Nka garanti yingenzi kubihingwa bihamye kandi byangiza, imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti igira uruhare rudasubirwaho mukurwanya udukoko.Neonicotinoide ni imiti yica udukoko twangiza imiti kwisi.Biyandikishije gukoreshwa mu Bushinwa no mu bihugu birenga 120 birimo Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Amerika, na Kanada.Umugabane wisoko urenga 25% byisi.Ihitamo guhitamo nicotinic acetylcholinesterase reseptors (nAChRs) muri sisitemu y’udukoko twangiza udukoko, igahagarika imitsi y’imitsi yo hagati kandi igatera urupfu rw’udukoko, kandi ikagira ingaruka nziza zo kurwanya udukoko twangiza.Guhera muri Nzeri 2021, mu gihugu cyanjye hari imiti 12 yica udukoko twitwa neonicotinoid yanditswe mu gihugu cyanjye, aribyo imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, fabricianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Hariho ubwoko burenga 3,400 bwibicuruzwa birimo nitrile, piperapine, chloropiline, chlorothil , muribwo imyiteguro yibumbiye irenga 31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram nibindi.
Hamwe n’ishoramari rikomeje gushora imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide mu bidukikije by’ubuhinzi, uruhererekane rw’ibibazo bya siyansi nko kurwanya intego, ingaruka z’ibidukikije, n’ubuzima bw’abantu nabyo byagaragaye.Mu mwaka wa 2018, abaturage bo mu murima w’ipamba aphid mu karere ka Sinayi bateje imbere urwego ruciriritse kandi rwinshi rwo kurwanya udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoide, muri bo kurwanya imidacloprid, acetamiprid na thiamethoxam byiyongereyeho inshuro 85.2-412 na 221-777 inshuro 122 na 1,095 .Ubushakashatsi mpuzamahanga ku kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge by’abaturage ba Bemisia tabaci nabwo bwerekanye ko kuva 2007 kugeza 2010, Bemisia tabaci yerekanye ko irwanya cyane imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide, cyane cyane imidacloprid na thiacloprid.Icya kabiri, udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoid ntabwo tugira ingaruka gusa kubucucike bwabaturage, imyitwarire yo kugaburira, imbaraga zahantu hamwe no gukwirakwiza inzuki, ariko kandi bigira ingaruka mbi kumikurire no kubyara inzoka.Byongeye kandi, kuva 1994 kugeza 2011, igipimo cyo gutahura imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide mu nkari z’abantu cyiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, byerekana ko gufata mu buryo butaziguye no kwirundanya kw’imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide byiyongereye uko umwaka utashye.Binyuze kuri microdialysis mu bwonko bwimbeba, byagaragaye ko stressianianin na thiamethoxam bishobora gutera irekurwa rya dopamine mu mbeba, kandi thiacloprid irashobora gutuma imisemburo ya tiroyide yiyongera muri plasma yimbeba.Byemejwe ko imiti yica udukoko ya neonicotinoide ishobora kugira ingaruka ku konsa Kwangirika kwimyanya ndangagitsina na endocrine yinyamaswa.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na vitro bwakozwe na selile yamagufa ya mesenchymal stem selile yemeje ko nitenpyram ishobora kwangiza ADN no gukuramo chromosomal, bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kwubwoko bwa ogisijeni yo mu nda itera imbaraga, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka no gutandukanya osteogeneque.Hashingiwe kuri ibi, Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya udukoko muri Kanada (PMRA) cyatangije gahunda yo kongera gusuzuma udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoide, kandi ikigo cy’uburayi gishinzwe umutekano w’ibiribwa (EFSA) nacyo cyabujije imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na fabricianidin.
Kwiyongera kw’imiti yica udukoko ntishobora gusa kudindiza kurwanya intego imwe yica udukoko no kunoza ibikorwa byica udukoko, ariko kandi bigabanya umubare w’imiti yica udukoko kandi bigabanya ingaruka ziterwa n’ibidukikije, bitanga amahirwe menshi yo kugabanya ibibazo by’ubumenyi byavuzwe haruguru hamwe na ikoreshwa rirambye ryica udukoko.Iyi nyandiko rero, igamije gusobanura ubushakashatsi bujyanye no guhuza imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide nindi miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane mu musaruro w’ubuhinzi nyirizina, utwikiriye imiti yica udukoko twangiza umubiri, karbamate yica udukoko, pyrethroide Mu rwego rwo gutanga ubumenyi bwa siyansi mu gukoresha neza no gucunga neza neonicotinoide imiti yica udukoko.
1 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa organophosifore
Imiti yica udukoko twa Organophosifore ni udukoko twica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko hakiri kare mu gihugu cyanjye.Zibuza ibikorwa bya acetylcholinesterase kandi bigira ingaruka ku mitsi isanzwe ya neurotransmission, biganisha ku rupfu rw’udukoko.Imiti yica udukoko twitwa Organophosifore ifite igihe kirekire gisigaye, kandi ibibazo byuburozi bw’ibidukikije n’umutekano w’abantu n’inyamaswa biragaragara.Kubihuza nudukoko twangiza udukoko twa neonicotinoide birashobora kugabanya neza ibibazo byubumenyi byavuzwe haruguru.Iyo igipimo cyimvange cya imidacloprid hamwe na organophosifore yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza malathion, chlorpyrifos na phoxim ni 1: 40-1: 5, ingaruka zo kugenzura imikindo ni nziza, kandi coefficient de co-toxicity ishobora kugera kuri 122.6-338.6 (reba Imbonerahamwe 1)..Muri byo, ingaruka zo kugenzura imidacloprid na phoxim kuri aphide kungufu zingana na 90.7% kugeza 95.3%, kandi igihe cyiza kirenze amezi 7.Muri icyo gihe, gutegura imidacloprid na phoxim (izina ry'ubucuruzi rya Diphimide) byakoreshejwe kuri 900 g / hm2, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura aphide ku ngufu mu gihe cyose cyo gukura zari hejuru ya 90%.Gutegura ifumbire ya thiamethoxam, acephate na chlorpyrifos bifite ibikorwa byiza byica udukoko twangiza imyumbati, kandi coefficient de co-toxicity igera kuri 131.1 kugeza 459.0.Byongeye kandi, igihe igipimo cya thiamethoxam na chlorpyrifos cyari 1:16, icya kabiri cyica (agaciro ka LC50) kuri S. striatellus cyari 8.0 mg / L, naho coefficient de co-toxicity yari 201.12;Ingaruka nziza.Iyo igipimo cya nitenpyramu na chlorpyrifos cyari 1∶30, cyagize ingaruka nziza yo kugenzura ibihingwa byatewe nigiti cyera, kandi LC50 yari 1,3 mg / L.Gukomatanya cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, na dichlorvos bigira ingaruka nziza muguhuza aphide y ingano, pamba bollworm hamwe ninyenzi zo mu bwoko bwa fla, kandi coefficient de co-toxicity ni 134.0-280.0.Iyo fluoropyranone na phoxim bivanze ku kigereranyo cya 1: 4, coefficente de co-toxicity yari 176.8, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ingaruka zifatika zigaragara mugucunga udusimba tw’imyaka 4.
Muri make, imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoid ikunze guhuzwa nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umubiri nka malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, nibindi.Birasabwa kurushaho guteza imbere gutegura imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide, phoxim na malathion, kandi tugakomeza gukoresha ibyiza byo kugenzura imyiteguro.
2 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa karbamate
Imiti yica udukoko twa Carbamate ikoreshwa cyane mubuhinzi, amashyamba, n’ubworozi mu guhagarika ibikorwa by’udukoko acetylcholinease na carboxylesterase, bikaviramo kwirundanya kwa acetylcholine na carboxylesterase no kwica udukoko.Igihe ni gito, kandi ikibazo cyo kurwanya udukoko kirakomeye.Igihe cyo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza karbamate kirashobora kongerwa muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide.Iyo imidacloprid na isoprocarb byakoreshwaga mugucunga ibihingwa byatewe nigiti cyera ku kigereranyo cya 7: 400, coefficient de co-toxicity yageze hejuru, yari 638.1 (reba Imbonerahamwe 1).Iyo igipimo cya imidacloprid na iprocarb cyari 1∶16, ingaruka zo kugenzura igihingwa cyumuceri nicyo cyagaragaye cyane, coefficient de co-toxicity yari 178.1, kandi igihe cyo gukora cyari kirekire kuruta icy'umuti umwe.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye kandi ko ihagarikwa rya microencapsulated 13% rya thiamethoxam na karbosulfan byagize ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura n'umutekano kuri aphide y'ingano mu murima.d yiyongereye kuva kuri 97.7% igera kuri 98,6%.Nyuma ya 48% acetamiprid na karbosulfan ikwirakwiza amavuta yakoreshejwe kuri 36 ～ 60 g ai / hm2, ingaruka zo kugenzura aphide yari 87.1% ～ 96.9%, kandi igihe cyiza gishobora kugera kuminsi 14, kandi ipamba Aphid abanzi karemano bafite umutekano .
Muri make, udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoid twiyongera hamwe na isoprocarb, karbosulfan, nibindi, bishobora gutinza kurwanya udukoko twangiza nka Bemisia tabaci na aphide, kandi bishobora kongera igihe kirekire cyo kwica udukoko., ingaruka zo kugenzura imyiteguro yimvange ni nziza cyane kuruta iy'umukozi umwe, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byubuhinzi nyabyo.Icyakora, birakenewe ko twirinda karbosulfure, umusaruro wangiza wa karbosulfan, uburozi bukabije kandi wabujijwe guhinga imboga.
3 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa pyrethroid
Imiti yica udukoko twa Pyrethroid itera indwara ya neurotransmission itera ingaruka kumiyoboro ya sodium ion mumyanya myakura, ari nako itera udukoko.Bitewe nishoramari ryinshi, ubushobozi bwo kwangiza no guhinduranya metabolism byangiza udukoko, ibyiyumvo bigabanuka, kandi kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge byoroshye.Imbonerahamwe 1 irerekana ko guhuza imidacloprid na fenvalerate bigira ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura kuri aphide y ibirayi, kandi coefficente de co-toxicity ya 2: 3 igera kuri 276.8.Gutegura ibice bya imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na etherethrin nuburyo bwiza bwo gukumira umwuzure wabaturage b’ibiti by’ibiti by’ibiti, aho imidacloprid na etherethrin bivangwa neza ku kigereranyo cya 5: 1, thiamethoxam na etherethrin ku kigereranyo cya 7: 1 Kuvanga ni ibyiza, hamwe na coefficient ya co-toxicity ni 174.3-188.7.Microcapsule ihagarikwa rya 13% thiamethoxam na 9% beta-cyhalothrin igira ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza imbaraga, kandi coefficente de co-toxicity ni 232, iri hagati ya 123.6- Mu ntera ya 169.5 g / hm2, ingaruka zo kugenzura kuri aphide y itabi irashobora kugera kuri 90%, kandi niyo miti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza itabi.Iyo fabricianidin na beta-cyhalothrin byiyongereye ku kigereranyo cya 1: 9, coefficente de co-toxicity ya inyenzi ya fla yari hejuru cyane (210.5), itinda kubaho kwa resistanceianidin.Iyo ibipimo bya acetamiprid kugeza kuri bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin na fenvalerate byari 1: 2, 1: 4 na 1: 4, coefficient de co-toxicity yari hejuru cyane, kuva kuri 409.0 kugeza 630.6.Iyo ibipimo bya thiamethoxam: bifenthrin, nitenpyram: beta-cyhalothrin byose byari 5: 1, coefficient ya co-toxicity yari 414.0 na 706.0, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura hamwe kuri aphide nizo zingenzi cyane.Ingaruka zo kugenzura imiti ivanze na beta-cyhalothrin (LC50 agaciro 1.4-4.1 mg / L) kuri melon aphid yari hejuru cyane ugereranije numukozi umwe (LC50 agaciro ka 42.7 mg / L), kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura muminsi 7 nyuma yo kuvurwa zari hejuru ya 92%.
Kugeza ubu, ikorana buhanga ry’imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoid na pirethide yica udukoko twangiza cyane, kandi rikoreshwa cyane mu gukumira no kurwanya indwara n’udukoko twangiza udukoko mu gihugu cyanjye, ibyo bikaba bidindiza kurwanya imiti yica udukoko twa pyrethroide kandi bikagabanya imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide.ibisigisigi byinshi kandi bidafite intego.Byongeye kandi, hamwe no gukoresha udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoid hamwe na deltamethrin, butoxide, nibindi birashobora kurwanya Aedes aegypti na Anopheles gambiae, birwanya udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza pyrethroide, kandi bitanga ubuyobozi mu gukumira no kurwanya udukoko twangiza isuku ku isi.akamaro.
4 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko
Amide yica udukoko twangiza cyane amafi ya nitin yakira udukoko, bigatuma udukoko dukomeza kwandura no kunangira imitsi no gupfa.Gukomatanya udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoide no guhuza kwayo birashobora kugabanya kurwanya udukoko no kongera ubuzima bwabo.Kurwanya udukoko twangiza, coefficient de co-toxicity yari 121.0 kugeza 183.0 (reba Imbonerahamwe 2).Iyo thiamethoxam na chlorantraniliprole byavanze na 15∶11 kugirango bigenzure lisiti ya B. citricarpa, coefficient de co-toxicity yari 157.9;thiamethoxam, fabricianidin na nitenpyram yavanze na snailamide Iyo igipimo cyari 10: 1, coefficente de co-toxicity yageze kuri 170.2-194.1, kandi iyo igipimo cya dinotefuran na spiruline cyari 1: 1, coefficient de co-toxic yari hejuru, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura kuri N. lugens yari idasanzwe.Iyo ibipimo bya imidacloprid, fabricianidin, dinotefuran na sflufenamid byari 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 na 10: 1, ingaruka zo kugenzura zari nziza, kandi coefficient de co-toxicity yari nziza.Bari 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 na 403.8.Ingaruka zo kurwanya pamba aphide (iminsi 7) zishobora kugera kuri 92.4% kugeza kuri 98.1%, naho ingaruka zo kurwanya inyenzi za diyama (iminsi 7) zishobora kugera kuri 91.9% kugeza kuri 96.8%, kandi ubushobozi bwo gusaba bwari bunini.
Muri make, ivangwa rya neonicotinoide na amide yica udukoko ntirigabanya gusa kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge byangiza udukoko twangiza, ahubwo binagabanya umubare w’ibiyobyabwenge, bigabanya igiciro cy’ubukungu, kandi biteza imbere iterambere rijyanye n’ibidukikije.Imiti yica udukoko igaragara cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza, kandi igira ingaruka nziza zo gusimbuza imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’uburozi bukabije kandi igihe kirekire gisigaye.Umugabane wisoko uragenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi bafite ibyerekezo byinshi byiterambere mubikorwa byubuhinzi.
5 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa benzoylurea
Imiti yica udukoko twa Benzoylurea ni chitinase synthesis inhibitor, yangiza udukoko bigira ingaruka kumikurire yabo isanzwe.Ntibyoroshye kubyara imiti irwanya ubundi bwoko bwica udukoko, kandi irashobora kurwanya neza udukoko twangiza twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umubiri.Ikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwa pesticide ya neonicotinoid.Irashobora kuboneka kuva kumeza 2: guhuza imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na diflubenzuron bigira ingaruka nziza muguhuza ibinure byimisemburo, kandi ingaruka nibyiza mugihe thiamethoxam na diflubenzuron byiyongereye kuri 5: 1.Ibintu byuburozi bingana na 207.4.Iyo igipimo cyo kuvanga imyenda yaianianidine na flufenoxuron cyari 2: 1, coefficente de co-toxicity kurwanya liswi yinzoka yo mu bwoko bwa leek yari 176.5, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura mumurima zigeze kuri 94.4%.Gukomatanya cyclofenapyr hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twa benzoylurea nka polyflubenzuron na flufenoxuron bigira ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura inyenzi za diyama na diyabete yumuceri, hamwe na coeffisente yuburozi ya 100.7 kugeza 228.9, bishobora kugabanya ishoramari ryinshi ryica udukoko.
Ugereranije na organophosifore na pesticide yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twa neonicotinoid na benzoylurea yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko.Ibidukikije nabyo bifite umutekano.
6 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa necrotoxine
Imiti yica udukoko twa Neretoxin ni nicotinic acetylcholine reseptor inhibitor, ishobora gutera uburozi n’urupfu mu kubuza kwanduza bisanzwe kwa neurotransmitter.Kuberako ikoreshwa ryagutse, nta sisitemu yo guswera no guhumeka, biroroshye guteza imbere guhangana.Ingaruka zo kugenzura umuceri wumuti wumuceri hamwe na tri stem borer yabaturage bateje imbere guhangana no guhuza imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoid nibyiza.Imbonerahamwe 2 irerekana: iyo imidacloprid hamwe nudukoko twica udukoko twiyongereye ku kigereranyo cya 2:68, ingaruka zo kurwanya udukoko twa Diploxin ninziza, naho coefficient de co-toxicity ni 146.7.Iyo igipimo cya thiamethoxam hamwe nudukoko twica udukoko twica udukoko ari 1: 1, hari ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza imbaraga kuri aphide y ibigori, naho coefficente de toxicity ni 214.2.Ingaruka zo kugenzura 40% thiamethoxam · umuti wica udukoko wica udukoko uracyari hejuru nkumunsi wa 15 93.0% ～ 97.0%, ingaruka zirambye, kandi zifite umutekano mukuzamura ibigori.50% imidacloprid · udukoko twica udukoko twangiza ifu ifite ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura inyenzi za pome ya zahabu, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura ziri hejuru ya 79.8% kugeza kuri 91.7% nyuma yiminsi 15 ibyonnyi bimaze kumera.
Nk’umuti wica udukoko wigenga wakozwe nigihugu cyanjye, umuti wica udukoko wumva ibyatsi, bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo kurwego runaka.Gukomatanya imiti yica udukoko twa necrotoxine hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twa neonicotinoide bitanga ibisubizo byinshi byo kurwanya udukoko twangiza mu musaruro nyirizina, kandi ni nabwo buryo bwiza bwo gukoresha mu rugendo rw’iterambere rw’imiti yica udukoko.
7 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa heterocyclic
Imiti yica udukoko twa Heterocyclic niyo ikoreshwa cyane kandi n’umubare munini w’udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umusaruro mu buhinzi, kandi inyinshi muri zo zifite igihe kirekire gisigaye mu bidukikije kandi bigoye kuwutesha agaciro.Kwivanga hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twa neonicotinoide birashobora kugabanya neza urugero rwimiti yica udukoko twa heterocyclic kandi bikagabanya phytotoxicity, kandi hamwe nudukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko duto bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza.Birashobora kugaragara kuva ku mbonerahamwe ya 3: iyo igereranyo cya imidacloprid na pymetrozine ari 1: 3, coefficient de co-toxicity igera kuri 616.2;Igenzura ryibihingwa byombi birihuta-kandi biramba.Imidacloprid, dinotefuran na thiacloprid byahujwe na mesylconazole kugirango bigenzure liswi yinyenzi nini ya gill nini, liswi yinzoka ntoya, ninyenzi zo mu mwobo.Thiacloprid, nitenpyram na chlorothiline byahujwe hamwe no guhuza mesylconazole bigira ingaruka nziza kuri citrus psyllide.Gukomatanya imiti yica udukoko 7 ya neonicotinoide nka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam na chlorfenapyr byagize uruhare runini mugucunga udusimba twinshi.Iyo igipimo cyo guhuza thiamethoxam na fipronil ari 2: 1-71: 1, coefficente de co-toxicity ni 152.2-519.2, ikigereranyo cya thiamethoxam na chlorfenapyr ni 217: 1, naho coefficient de co-toxicity ni 857.4, ifite bigaragara. kugenzura ingaruka kuri terite.Gukomatanya thiamethoxam na fipronil nkumuti uvura imbuto birashobora kugabanya neza ubwinshi bw’udukoko twangiza ingano mu murima kandi bikarinda imbuto z’ibihingwa n’ingemwe zimaze kumera.Iyo igipimo kivanze cya acetamiprid na fipronil cyari 1:10, kugenzura imikoreshereze y’inyoni zo mu rugo zirwanya ibiyobyabwenge nibyo byingenzi cyane.
Muri make, imiti yica udukoko twa heterocyclic ni imiti yica fungiside, harimo pyridine, pyrroles na pyrazoles.Bikunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa byubuhinzi kwambara imbuto, kuzamura igipimo cyo kumera, no kugabanya udukoko nindwara.Numutekano muke kubihingwa nibinyabuzima bidafite intego.Imiti yica udukoko twa Heterocyclic, kimwe n’imyiteguro ihuriweho yo gukumira no kurwanya udukoko n’indwara, bifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’icyatsi, bikagaragaza ibyiza byo guta igihe, umurimo, ubukungu no kongera umusaruro.
8 Iterambere muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twangiza na antibiotique yubuhinzi
Imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko na antibiotike yubuhinzi itinda gukurikizwa, bigira igihe gito, kandi bigira ingaruka cyane kubidukikije.Muguhuza imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide, zirashobora kugira ingaruka nziza zo guhuza imbaraga, kwagura uburyo bwo kugenzura, ndetse no kongera imbaraga no kuzamura umutekano.Birashobora kugaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 3 ko guhuza imidacloprid na Beauveria bassiana cyangwa Metarhizium anisopliae byongereye ibikorwa byica udukoko 60.0% na 50,6% nyuma ya 96 h ugereranije no gukoresha Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae yonyine.Gukomatanya thiamethoxam na Metarhizium anisopliae birashobora kongera neza impfu zose hamwe nubwandu bwibihumyo byindwara yibitanda.Icya kabiri, guhuza imidacloprid na Metarhizium anisopliae byagize uruhare runini mu kugenzura inyenzi zifite amahembe maremare, nubwo ingano ya conidia yagabanutse.Gukoresha kuvanga imidacloprid na nematode birashobora kongera umuvuduko wubwandu bwumusenyi, bityo bikazamura umurima wabo hamwe nubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibinyabuzima.Gukoresha hamwe imiti 7 yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide na oxymatrine byagize ingaruka nziza ku gihingwa cyumuceri, naho coefficente yuburozi yari 123.2-173.0.Byongeye kandi, coefficente ya co-toxicity ya fabricianidin na abamectin muruvange rwa 4: 1 na Bemisia tabaci yari 171.3, kandi gukorana byari bifite akamaro.Iyo igipimo cya nitenpyram na abamectin cyari 1: 4, ingaruka zo kugenzura kuri N. lugens muminsi 7 zishobora kugera kuri 93.1%.Iyo igipimo cya fabricianidin na spinosad cyari 5∶44, ingaruka zo kugenzura nizo zabaye nziza ku bantu bakuze ba B. citricarpa, hamwe na coeffisente ya co-toxicity ya 169.8, kandi nta kwambukiranya hagati ya spinosad na neonicotinoide nyinshi byagaragaye ko irwanya, ifatanije ningaruka nziza zo kugenzura .
Kurwanya hamwe imiti yica udukoko twangiza ni ahantu hashyushye mugutezimbere ubuhinzi bwatsi.Rusange ya Beauveria bassiana na Metarhizium anisopliae bifite ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura hamwe nubumara.Ikintu kimwe cyibinyabuzima cyibasirwa nikirere byoroshye, kandi imikorere yacyo ntigihinduka.Ugereranije nudukoko twa neonicotinoid tunesha iyi nenge.Mugihe kigabanya ingano yimiti yimiti, itanga ingaruka zihuse kandi zirambye zimyiteguro ihujwe.Ikwirakwizwa no gukumira ryaguwe, kandi umutwaro w’ibidukikije wagabanutse.Kwivanga kwica udukoko twangiza udukoko twica udukoko twangiza imiti bitanga igitekerezo gishya cyo guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko twangiza, kandi ibyiringiro ni byinshi.
9 Iterambere muguhuza nindi miti yica udukoko
Gukomatanya imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide nindi miti yica udukoko nabyo byagaragaje ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura.Birashobora kugaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 3 ko iyo imidacloprid na thiamethoxam byahujwe na tebuconazole nkibikoresho byo kuvura imbuto, ingaruka zo kurwanya aphid ingano zari nziza cyane, kandi Biosafety idafite intego mugihe izamura imbuto.Gutegura ifumbire ya imidacloprid, triazolone na dinconazole byagaragaje ingaruka nziza mukurwanya indwara z ingano nudukoko twangiza.% ～ 99.1%.Gukomatanya udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoide na syringostrobine (1∶20 ～ 20∶1) bigira ingaruka zigaragara kuri aphid.Iyo igipimo rusange cya thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram na penpyramide ari 50: 1-1: 50, coefficient de co-toxicity ni 129.0-186.0, ishobora gukumira no kurwanya ibyonnyi byangiza umunwa.Iyo igipimo cya epoxifen na phenoxycarb cyari 1: 4, coefficient de co-toxicity yari 250.0, kandi ingaruka zo kugenzura ibihingwa byumuceri byari byiza.Ihuriro rya imidacloprid na amitimidine ryagize ingaruka zigaragara zo kubuza pamba aphid, kandi igipimo cyo gukorana nicyo cyari kinini mugihe imidacloprid yari igipimo gito cya LC10.Iyo igipimo rusange cya thiamethoxam na spirotetramat cyari 10: 30-30: 10, coefficient de co-toxicity yari 109.8-246.5, kandi nta ngaruka za phytotoxique.Byongeye kandi, amavuta yica udukoko twangiza ibyatsi, isi ya diatomaceous nindi miti yica udukoko cyangwa imiti yica udukoko hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twa neonicotinoide birashobora kandi kunoza ingaruka zo kurwanya udukoko twangiza.
Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twinshi harimo triazole, vitamineacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, acide ya keto acide, amavuta yubutaka hamwe nisi ya diatomaceous, nibindi. ubwoko bw'imiti yica udukoko.Ingero zingirakamaro zerekana kandi ko ubwoko bwinshi bwimiti yica udukoko ishobora kongerwamo imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide, itanga uburyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya udukoko.
10 Umwanzuro na Outlook
Ikoreshwa ryinshi ry’imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoide ryatumye habaho kwiyongera cyane mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza, kandi ingaruka z’ibidukikije ndetse n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ubuzima byahindutse ahantu h’ubushakashatsi ndetse n’ingorabahizi zikoreshwa.Kwishyira hamwe gushyira mu gaciro imiti yica udukoko cyangwa guteza imbere imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko ni ingamba zingenzi zo gutinza imiti igabanya ubukana, kugabanya ikoreshwa no kongera imikorere, ndetse n’ingamba nini yo gukoresha mu buryo burambye imiti yica udukoko mu musaruro w’ubuhinzi nyirizina.Uru rupapuro rusubiramo uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twitwa neonicotinoid hamwe nubundi bwoko bwimiti yica udukoko, kandi irasobanura ibyiza byo guhuza imiti yica udukoko: ① gutinda kurwanya imiti;② kunoza ingaruka zo kugenzura;Kwagura uburyo bwo kugenzura;Kongera igihe cyingaruka;⑤ kunoza ingaruka byihuse ⑥ Kugenzura imikurire y’ibihingwa;Kugabanya imikoreshereze yica udukoko;Kunoza ingaruka z’ibidukikije;Kugabanya ibiciro by'ubukungu;Kunoza imiti yica udukoko.Muri icyo gihe, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane ku guhuriza hamwe ibidukikije kwangiza ibidukikije, cyane cyane umutekano w’ibinyabuzima bidafite intego (urugero, abanzi karemano b’udukoko) n’ibihingwa byoroshye mu bihe bitandukanye byo gukura, kimwe n’ibibazo bya siyansi nkibi nkibinyuranyo mubikorwa byo kugenzura biterwa nimpinduka ziranga imiti yica udukoko.Kurema imiti yica udukoko gakondo biratwara igihe kandi bisaba akazi, hamwe nigiciro kinini hamwe nubushakashatsi burebure hamwe niterambere.Nuburyo bwiza bufatika, guhuza imiti yica udukoko, kuyishyira mu gaciro, siyanse kandi isanzwe ntabwo yongerera gusa imiti yica udukoko, ahubwo inateza imbere uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko.Iterambere rirambye ryibidukikije ritanga inkunga ikomeye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-23-2022