Mu by’ukuri, nta kintu na kimwe cyabuza ikoreshwa rya RL mu bucuruzi riteganyijweumuti wica udukokoN'ubundi kandi, byubahiriza amabwiriza yose. Ariko hari impamvu imwe y'ingenzi ituma ibi bitazigera bigaragaza imikorere y'ubucuruzi: ikiguzi.
Dufashe gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko mu igerageza rya RL ry’ingano z’itumba, igiciro cyari hafi £260 kuri hegitari. Ugereranije, igiciro cya gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko ku ngano mu gitabo cya John Nix Farm Management Guide kiri munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’icyo (£116 kuri hegitari muri 2024).
Biragaragara ko umusaruro w’igerageza wavuye mu miti ya RL fungicide wari hejuru ugereranije n’umusaruro usanzwe ukoreshwa mu bucuruzi. Urugero, umusaruro mpuzandengo (2020-2024) w’ingano zavuwe na fungicide mu gihe cy’igerageza rya RL wari toni 10.8 kuri hegitari, ukaba uri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’umusaruro w’ingano z’ubucuruzi mu myaka itanu wa toni 7.3 kuri hegitari (hashingiwe ku makuru aheruka ya Defra).
RL: Hari impamvu nyinshi zituma umusaruro w’ibihingwa bivuwe na fungicide uba mwinshi, kandi gahunda zo kurwanya fungicide ni imwe muri zo. Urugero:
Biroroshye guhangayikishwa n'umusaruro, ariko se ubwo ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo gupima intsinzi? Birumvikana ko ibitekerezo biherutse kugaragazwa ku bushakashatsi bwa RL bigaragaza ko abahinzi barushaho guhangayikishwa n'ibindi bipimo, cyane cyane inyungu ku bihingwa.
Mu bihe byinshi bishize (2019-2021), irushanwa ry’inyungu ku bimera byo mu bwoko bwa AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge ryari rigamije kugera kuri iyi ntego. Kugira ngo bagere ku musaruro mwiza kuri buri gace k’igerageza mu karere, abahinzi bitabiriye bashyizeho gahunda zo kurwanya ibimera byo mu bwoko bumwe (bujyanye n’aho batuye) kandi barabihindura mu gihe cyose cy’umwaka bitewe n’uko indwara zo mu gace zigaragara. Ibindi byose byashyizwe mu byiciro.
Izi gahunda zikwiriye inyigo zishingiye ku buryo butaziguye (inshuro eshatu zisubirwamo). Igihe cyose cyo gutera umuti cyari kimwe (T0, T1, T2 na T3) aho umusaruro n'ingano bitandukanye gusa muri gahunda zihanganye; Abahugurwa bose si ko batera umuti buri gihe (bamwe babuze T0).
Muri izi mirima harimo kandi 'nta miti irwanya udukoko' n'indi 'ifite uburemere', iya nyuma ikaba ishingiye kuri gahunda ya RL fungicide kugira ngo hamenyekane umusaruro ushobora kuboneka.
Gahunda yo gutera imiti ya RL yatanze toni 10.73 kuri hegitari, toni 1.83 kuri hegitari ugereranyije n’umurima utaravurwa. Ibi ni ibisanzwe ku bwoko bwahinzwe (Graham), bufite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira indwara ku rugero ruciriritse. Umusaruro mpuzandengo w’umushinga w’ubucuruzi wari toni 10.30 kuri hegitari, naho igiciro mpuzandengo cy’imiti yica udukoko cyari £82.04.
Ariko, inyungu nini yabonetse ku giciro cya £79.54 n'umusaruro wa toni 10.62 kuri hegitari - toni 0.11 kuri hegitari gusa nizo ziri munsi y'umuti wa RL.
Gahunda yo gutera imiti ya RL yatanze toni 10.98 kuri hegitari, toni 3.86 kuri hegitari ugereranyije n’umurima utaravurwa, ibyo bikaba ari byo byari byitezwe mu gihe cyo guhinga ubwoko bw’umuhondo bushobora kwibasirwa n’ingese (Skyfall). Umusaruro mpuzandengo wa gahunda y’ubucuruzi wari toni 10.01 kuri hegitari naho igiciro cy’imiti irwanya udukoko cyari £79.68.
Ariko, inyungu nini yabonetse ku giciro cya £114.70 n'umusaruro wa toni 10.76 kuri hegitari - toni 0.22 kuri hegitari gusa ziri munsi y'umuti wa RL.
Gahunda yo gutera imiti ya RL yatanze toni 12.07/ha, toni 3.63/ha ziruta umurima utaravurwa. Ibi ni ibisanzwe ku bwoko bw'imbuto buhingwa (KWS Parkin). Umusaruro mpuzandengo wa gahunda y'ubucuruzi wari toni 10.76/ha naho igiciro cy'imiti yica udukoko cyari £97.10.
Ariko, inyungu nini yabonetse ku giciro cya £115.15 n'umusaruro wa toni 12.04 kuri hegitari - toni 0.03 kuri hegitari gusa ni munsi y'umuti wa RL.
Ugereranyije (muri utu duce dutatu twavuzwe haruguru), umusaruro w'ibihingwa byakungutse cyane wari munsi ya toni 0.12 kuri hegitari ugereranije n'umusaruro wabonetse muri gahunda yo kurwanya imibu ya RL.
Dushingiye kuri izi gerageza, dushobora kwemeza ko gahunda ya RL fungicide itanga umusaruro nk'uwo mu buhinzi bwiza.
Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza umusaruro w’umunyeshuri wari hafi y’umusaruro wabonetse mu kuvura fungicide ya RL n’umusaruro w’umunyeshuri wari urenze umusaruro wabonetse mu kuvura fungicide ya RL.
Ishusho ya 1. Igereranya ry'umusaruro wose w'ingano zo mu gihe cy'itumba n'ikiguzi cy'imiti yica udukoko (harimo n'ikiguzi cyo kuyikoresha) mu irushanwa ryo mu mwaka wa 2021 ryo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko (udutobo tw'ubururu). Gukira ugereranije n'imiti yica udukoko ya RL byashyizwe kuri 100% (umurongo w'icyatsi kibisi). Imiterere rusange y'amakuru nayo iragaragazwa (umuhondo w'imvi).
Mu gihe cy'ihiganwa mu gihe cy'isarura cya 2020, igipimo cy'indwara cyari hasi kandi ahantu habiri muri hatatu nta ngaruka zabonetse ku mikorere y'imiti yica udukoko. Mu 2020, uburyo bwinshi bwo kugurisha imiti yica udukoko bwatanze umusaruro urenze urugero rwa RL.
Uburyo bwinshi bwakoreshejwe bugaragaza impamvu bigoye guhitamo uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko duto duto bugaragaza "ibipimo ngenderwaho by'abahinzi" mu igerageza rya RL. Ndetse no guhitamo igiciro kimwe bishobora gutuma umusaruro utandukana cyane - kandi ibyo ni ku moko make gusa. Mu igerageza rya RL, turimo guhangana n'amoko menshi, buri rimwe rifite ibyiza byaryo n'ibibi byaryo.
Uretse ikibazo cy’inyungu ku bimera birwanya udukoko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko umusaruro w’ingano ku isi ubu uri hejuru cyane ya toni 17.96 kuri hegitari, ukaba uri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’umusaruro mpuzandengo wa RL (uyu musaruro washyizwe i Lincolnshire mu 2022 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima umusaruro).
Byaba byiza kurushaho, twifuza ko igipimo cy’ubwandu mu bushakashatsi bwa RL cyagabanuka uko bishoboka kose. Birumvikana ko igipimo cy’ubwandu kigomba kuba kiri munsi ya 10% ku moko yose no mu bushakashatsi bwose (nubwo ibi birushaho kugorana kugerwaho).
Dukurikiza iri hame ryo 'gukuraho indwara' kugira ngo tubone umusaruro w'ubwoko bwose bw'ibimera mu bihe bitandukanye by'ibidukikije kuva Cornwall kugeza Aberdeenshire, nta ngaruka indwara yagize ku musaruro.
Kugira ngo gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko two mu bwoko bwa fungicide ishobore kugenzura indwara zose mu turere twose, igomba kuba yuzuye (kandi ihenze cyane).
Ibi bivuze ko mu bihe bimwe na bimwe (ubwoko bumwe na bumwe, ahantu hamwe n'ibihe by'umwaka) ibintu bimwe na bimwe byo muri gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko duto (fungicide) bidakenewe.
Kugira ngo dusobanure iyi ngingo, reka turebe ibicuruzwa byakoreshejwe muri gahunda y'ingenzi yo kurwanya udukoko mu igerageza ryo kuvura ingano z'itumba rya RL (igihingwa cya 2024).
Ibitekerezo: Cyflamid ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara ya fluffy. Indwara ya fluffy irahenze cyane kandi mu bihe byinshi ishobora kugira ingaruka nke ku musaruro. Ariko, mu igeragezwa rimwe na rimwe, indwara ya fluffy ishobora guteza ibibazo nyuma y'imyaka mike, bityo ni ngombwa kuyishyiramo kugira ngo irinde ubwoko bw'ibimera byibasirwa cyane. Tebucur na Comet 200 bikoreshwa mu kurwanya ingese. Ku bijyanye no kurinda indwara ya fluffy, kongeramo kwabo ntibizongera umusaruro w'ubwoko bufite agaciro kanini ko kurwanya ingese.
Ibisabwa: Revistar XE (fluopyram na fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Igitekerezo: Ibi bisa na T0 igihe icyo ari cyo cyose cyo gutera umuti. Nubwo uruvange rwa T1 ari urw’umwimerere, rufite umuti ubuza imyuka - nanone, byongera ikiguzi, ariko ntabwo ari byinshi (mu bihe byinshi).
Iyi ni spray y'inyongera ishobora gukoreshwa n'abakora ibizamini. Nubwo idakora neza cyane, ishobora gufasha gukuraho fungus z'ingese (ukoresheje Sunorg Pro) na fungus z'amabara (ukoresheje prothioconazole products). Arizona nayo ni amahitamo (ariko ntishobora gukoreshwa inshuro zirenze eshatu mu buryo bumwe).
Igitekerezo: Ibisabwa kuri T2 birimo ibintu bikomeye (nk'uko byitezwe ku miti iterwa n'amababi y'ibendera). Ariko, kongeramo Arizona ntibishoboka ko bizatera kwiyongera gukomeye k'umusaruro.
Igitekerezo: Igihe cya T3 kigamije ubwoko bwa Fusarium (si amabara y'ingano). Dukoresha Prosaro, nayo ihenze cyane. Twongeramo Comet 200 kugira ngo dukureho ingese mu bwoko bw'ibimera bishobora kwibasirwa n'ingese. Mu turere aho umuvuduko w'ingese uri hasi, nko mu majyaruguru ya Ecosse, kongeramo ingese bishobora kutagira ingaruka nini.
Kugabanya ubukana bwa gahunda yo kurwanya fungicide ya RL byahindura ubushakashatsi bukava ku gupima ubwoko bw’umwimerere busanzwe bukajya ku gupima ubwoko bwa x fungicide, ibyo bikaba byavanga amakuru bigatuma gusobanura birushaho kugorana no guhenda.
Uburyo bugezweho budufasha kandi gutanga inama ku moko ashobora kwibasirwa n’indwara runaka. Hari ingero nyinshi z’amoko yagiye ageraho mu bucuruzi nubwo adashobora kurwanya indwara neza (niba afashwe neza) ariko afite ibindi bintu by’ingenzi.
Ihame ryo kudafata indwara risobanura kandi ko dukoresha doze nyinshi. Ibi byongera ibiciro ariko mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bitanga umusaruro muke. Ingaruka z'doze zigaragara neza mu mibare yo kurwanya indwara yabonetse mu mushinga wacu wo gukoresha imiti irwanya udukoko.
Ishusho ya 2. Kurwanya uduce tw’amababi hakoreshejwe imiti irinda indwara (byashyizwe hamwe mu bisubizo bya 2022–2024), bigaragaza imwe mu miti irwanya udukoko yakoreshejwe mu igerageza rya RL. Ibi bigaragaza iterambere rito mu kurwanya indwara rijyanye no kuva ku gipimo gisanzwe cyo kugurisha (igice cya kabiri kugeza kuri bitatu bya kane) ukagera ku gipimo cya RL (hafi y’igipimo cyuzuye).
Isuzuma riherutse guterwa inkunga na AHDB ryarebye gahunda yo kurwanya fungicide ya RL. Imwe mu myanzuro y’akazi kayobowe na ADAS ni uko, hamwe n’ibipimo by’umusaruro n’ubwirinzi bw’indwara hadakoreshejwe imiti yica fungicide, uburyo buriho ubu bukomeje kuba uburyo bwiza bwo kuyobora guhitamo no gucunga ubwoko bw’imbuto.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-23-2024