Mubyigisho, ntakintu nakimwe cyabuza gukoresha ubucuruzi buteganijwe gukoresha RLfungicide. Nyuma ya byose, yubahiriza amabwiriza yose. Ariko hariho impamvu imwe yingenzi ituma ibyo bitazigera byerekana imikorere yubucuruzi: ikiguzi.
Dufashe gahunda ya fungiside mugeragezwa ingano ya RL itumba, ikigereranyo cyagereranijwe cyari £ 260 kuri hegitari. Ugereranije, ikigereranyo cya gahunda ya fungiside y ingano mu gitabo cy’imicungire y’imirima ya John Nix kiri munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri (£ 116 kuri hegitari muri 2024).
Biragaragara ko umusaruro wubushakashatsi watanzwe na RL fungicide yivuye hejuru yumusaruro usanzwe wubucuruzi. Kurugero, impuzandengo yo kugenzura (2020-2024) y ingano zivuwe na fungiside mu gihe cy’ibigeragezo bya RL yari 10.8t / ha, ikaba iri hejuru cyane ugereranije n’imyaka itanu yagereranijwe n’ingano y’ubucuruzi ingana na 7.3t / ha (hashingiwe ku makuru aheruka ya Defra).
RL: Hariho impamvu nyinshi zitanga umusaruro mwinshi ugereranije nibihingwa bivura fungiside, kandi gahunda ya fungiside nimwe murimwe. Urugero:
Biroroshye guhangayikishwa n'ibizavamo, ariko ubwo ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo gupima intsinzi? Mubyukuri, ibitekerezo biherutse gukorwa mubushakashatsi bwa RL byerekana ko abahinzi barushijeho guhangayikishwa nibindi bipimo, cyane cyane inyungu y ibihingwa.
Ibihe byinshi bishize (2019-2021), AHDB / ADAS Ingano Yunguka Fungicide Inyungu igamije kugera kuriyi ntego. Kugirango bagere ku nyungu nziza kuri buri kibanza cy’ibizamini byo mu karere, abahinzi bitabiriye gutegura gahunda ya fungiside yubwoko bumwe (bujyanye n’ibanze) kandi barayihindura mu gihembwe bitewe n’indwara zaho. Ibindi byinjira byose byari bisanzwe.
Izi protocole zirakwiriye kubushakashatsi bwuzuye, bushingiye kubushakashatsi (butatu bwigana). Ibihe byose byo gutera byari bimwe (T0, T1, T2 na T3) hamwe nibicuruzwa na dosiye gusa bitandukanye muri gahunda zirushanwa; Ntabwo abitabiriye amahugurwa bose bateye buri gihe (bamwe babuze T0).
Iyi migambi kandi irimo ibibanza 'nta fungiside' hamwe n’ibibanza 'biremereye', ibyanyuma bikaba bishingiye kuri gahunda ya RL fungicide kugirango tumenye umusaruro.
Porogaramu ya spray ya RL yatanze 10,73t / ha, 1.83t / ha hejuru yikibanza kitavuwe. Ibi birasanzwe kubwoko bwakuze (Graham), bufite urugero ruto rwo kurwanya indwara. Ikigereranyo cy'umusaruro wa gahunda y'ubucuruzi cyari 10.30t / ha, naho impuzandengo ya fungiside yari .2 82.04.
Nyamara, inyungu nyinshi yagezweho hamwe nigiciro cya 79.54 n umusaruro wa 10.62t / ha - 0,11t / ha gusa munsi yubuvuzi bwa RL.
Porogaramu ya spray ya RL yatanze 10,98t / ha, 3,86t / ha hejuru yumurima utaravuwe, nicyo gisanzwe giteganijwe mugihe cyo gukura ingese yumuhondo ishobora kwangirika (Skyfall). Ikigereranyo cy'umusaruro kuri gahunda yubucuruzi cyari 10.01t / ha naho impuzandengo ya fungiside yari. 79.68.
Nyamara, inyungu nyinshi yagezweho hamwe nigiciro cya. 114.70 numusaruro wa 10.76t / ha - 0.22t / ha gusa munsi yubuvuzi bwa RL.
Porogaramu ya spray ya RL yatanze 12.07t / ha, 3,63t / ha hejuru yikibanza kitavuwe. Ibi birasanzwe mubihingwa bihingwa (KWS Parkin). Ikigereranyo cy'umusaruro kuri gahunda yubucuruzi cyari 10.76t / ha naho impuzandengo ya fungiside yari 97.10.
Nyamara, inyungu nyinshi yagezweho hamwe nigiciro cya £ 115.15 numusaruro wa 12.04t / ha - 0,03t / ha gusa munsi yubuvuzi bwa RL.
Ugereranije (ku mbuga eshatu zavuzwe haruguru), umusaruro w’ibihingwa byunguka cyane wari 0,12 t / ha gusa ugereranije n’umusaruro wabonetse muri gahunda ya RL fungicide.
Dufatiye kuri ibyo bigeragezo, dushobora kwemeza ko gahunda ya RL fungicide itanga umusaruro usa nubuhinzi bwiza.
Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana uburyo umusaruro wabanywanyi wari hafi yumusaruro wabonetse hamwe no kuvura imiti ya fungiside ya RL hamwe n’umusaruro wabanywanyi barenze umusaruro wabonetse hamwe no kuvura fungiside ya RL.
Igicapo 1. Kugereranya umusaruro wubucuruzi bwubukonje bwubukonje bwuzuye hamwe nigiciro cya fungiside (harimo nigiciro cyo gusaba) muri 2021 Gusarura Fungicide Margin Challenge (utudomo twubururu). Gukira ugereranije no kuvura RL fungicide yashyizwe kuri 100% (umurongo wicyatsi kibisi). Muri rusange icyerekezo cyamakuru nacyo kirerekanwa (umurongo uteganijwe).
Mu bihe byo guhatanira igihe cy'isarura rya 2020, urwego rw’indwara rwabaye ruto kandi bibiri muri bitatu ntibyigeze bisubiza fungiside. Muri 2020, ndetse nubucuruzi bwinshi bwa fungiside yubucuruzi bwatanze umusaruro urenze urwego rwa RL.
Uburyo butandukanye bwakoreshejwe bugaragaza impamvu bigoye guhitamo uburyo bwa fungiside bugereranya "urwego rwabahinzi" mubigeragezo bya RL. Ndetse guhitamo igiciro kimwe birashobora kuvamo itandukaniro rinini mumusaruro - kandi ibyo ni kubwoko butandukanye. Mu bigeragezo bya RL, turimo guhangana nubwoko butandukanye, buri kimwe gifite ibyiza byacyo.
Usibye ikibazo cyo kunguka fungiside, birakwiye ko tumenya ko umusaruro w’ingano muri iki gihe ku isi ari 17.96t / ha, ukaba uri hejuru cyane ugereranije n’umusaruro ugereranije wa RL (inyandiko yashyizwe i Lincolnshire mu 2022 hakoreshejwe uburyo bushingiye ku musaruro).
Byiza, turashaka kugumana igipimo cyanduye mubushakashatsi bwa RL nkibishoboka. Nibyo, igipimo cyubwandu kigomba kuba munsi ya 10% kumoko yose no mubushakashatsi bwose (nubwo ibi bigenda bigorana kubigeraho).
Dukurikiza iri hame 'kurandura indwara' kugirango tuzane umusaruro wubwoko bwose muburyo butandukanye bwibidukikije kuva Cornwall kugera Aberdeenshire, nta ndwara zitera ingaruka.
Kugirango gahunda ya fungiside itange uburyo bunoze bwo kurwanya indwara zose mu turere twose, igomba kuba yuzuye (kandi ihenze cyane).
Ibi bivuze ko mubihe bimwe (amoko amwe, ahantu hamwe nigihe cyumwaka) ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya gahunda ya fungiside ntibisabwa.
Kugirango dusobanure iyi ngingo, reka turebe ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa muri gahunda yibanze ya fungiside mu bigeragezo byo gutunganya ingano ya RL (imyaka 2024).
Ibitekerezo: Cyflamid ikoreshwa mugucunga indwara. Inhibitori ya Mildew irazimvye kandi mubihe byinshi ishobora kugira ingaruka nkeya kumusaruro. Nyamara, mubigeragezo bimwe na bimwe byoroshye bishobora gutera ibibazo nyuma yimyaka mike, birakenewe rero kubishyiramo kugirango birinde ubwoko bworoshye cyane. Tebucur na Comet 200 bikoreshwa mukurwanya ingese. Kubijyanye no kurinda ibicurane, ibyongeweho ntabwo bizamura umusaruro wubwoko bufite agaciro gakomeye ko kurwanya ingese.
Ibisabwa: Revistar XE (fluopyram na fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius / Ubutabera (proquinazine)
Igitekerezo: Ibi bisa na T0 mugihe icyo aricyo cyose cyo gutera. Nubwo ivangwa rya T1 risanzwe risanzwe, ririmo inhibitor - nanone, kongera igiciro, ariko ntabwo ari byinshi (mubihe byinshi).
Iyi ni spray yinyongera ishobora gukoreshwa nabakora ibizamini. Nubwo bidakorwa neza cyane, birashobora gufasha gukuramo ibihumyo (ukoresheje Sunorg Pro) hamwe nibihumyo (ukoresheje ibicuruzwa bya prothioconazole). Arizona nayo ni amahitamo (ariko ntishobora gukoreshwa inshuro zirenze eshatu mubuvuzi bumwe).
Igitekerezo: T2 ibisabwa birimo ibicuruzwa bikomeye (nkuko biteganijwe kubibabi byibabi). Ariko, kwiyongera kwa Arizona ntibishoboka ko umusaruro wiyongera cyane.
Igitekerezo: T3 igihe cyibasiye ubwoko bwa Fusarium (ntabwo ari ikibabi cy ingano). Dukoresha Prosaro, nayo ihenze cyane. Twongeyeho Comet 200 kugirango dukureho ingese muburyo bworoshye. Mu bice aho umuvuduko w ingese uri muke, nkamajyaruguru ya Scotland, wongeyeho ingese ntishobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi.
Kugabanya ubukana bwa porogaramu ya fungiside ya RL byahindura ubushakashatsi buva muburyo butandukanye bwo gupima ubwoko bwa x fungiside, bwitiranya amakuru kandi bigatuma gusobanura bigorana kandi bihenze.
Uburyo bugezweho budufasha kandi gusaba imiterere ishobora kwandura indwara zihariye. Hariho ingero nyinshi zingutu zageze ku ntsinzi yubucuruzi nubwo zifite uburwayi buke (niba ziyobowe neza) ariko zikagira ibindi biranga agaciro.
Ihame ryo gukumira indwara risobanura kandi ko dukoresha urugero rwinshi. Ibi byongera ibiciro ariko mubushakashatsi bwinshi bivamo umusaruro muke. Ingaruka ya dose igaragara neza mumirongo yo kurwanya indwara yabonetse mumushinga wo gukora neza.
Igishushanyo 2. Kugenzura ibibabi hamwe nababirinda (byahujwe ibisubizo 2022–2024), byerekana bimwe mubihumyo bikoreshwa mugeragezwa rya RL. Ibi birerekana iterambere rito ugereranije no kurwanya indwara zijyanye no kuva mubikorwa bisanzwe byubucuruzi (icya kabiri kugeza kuri bitatu bya kane) kugeza kuri gahunda ya RL (hafi yumuti wuzuye).
Isuzuma ryatewe inkunga na AHDB riherutse kureba gahunda ya RL fungicide. Imwe mu myanzuro y’imirimo iyobowe na ADAS ni uko, ifatanije n’umusaruro hamwe n’ibipimo byo kurwanya indwara udakoresheje fungiside, sisitemu iriho iracyari inzira nziza yo kuyobora guhitamo no gucunga ibintu bitandukanye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-23-2024