Nk'ingwate y'ingenzi ku bihingwa birambye kandi bitanga umusaruro mwinshi, imiti yica udukoko ifite akamaro kanini mu kurwanya udukoko. Neonicotinoids ni imiti yica udukoko ikomeye cyane ku isi. Yanditswe kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu Bushinwa no mu bihugu birenga 120 birimo Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada. Imigabane y'isoko igizwe n'abarenga 25% by'isi. Igenzura mu buryo bwihariye nicotine acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) mu mitsi y'udukoko, igatuma uturemangingo tw'imitsi two hagati dupfa, kandi igira ingaruka nziza ku mikorere ya Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, ndetse n'udukoko twibasirwa n'udukoko. Guhera muri Nzeri 2021, hari imiti yica udukoko 12 ya neonicotinoid yanditswe mu gihugu cyanjye, ari yo imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Hari ubwoko burenga 3,400 bw'ibicuruzwa bitegura birimo nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid na fluoropyranone, muri byo harimo imiti ivanze irenga 31%. Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram n'ibindi.
Kubera ko imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ikomeje gushorwa mu buhinzi, ibibazo byinshi bya siyansi nko kurwanya udukoko, ingaruka ku bidukikije, n'ubuzima bw'abantu nabyo byagaragaye cyane. Mu 2018, umubare w'udukoko twa aphid mu murima w'ipamba mu karere ka Xinjiang wagize ubudahangarwa buri hagati kandi buri hejuru ku miti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid, muri yo ubudahangarwa bwa imidacloprid, acetamiprid na thiamethoxam bwiyongereyeho inshuro 85.2-412 n'inshuro 221-777, ndetse n'inshuro 122 kugeza 1.095. Ubushakashatsi mpuzamahanga ku kudahangarwa kw'imiti kwa Bemisia tabaci nabwo bwagaragaje ko kuva mu 2007 kugeza 2010, Bemisia tabaci yagaragaje ubudahangarwa bwinshi ku miti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid, cyane cyane imidacloprid na thiacloprid. Icya kabiri, imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ntigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bucucike bw'abaturage, imyitwarire yo kurya, imiterere y'ahantu n'ubushyuhe bw'inzuki, ahubwo inagira ingaruka mbi ku iterambere n'ikororoka ry'inzoka zo mu butaka. Byongeye kandi, kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 2011, igipimo cyo kubona imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid mu nkari z'abantu cyariyongereye cyane, bigaragaza ko uburyo imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ikoreshwa mu nkari z'abantu bwiyongeraga mu buryo butaziguye ndetse no kwibumbira mu mubiri byiyongeraga uko umwaka utashye. Binyuze mu gusuzuma neza mu bwonko bw'imbeba, byagaragaye ko clothianidin na thiamethoxam bishobora gutuma dopamine irekurwa mu mbeba, naho thiacloprid ishobora gutuma urugero rw'imisemburo ya tiroyide mu maraso y'imbeba rwiyongera. Byavuzwe ko imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ishobora kugira ingaruka ku konsa Kwangirika kw'imitsi n'imikorere y'inyamaswa. Inyigo yakozwe muri vitro ku tunyangingo tw'igufwa ry'umuntu ya mesenchymal y'umusemburo yemeje ko nitenpyram ishobora kwangiza ADN no kunyuranya kwa chromosomes, bigatuma ubwoko bwa ogisijeni bukora mu ngirabuzima fatizo bwiyongera, ibyo bigatuma habaho imiterere y'uturemangingo. Hashingiwe kuri ibi, Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya udukoko cya Kanada (PMRA) cyatangije inzira yo kongera gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid, kandi Ikigo cy'Uburayi gishinzwe umutekano w'ibiribwa (EFSA) nacyo cyabujije imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na clothianidin.
Guteranya imiti yica udukoko itandukanye ntibishobora gusa gutinza ubushobozi bw'ingamba imwe yo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko no kunoza imikorere y'imiti yica udukoko, ahubwo binagabanya ingano y'imiti yica udukoko no kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika ku bidukikije, bitanga amahirwe menshi yo kugabanya ibibazo bya siyansi byavuzwe haruguru no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu buryo burambye. Kubwibyo, iyi nyandiko igamije gusobanura ubushakashatsi ku guteranya imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid n'indi miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi, ikubiyemo imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus, imiti yica udukoko ya carbamate, pyrethroids Kugira ngo habeho ishingiro rya siyansi ku mikoreshereze ikwiye no gucunga neza imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid.
1 Iterambere mu gutera imiti yica udukoko twa organophosphorus
Imiti yica udukoko ya Organophosphorus ni imiti yica udukoko isanzwe mu kurwanya udukoko mu ntangiriro z'igihugu cyanjye. Ibuza imikorere ya acetylcholinesterase kandi igira ingaruka ku ikwirakwizwa ry'imitsi mu buryo busanzwe, biganisha ku rupfu rw'udukoko. Imiti yica udukoko ya Organophosphorus igira igihe kirekire gisigaye, kandi ibibazo by'uburozi bw'ibidukikije n'umutekano w'abantu n'inyamaswa biragaragara. Kuyihuza n'imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid bishobora kugabanya ibibazo bya siyansi byavuzwe haruguru. Iyo igipimo cy'imidacloprid n'imiti isanzwe ya organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos na phoxim ari 1:40-1:5, ingaruka zo kugenzura inyo z'ibitunguru ziba nziza, kandi igipimo cy'uburozi gishobora kugera kuri 122.6-338.6 (reba Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Muri byo, ingaruka zo kugenzura imidacloprid na phoxim ku mihini ya rape ziba ziri hejuru ya 90.7% kugeza 95.3%, kandi igihe cyo gukora ni amezi arenga 7. Muri icyo gihe, itegurwa ry’imidacloprid na phoxim (izina ry’ubucuruzi rya Diphimide) ryakoreshejwe kuri 900 g/hm2, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura aphids za rape mu gihe cyose cyo gukura zari zirenze 90%. Itegurwa ry’ibumba rya thiamethoxam, acephate na chlorpyrifos rifite imikorere myiza yo kwica udukoko mu kurwanya amashu, kandi igipimo cy’uburozi bungana kigera kuri 131.1 kugeza 459.0. Byongeye kandi, igihe igipimo cya thiamethoxam na chlorpyrifos cyari 1:16, igipimo cy’igice cy’uburozi (agaciro ka LC50) kuri S. striatellus cyari 8.0 mg/L, naho igipimo cy’uburozi bungana cyari 201.12; Ingaruka nziza cyane. Iyo igipimo cy’ibumba cya nitenpyram na chlorpyrifos cyari 1∶30, cyagize ingaruka nziza zo guhuza imikorere ku ishyamba ry’ibiti by’umweru, kandi agaciro ka LC50 kari 1.3 mg/L gusa. Uruvange rwa cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, na dichlorvos rufite ingaruka nziza ku kurwanya udukoko tw’ingano, ipamba ry’udukoko n’udukoko tw’ibihumyo, kandi igipimo cy’uburozi ni 134.0-280.0. Igihe fluoropyranone na phoxim byavangwaga ku gipimo cya 1:4, igipimo cy’uburozi cyari 176.8, byagaragaje ingaruka zigaragara ku kurwanya udukoko tw’ibihumyo tw’imyaka 4.
Muri make, imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ikunze guhuzwa n'imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus nka malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, nibindi. Ubushobozi bwo kuyigenzura burarushaho kwiyongera, kandi ingaruka ku bidukikije ziragabanuka neza. Ni byiza gukomeza guteza imbere itegurwa ry'imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid, phoxim na malathion, no kurushaho gukoresha neza inyungu zo kuyitunganya.
2 Iterambere mu gutera imiti yica udukoko ya karubomate
Imiti yica udukoko ya kabamate ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi, amashyamba, n'ubworozi mu kubuza ibikorwa bya acetylcholinease na carboxylesterase, bigatuma acetylcholine na carboxylesterase byiyongera kandi bikica udukoko. Igihe ni gito, kandi ikibazo cyo kudakira udukoko kirakomeye. Igihe cyo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ya kabamate gishobora kongerwa hifashishijwe imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid. Ubwo imidacloprid na isoprocarb byakoreshwaga mu kugenzura igiti cy’umukara ku gipimo cya 7:400, igipimo cy’uburozi cyageze ku gipimo cyo hejuru, cyari 638.1 (reba Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Igihe igipimo cya imidacloprid na iprocarb cyari 1∶16, ingaruka zo kugenzura igiti cy’umuceri zari zigaragara cyane, igipimo cy’uburozi cya co-toxicity cyari 178.1, kandi igihe cy’ingaruka cyari kirekire kuruta icya dose imwe. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje kandi ko 13% by'udukoko twa thiamethoxam na carbosulfan byashyizwe mu dukapu duto byagize ingaruka nziza ku mikorobe z'ingano mu murima. Byazamutse biva kuri 97.7% bigera kuri 98.6%. Nyuma yo gukoresha 48% by'amavuta ya acetamiprid na carbosulfan yashyizwe kuri 36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, ingaruka zo kugenzura imikorobe z'ipamba zari 87.1% ~ 96.9%, kandi igihe cyakoreshejwe gishobora kugera ku minsi 14, kandi abanzi b'imikorobe b'ipamba baba bafite umutekano.
Muri make, imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ikunze kuvangwamo isoprocarb, carbosulfan, nibindi, bishobora gutinza ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko twibasirwa nka Bemisia tabaci na aphids, kandi bishobora kongera igihe cy’imiti yica udukoko. , ingaruka zo kugenzura imvange ni nziza cyane kuruta iyo ari yo imwe, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi nyabwo. Ariko, ni ngombwa kuba maso kuri carbosulfur, umusaruro wa carbosulfan wo kwangirika, ufite uburozi bwinshi kandi warabujijwe mu buhinzi bw’imboga.
3 Iterambere mu gutera imiti yica udukoko two mu bwoko bwa pyrethroid
Imiti yica udukoko ya Pyrethroid itera indwara zo kwanduzanya ubwonko mu buryo bugira ingaruka ku miyoboro ya sodium iyoni mu mitsi, ibyo bigatuma udukoko dupfa. Bitewe n'ishoramari rikabije, ubushobozi bwo gusohora uburozi no gutunganya imikorere y'udukoko burarushaho kwiyongera, ubushobozi bwo kumenya icyo tugamije buragabanuka, kandi ubushobozi bwo kwirinda imiti bugakorwa byoroshye. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza ko guhuza imidacloprid na fenvalerate bigira ingaruka nziza ku mpundu z'ibirayi, kandi igipimo cy'uburozi cya 2:3 kigera kuri 276.8. Gutegura imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na etherethrin ni uburyo bwiza bwo gukumira umwuzure w'ibimera by'ibikara, aho imidacloprid na etherethrin biba byiza bivanze ku gipimo cya 5:1, thiamethoxam na etherethrin ku gipimo cya 7:1. Kuvanga ni byo byiza, kandi igipimo cy'uburozi cya co-toxicity ni 174.3-188.7. Ifu ya microcapsule suspension ya 13% ya thiamethoxam na 9% ya beta-cyhalothrin ifite ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza, kandi co-toxicity coefficient ni 232, iri hagati ya 123.6- Mu rugero rwa 169.5 g / hm2, ingaruka zo kugenzura aphids z'itabi zishobora kugera kuri 90%, kandi ni wo muti w'ingenzi wica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko tw'itabi. Iyo clothianidin na beta-cyhalothrin byahujwe ku gipimo cya 1:9, co-toxicity coefficient ku nyenzi z'inyenzi yari yo hejuru cyane (210.5), byatumye clothianidin idakomeza kubaho. Iyo ratio ya acetamiprid na bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin na fenvalerate yari 1:2, 1:4 na 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient yari yo hejuru cyane, kuva kuri 409.0 kugeza 630.6. Ubwo igipimo cya thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin byose byari 5:1, ibipimo bya co-toxicity byari 414.0 na 706.0, uko bikurikirana, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura hamwe aphids zari zikomeye cyane. Ingaruka zo kugenzura clothianidin na beta-cyhalothrin uruvange (agaciro ka LC50 1.4-4.1 mg/L) ku aphids ya melon zari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’iz’ikintu kimwe (agaciro ka LC50 42.7 mg/L), kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura nyuma y’iminsi 7 nyuma yo kuvurwa zari hejuru ya 92%.
Muri iki gihe, ikoranabuhanga ry’imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid n’imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid rimaze igihe kinini, kandi rikoreshwa cyane mu gukumira no kurwanya indwara n’udukoko mu gihugu cyanjye, ibyo bigatuma imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid idakora neza kandi bikagabanya uburozi bwinshi busigaye kandi butari ubwo kugerageza. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid hamwe na deltamethrin, butoxide, nibindi bishobora kurwanya Aedes aegypti na Anopheles gambiae, birwanya imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid, kandi bigatanga ubuyobozi mu gukumira no kurwanya udukoko twangiza isuku ku isi yose.
4 Intambwe mu gutera imiti yica udukoko ikoresheje amide
Imiti yica udukoko ya Amide ibangamira cyane cyane uburyo udukoko twakira nitin mu mafi, bigatuma udukoko dukomeza gufungana no gukomera imitsi yatwo hanyuma tugapfa. Guhuza imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid hamwe n’uburyo ivangavanze bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko no kongera igihe cy’ubuzima bwatwo. Kugira ngo turwanye udukoko twibasiwe, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari hagati ya 121.0 na 183.0 (reba Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Ubwo thiamethoxam na chlorantraniliprole byavangwaga na 15∶11 kugira ngo birwanye udukoko twa B. citricarpa, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari hejuru cyane cyari 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin na nitenpyram byavanzwe na snainamide Ubwo igipimo cyari 10:1, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyageze kuri 170.2-194.1, kandi ubwo igipimo cya dinotefuran na spirulina cyari 1:1, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari hejuru cyane, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura kuri N. lugens zari zitangaje. Iyo ikigereranyo cya imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran na sflufenamid cyari 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 na 10:1, uko bikurikirana, ingaruka zo kugenzura zari nziza cyane, kandi igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari cyiza cyane. Bari 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 na 403.8, uko bikurikirana. Ingaruka zo kugenzura aphid y’ipamba (iminsi 7) zashoboraga kugera kuri 92.4% kugeza kuri 98.1%, naho ingaruka zo kugenzura aphid y’ibumba (iminsi 7) zashoboraga kugera kuri 91.9% kugeza kuri 96.8%, kandi ubushobozi bwo kuyikoresha bwari bwinshi cyane.
Muri make, guhuza imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid na amide ntibigabanya gusa ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imiti y’udukoko twibasirwa n’udukoko, ahubwo binagabanya ingano y’imiti ikoreshwa, bigabanya ikiguzi cy’ubukungu, kandi bigateza imbere iterambere rijyanye n’ibidukikije. Imiti yica udukoko ya amide igaragara cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twibasirwa n’udukoko twibasirwa n’udukoko, kandi igira ingaruka nziza zo gusimbuza imiti imwe n’imwe irimo uburozi bwinshi kandi isigara igihe kirekire. Isoko ririyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi rifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere umusaruro w’ubuhinzi.
5 Intambwe yatewe mu gutera imiti yica udukoko ya benzoylurea
Inkoko zirwanya udukoko za Benzoylurea ni imiti igabanya ubukana bwa chitinase, yica udukoko mu mikurire yatwo isanzwe. Ntibyoroshye gukora imiti yica udukoko hamwe n'ubundi bwoko bw'imiti yica udukoko, kandi ishobora kugenzura neza udukoko twibasiwe twibasirwa na organophosphorus na pyrethroid. Ikoreshwa cyane mu miti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid. Igaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2: guhuza imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na diflubenzuron bigira ingaruka nziza ku kurwanya udukoko twa pori, kandi ingaruka ni nziza iyo thiamethoxam na diflubenzuron byivanze kuri 5:1. Uburozi bugera kuri 207.4. Iyo ikigereranyo cyo kuvanga cya clothianidin na flufenoxuron cyari 2:1, igipimo cy'uburozi bungana n'udukoko twa pori cyari 176.5, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura mu murima zageze kuri 94.4%. Uruvange rw'imiti yica udukoko ya cyclofenapyr n'indi miti yica udukoko ya benzoylurea nka polyflubenzuron na flufenoxuron bigira ingaruka nziza ku mikorere ya diamondback moth na rice leaf roller, hamwe n'uburozi buri hagati ya 100.7 na 228.9, bishobora kugabanya neza ishoramari ry'imiti yica udukoko.
Ugereranyije n'imiti yica udukoko ya organophosphorus na pyrethroid, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid hamwe n'imiti yica udukoko ya benzoylurea hamwe bihuye cyane n'igitekerezo cy'iterambere ry'imiti yica udukoko y'icyatsi kibisi, ishobora kwagura neza uburyo bwo kuyigenzura no kugabanya uburyo imiti yica udukoko yinjiza. Ibidukikije nabyo biri mu mutekano.
6 Intambwe yatewe mu gutera imiti yica udukoko twa necrotoxin
Imiti yica udukoko ya Neretoxin ni imiti igabanya uburozi bw’udukoko ikoreshwa mu kugabanya ubukana bw’udukoko mu mitsi. Kubera ko ikoreshwa cyane, nta gukurura no gukurura udukoko mu buryo bw’umubiri, biroroshye kugira ubudahangarwa. Ingaruka zo kugenzura ubwoko bw’udukoko tw’umuceri n’udukoko tw’umuceri twagize ubudahangarwa binyuze mu gutera imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid ni nziza. Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igaragaza: iyo imidacloprid n’udukoko tw’umuceri bivanze ku gipimo cya 2:68, ingaruka zo kugenzura udukoko twa Diploxin ni nziza cyane, kandi igipimo cy’uburozi ni 146.7. Iyo igipimo cya thiamethoxam n’umuti w’umuceri w’umuceri ari 1:1, habaho ingaruka zikomeye ku dukoko tw’ibigori, kandi igipimo cy’uburozi ni 214.2. Ingaruka zo kugenzura 40% bya thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent ziracyari hejuru cyane nk'iz'umunsi wa 15 93.0% ～ 97.0%, ziramba, kandi zitekanye mu gukura kw'ibigori. Ifu y'imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble 50% ifite ingaruka nziza ku ifu y'umuhondo w'amapera, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura zigera kuri 79.8% kugeza 91.7% nyuma y'iminsi 15 nyuma y'uko udukoko tumaze kurabya.
Nk’umuti wica udukoko wakozwe n’igihugu cyanjye ku giti cyawo, umuti wica udukoko wibasirwa n’ibyatsi, ibyo bikaba bigabanya ikoreshwa ryabyo ku rugero runaka. Guhuza imiti yica udukoko ya necrotoxin n’imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid bitanga ibisubizo byinshi byo kugenzura udukoko twibasirwa mu musaruro nyawo, kandi ni urugero rwiza rwo gukoresha mu iterambere ry’imiti yica udukoko.
7 Intambwe mu gutera imiti yica udukoko ikoresheje imiti yica udukoko ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya heterocyclic
Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi ni yo ikoreshwa cyane kandi ni yo myinshi mu miti yica udukoko mu buhinzi, kandi myinshi muri yo igira igihe kirekire isigara mu bidukikije kandi iragoye kuyihindura. Guteranya imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu miti ya neonicotinoid bishobora kugabanya neza ingano y’imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu miti ya heterocyclic no kugabanya uburozi bw’ibinyabuzima, kandi guteranya imiti yica udukoko ku rugero ruto bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku mikorere. Bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 3: iyo igipimo cy’imiti ya imidacloprid na pymetrozine ari 1:3, igipimo cy’uburozi kigera kuri 616.2 hejuru; Kurwanya ibiti binini bikora vuba kandi biramba. Imidacloprid, dinotefuran na thiacloprid byahujwe na mesylconazole kugira ngo bigenzure udukoko tw’udukoko twitwa “giant black gill beetle”, udukoko tw’udukoko duto, n’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa “ditch beetle”. Thiacloprid, nitenpyram na chlorothiline byahujwe na “Uruvange rwa mesylconazole” rufite ingaruka nziza ku mikorere ya “citrus psyllids”. Uruvange rw'imiti 7 yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid nka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na chlorfenapyr rwagize ingaruka nziza ku kurwanya inyo z'ibitunguru. Iyo igipimo cy'ubuvanganzo cya thiamethoxam na fipronil ari 2: 1-71: 1, igipimo cy'uburozi bwa co-toxicity ni 152.2-519.2, igipimo cy'ubuvanganzo cya thiamethoxam na chlorfenapyr ni 217: 1, naho igipimo cy'uburozi bwa co-toxicity ni 857.4, bigira ingaruka zigaragara ku kurwanya inkeri. Uruvange rwa thiamethoxam na fipronil nk'umuti wo kuvura imbuto rushobora kugabanya neza ubucucike bw'udukoko tw'ingano mu murima no kurinda imbuto z'ibihingwa n'imbuto zavutse. Iyo igipimo cy'ubuvanganzo cya acetamiprid na fipronil cyari 1: 10, kurwanya isazi zo mu rugo zidashobora imiti ni byo byari ingenzi cyane.
Muri make, imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu gutera udukoko mu buryo bwa heterocyclic ni imiti yica udukoko, harimo pyridines, pyrroles na pyrazoles. Ikunze gukoreshwa mu buhinzi mu gutunganya imbuto, kunoza umuvuduko wo kumera, no kugabanya udukoko n'indwara. Ni nziza ku bihingwa no ku binyabuzima bitari ibyangiritse. Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa heterocyclic, nk'imiti ihuriweho yo gukumira no kurwanya udukoko n'indwara, ifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ubuhinzi bwita ku bidukikije, igaragaza ibyiza byo kuzigama igihe, abakozi, ubukungu no kongera umusaruro.
8 Iterambere mu gutera imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima n'imiti irwanya udukoko mu buhinzi
Imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima n’imiti irwanya udukoko mu buhinzi itinda kugira ingaruka, igira ingaruka ku gihe gito, kandi igirwaho ingaruka cyane n’ibidukikije. Iyo ivanze n’imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid, ishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku bufatanye, yongere uburyo bwo kuyigenzura, kandi yongera ubushobozi bwo kuyikoresha no kunoza ubusugire bwayo. Bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 3 ko guhuza imidacloprid na Beauveria bassiana cyangwa Metarhizium anisopliae byongereye imikorere yo kwica udukoko ku kigero cya 60.0% na 50.6% nyuma y’amasaha 96 ugereranije no gukoresha Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae byonyine. Guhuza thiamethoxam na Metarhizium anisopliae bishobora kongera neza impfu rusange n’umubare w’udukoko twandura udukoko. Icya kabiri, guhuza imidacloprid na Metarhizium anisopliae byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku bufatanye mu kurwanya udukoko tw’amahembe maremare, nubwo ingano ya conidia y’imiti yagabanutse. Gukoresha imidacloprid na nematode bivanze bishobora kongera igipimo cyo kwandura kw'udusimba two mu musenyi, bityo bikanoza ubushobozi bwatwo bwo gukomeza mu murima no kurwanya indwara za kinyabuzima. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko 7 ya neonicotinoid hamwe na oxymatrine byagize ingaruka nziza ku ishyamba ry'umuceri, kandi igipimo cy'uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari 123.2-173.0. Byongeye kandi, igipimo cy'uburozi bwa co-toxicity cya clothianidin na abamectin mu mvange ya 4: 1 na Bemisia tabaci cyari 171.3, kandi guhuza byari bikomeye. Igihe igipimo cy'uburozi cya nitenpyram na abamectin cyari 1: 4, ingaruka zo kugenzura kuri N. lugens mu minsi 7 zashoboraga kugera kuri 93.1%. Igihe igipimo cya clothianidin na spinosad cyari 5∶44, ingaruka zo kugenzura zari nziza cyane ku bakuze ba B. citricarpa, hamwe n'igipimo cy'uburozi bwa co-toxicity cya 169.8, kandi nta guhurira hagati ya spinosad na neonicotinoids nyinshi byagaragaye ko Birwanya, hamwe n'ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura.
Kurwanya imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima ni ikintu gikomeye mu iterambere ry’ubuhinzi budahumanya ibidukikije. Common Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae bifite ingaruka nziza zo kurwanya imiti ikoreshwa mu binyabuzima. Ikintu kimwe cy’ibinyabuzima giterwa n’ikirere byoroshye, kandi ubushobozi bwacyo ntibuhindagurika. Guteranya imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima bya neonicotinoid bitsinda iki kibazo. Nubwo bigabanya ingano y’imiti ikoreshwa mu binyabuzima, bituma habaho ingaruka nziza kandi zirambye z’imiti ikoreshwa mu binyabuzima. Uburyo bwo gukumira no kurwanya bwariyongereye, kandi umutwaro w’ibidukikije waragabanutse. Guteranya imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima n’imiti yica udukoko bitanga igitekerezo gishya cyo guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko mu binyabuzima, kandi amahirwe yo kuyikoresha ni menshi cyane.
9 Iterambere mu gutera imiti yica udukoko n'indi miti
Uruvange rw'imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid n'indi miti yica udukoko nabyo byagaragaje ingaruka nziza zo kuyirwanya. Bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 3 ko igihe imidacloprid na thiamethoxam byahuzwaga na tebuconazole nk'imiti ivura imbuto, ingaruka zo kuyirwanya ku ngano zari nziza cyane, kandi ntizigamije Biosafety mu gihe byongerera igipimo cyo kumera kw'imbuto. Gutegura imidacloprid, triazolone na dinconazole byagaragaje ingaruka nziza mu kurwanya indwara z'ingano n'udukoko duto. % ～99.1%. Uruvange rw'imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid na syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) rufite ingaruka zigaragara ku ngano ya ipamba. Iyo igipimo cy'uburemere bwa thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram na penpyramid ari 50:1-1:50, igipimo cy'uburozi ni 129.0-186.0, gishobora gukumira no kugenzura neza udukoko two mu kanwa duto. Iyo igipimo cya epoxifen na phenoxycarb cyari 1:4, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari 250.0, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura ku ishyamba ry’umuceri zari nziza cyane. Uruvange rwa imidacloprid na amitimidine rwagize ingaruka zigaragara zo gukumira aphid y’ipamba, kandi igipimo cy’ubufatanye cyari cyo hejuru cyane iyo imidacloprid yari dose ntoya ya LC10. Iyo igipimo cy’uburemere bwa thiamethoxam na spirotetramat cyari 10:30-30:10, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa co-toxicity cyari 109.8-246.5, kandi nta ngaruka zo kwangiza phytotoxic zari zihari. Byongeye kandi, imiti yica udukoko two mu mavuta y’ubutare, diatomaceous earth n’indi miti yica udukoko cyangwa ibindi binini bivanze n’imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid nabyo bishobora kunoza ingaruka zo kugenzura udukoko twibasiwe.
Ikoreshwa ry’indi miti yica udukoko rigizwe ahanini na triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanides, amitraz, aside quaternary keto, amavuta ya mineral na diatomaceous earth, nibindi. Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma imiti yica udukoko, tugomba kuba maso ku kibazo cy’uburozi bw’ibinyabuzima no kumenya neza ingaruka ziri hagati y’ubwoko butandukanye bw’imiti yica udukoko. Ingero ziyongeraho zigaragaza ko ubwoko bwinshi bw’imiti yica udukoko bushobora kwiyongeraho imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid, bigatanga amahitamo menshi yo kurwanya udukoko.
10 Umwanzuro n'icyerekezo
Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoid byatumye habaho kwiyongera gukomeye k’ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko twibasirwa n’udukoko, kandi ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije n’ingaruka zo kwangirika ku buzima byabaye ahantu hakunze kugaragara ubushakashatsi n’ingorane mu kuyikoresha. Guteranya imiti yica udukoko mu buryo bwumvikana cyangwa guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko ni ingamba ikomeye yo gutinza ubudahangarwa bw’imiti, kugabanya ikoreshwa no kongera imikorere, ndetse ni n’ingamba zikomeye zo gukoresha imiti nk’iyo mu buhinzi mu buryo burambye. Iyi nyandiko isuzuma iterambere ry’imiti isanzwe ya neonicotinoid ikoreshwa hamwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’imiti yica udukoko, kandi isobanura ibyiza byo gutera imiti yica udukoko: ① gutinza ubudahangarwa bw’imiti; ② kunoza ingaruka zo kuyirwanya; ③ kwagura uburyo bwo kuyirwanya; ④ kongera igihe cyo kuyirwanya; ⑤ kunoza ingaruka zihuse ⑥ Kugenzura ikura ry’ibihingwa; ⑦ Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko; ⑧ Kunoza ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije; ⑨ Kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ubukungu; ⑩ Kunoza imiti yica udukoko. Muri icyo gihe, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane uburyo imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kuvura ibidukikije, cyane cyane umutekano w’ibinyabuzima bitari ibyangiza (urugero, abanzi b’udukoko karemano) n’ibihingwa by’inzobere mu gukura mu byiciro bitandukanye, ndetse n’ibibazo bya siyansi nko gutandukana kw’ingaruka zo kurwanya indwara ziterwa n’impinduka mu miterere y’imiti yica udukoko. Gukora imiti yica udukoko gakondo bifata igihe kinini kandi bisaba imbaraga nyinshi, hamwe n’ibiciro biri hejuru kandi bigatwara igihe kirekire cy’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere. Nk’uburyo bwiza bwo gupima, kongera imiti yica udukoko, ikoreshwa ryayo mu buryo bwumvikana, bwa siyansi kandi busanzwe ntibyongera igihe cyo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko gusa, ahubwo binateza imbere uruziga rwiza rwo kurwanya udukoko. Iterambere rirambye ry’ibidukikije ritanga inkunga ikomeye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-23-2022