye, koresha ifu karemano ya brassinoids ivanze n'umukungugu ku gipimo cya 1/50 kugira ngo ubyaze imbuto mu buryo bw'ubukorano cyangwa umuti w'amazi wa brassinoids karemano uvanzwe inshuro 2500 kugira ngo ubyaze imbuto, bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro w'imbuto za kiwifruit no guteza imbere. Ingano ya vitamine C n'ibintu bifatika mu mbuto irushaho kunoza cyane imiterere yo kubika no gutwara imbuto ndetse n'agaciro k'intungamubiri z'imbuto za kiwi. (Ishusho ya 3-4)[6]. Mu gihe cy'imbuto nto za kiwifruit, ikintu kigizwe na brassinoids karemano, gibberellin, na auxin gishobora kongera gusukurwa, bishobora gutuma imbuto nto zikura vuba, bigatuma imiterere y'imbuto ntoya irushaho kwiyongera no kwiyongera ku kigero cya 20%-30%.
Igabanuka ry’imbuto z’imiti y’indimu mu buryo bw’umwimerere rirakomeye, kandi igipimo cyo gutera imbuto mu buryo bw’umwimerere gikunze kuba 2%-3%. Kugira ngo hongerwe ubwiza bw’indabyo no kongera igipimo cyo gutera imbuto mu buryo bw’umwimerere, hakoreshwa igabanuka ry’imbuto mu buryo bw’umwimerere mbere yo gutera indabyo, 2/3 by’indabyo ziba zarazimye, kandi iminsi 5 kugeza kuri 7 mbere yo gutera imbuto mu buryo bw’umubiri mu buryo bw’umwimerere. Gutera brassinoids + aside gibberellic bishobora kongera igipimo cyo gutera imbuto mu mbuto z’indimu ku kigero cya 20% (Guangxi Sugar Orange). Imbuto nto n’ibimera bihinduka icyatsi kibisi iminsi itatu mbere y’uko zitangira, kandi igipimo cy’imbuto zangiritse ni gito.
(2) Hindura ibara, wongere isukari, kandi wongere ubwiza bw'imbuto
Uburyohe bw'imbuto mu bwana bugaragaza igipimo cy'isukari n'aside nyinshi mu gihe cyo gukura ndetse n'ubwinshi bwa vitamine n'ibintu bifatika. Mu ntangiriro z'ihinduka ry'amabara y'imbuto, gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ikomoka ku bimera bya brassinoide + ifumbire mvaruganda ifite potasiyumu nyinshi iterwa inshuro 2-3 mu giti cyose bishobora kwihutisha uburyo intungamubiri zinjira mu mubiri no kuzihindura, kongera fotosinthesisiyo, guteza imbere ukwiyongera kw'isukari, no guteza imbere aside organic nka aside citric na aside malic. Kwangirika kw'isukari bihinduka vitamine, flavonoids n'izindi ntungamubiri, byongera igipimo cy'isukari n'ubwiyongere bw'ibiryoshye. Bigira kandi ingaruka zo guteza imbere igishishwa cyoroshye no gukosora imiterere y'imbuto.
(3) Kurobeka no gushyira imbuto z'ibihingwa byo mu murima kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imboga no kongera umusaruro n'amafaranga.
Ubwiza n'umusaruro w'ibihingwa by'ibiribwa bifitanye isano rya hafi n'ibidukikije. Inzoga zisanzwe zifite ingaruka zikomeye mu kurwanya imihangayiko nko ubushyuhe bwinshi, amapfa, kwangirika kw'ubukonje, n'umunyu mu gihe cyose cy'ikura ry'ibihingwa by'ibiribwa. Mbere na mbere, gutunganya imbuto, gusiga irangi n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura mbere yo kubiba bishobora kunoza uburyo ibihingwa bimera neza no gukomeza ingemwe (Ishusho ya 9). Icya kabiri, gutera inzoga zisanzwe inshuro 1-2 mu bihe by'ingenzi by'iterambere ry'ibihingwa nko kumena indabyo, kurabya indabyo, no kuzuza ibinyampeke bishobora kurwanya imihangayiko itandukanye no kongera umusaruro w'ibihingwa by'ibiribwa. Inzoga zisanzwe zatejwe imbere mu gihugu hose mu rwego rwo kugenzura imikurire y'ingano no kongera umusaruro, zigakorerwa ahantu 11 ho gupimira mu turere dukomeye duhinga ingano nka Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, na Jiangsu, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'umusaruro bwa 13.28%, muri byo umusaruro wa Shanxi wageze kuri 22.36%.
(4) Kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza intungamubiri no guteza imbere umusaruro w'imboga
Koresha umuti w’amazi wa 0.0075% w’umwimerere wa brassinosteroid uvanzwe inshuro 2500 hanyuma utereke ku mababi yo hejuru y’imboga inshuro 1-2 kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza no gukoresha intungamubiri mu buhinzi, wongere fotosite, kandi uteze imbere umusaruro w’imboga. Ibisubizo by’ibizamini byo mu nzu byagaragaje ko nyuma y’iminsi 6 batera amababi, ubuso bw’amababi ya pakchoi mu itsinda ry’ubuvuzi bwa brassinosteroid karemano bwiyongereyeho 20% ugereranije n’amazi meza agenzurwa.
(5) Ifite akamaro mu kwirinda ubukonje n'ubukonje
"Ubukonje bwo mu mpeshyi" ni ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu mpeshyi, bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibihingwa. Tera imililitiro 8-15 za brassinoide karemano + potassium dihydrogen phosphate/amino acid foliar nutrition iminsi 2-4 mbere, iminsi 3 nyuma, n'iminsi 10-15 nyuma y'ubukonje cyangwa kwangirika kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubukonje cyangwa kwangirika. Ibihingwa bikonje bikongera gukura vuba. Ubukonje bwo mu mpeshyi buzangiza ibirenga 60% bya cherry calyces. Brassinoide karemano + ifumbire mvaruganda irimo potasiyumu nyinshi bishobora kugabanya cyane igipimo cyo kwangirika ho 40% kandi bigatuma habaho imyumbati isanzwe.
Mu gihe cy'ubukonje, sisitemu yo gushushanya ibihingwa irangirika kandi fotositemu ntishobora kurangizwa uko bisanzwe, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikurire y'ibihingwa. Iminsi 2-3 mbere yuko ingemwe z'inyanya zigira ikibazo cyo gukonjesha, siga igiti cyose inshuro 2000 z'intungamubiri karemano za brassinosterol + aside amine foliar kugira ngo ukoreshe ibikorwa bya peroxidase (POD) na catalase (CAT). Kuraho ibintu byinshi bidafite umwuka wa ogisijeni mu nyanya kugira ngo urinde sisitemu yo gushushanya ingemwe z'inyanya mu gihe cyo gukonjesha no gutuma zikira vuba nyuma y'ikibazo.
(6) Gutera ibyatsi bibisi, kunoza imikorere no kwirinda indwara
Indabyo zo mu bwoko bwa brassinoide karemano zishobora kwihutisha urwego rw'ibanze rw'ibimera. Ku ruhande rumwe, iyo zikoreshejwe hamwe n'imiti yica udukoko, zishobora gutuma imiti ikwirakwizwa n'ibyatsi bibi kandi zikongera ingaruka z'imiti yica udukoko; ku rundi ruhande, iyo imiti itandukanye isa n'aho yangiza, imiti yo mu bwoko bwa brassicas karemano igomba kongera gukoreshwa ku gihe. Imisemburo ishobora gukora uburyo bwo gukuraho uburozi mu bihingwa, kwihutisha uburyo bwo gukuraho uburozi mu bimera, no gufasha imyaka kugarura ubuziranenge.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-19-2024