Brezili irimo gushaka ifumbire yihutirwa iturutse mu Burusiya, Ubushinwa na Maroc.

Guverinoma y’igihugu ya Brezili yashyizeho komite ishinzwe guhangana n’ibibazo kugira ngo irebe ko ibikoresho fatizo bikenewe mu gukora ifumbire ya fosifate mu gihembwe cy’ihinga cya 2026/27 bishobora gutangwa. Abadipolomate ba Brezili bagiranye inama n’ibigo bikomeye bicuruza ifumbire mvaruganda - Uburusiya, Ubushinwa na Maroc - kandi biteguye kugura ku giciro cyo ku isoko kugira ngo barebe ko ifumbire mvaruganda itangwa.

Iyi mpungenge igaragaza ko Brezili yishingikiriza cyane ku ifumbire mvaruganda itumizwa mu mahanga. Imiterere y’ibibazo bya politiki n’ikibazo cy’isoko ry’ifumbire ku isi muri iki gihe byarushijeho kongera ubu burwayi.

Mu 2025, ifumbire yose yakoreshejwe muri Brezili yari toni miliyoni 491, muri zo ingano y’ifumbire yatumijwe yageze kuri toni miliyoni 455. Agaciro k’ifumbire yose yatumijwe mu mahanga kari miliyari 14.5 z’amadolari y’Amerika, bingana na 92% by’ibyifuzo by’imbere mu gihugu. Mu 2024, iki gipimo cyo kwishingira cyageze kuri 97%. Nk’uko bivugwa n’Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi ryo muri Brezili (CNA), mu gihembwe gitaha cy’ihinga, hagati ya 40% na 45% by’ifumbire ikenewe ni byo byaguzwe.

Ishyirahamwe ry’ibikoresho fatizo by’ifumbire mvaruganda byo muri Brezili (Sinprifert) n’Ishyirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’ifumbire mvaruganda (Anda) byaburiye guverinoma ku ibura ry’ibikoresho fatizo by’ingenzi nka fosifeteri na sulfure, aside sulfure, nibindi. Brezili ishingiye hafi ya byose ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ikoreshe sulfure, kandi ingorane zo kuyitanga zatumye zimwe mu nganda zitunganya ingano zigabanya umusaruro cyangwa ndetse zigahagarara.

Mu biganiro mpuzamahanga, iyi guverinoma irimo gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'umusaruro buhari bw'abatanga ibicuruzwa kandi irimo gusinya amasezerano y'ubufatanye kugira ngo harebwe ko ibikoresho biboneka mu gihe habaye ibibazo byihutirwa.

Mu mezi ane ya mbere ya 2026, ingano y'ifumbire mvaruganda yatumizwaga inyuze mu cyambu cya Paranaguá yagabanutseho hafi 45% ugereranije n'igihe nk'icyo mu mwaka ushize. Iri gabanuka rigaragaza ingorane mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho byatewe n'intambara yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati ndetse n'inyungu z'abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga zigabanuka bitewe n'inyungu nyinshi.

Ubushinwa buri mu biganiro na Brezili ku bibazo by’imisoro. Impuguke zizera ko kugera ku masezerano n’uruhande rw’Ubushinwa ari bwo buryo bwiza bwo gukemura ibibazo.

Bitewe n’uko ikibazo cya El Niño gishobora kwiyongera, byitezwe ko ifumbire mvaruganda iziyongera, ariko ibibazo by’imari abahinzi bahura na byo bishobora kugabanya ingano y’ibyo bagura.

CNA yagaragaje ko kuba Brezili ikoresha ifumbire mvaruganda mu mahanga bigaragaza ko nubwo umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu ukomeje kwiyongera, umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu wahagaze.

Kuva mu 2015 kugeza mu 2025, ingano y'ifumbire mvaruganda yageze muri Brezili yiyongereyeho 63%, mu gihe ingano y'ifumbire itumizwa mu mahanga yiyongereyeho 130%. Umusaruro w'imbere mu gihugu wakomeje kuba mwiza, uhindagurika hagati ya toni miliyoni 7.2 na miliyoni 9.1.

Mu 2025, ibihugu bitanu bya mbere byatanze ifumbire mvaruganda muri Brezili byari Ubushinwa, Uburusiya, Kanada, Maroc na Misiri. Ibi bihugu bitanu byose hamwe byari bifite 69% by'ifumbire yose itumizwa mu mahanga.

Iyo ishyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ifumbire, kuba Brezili ikoresha ifumbire mvaruganda bituruka mu mahanga ni ingenzi cyane. Ku ifumbire mvaruganda ifite potasiyumu iri hejuru ya 98%; ku ifumbire mvaruganda ifite azote ni 93%; naho ku ifumbire mvaruganda ifite fosifate ni 57%. Ifumbire mvaruganda ifite potasiyumu ifatwa nk'intege nke mu gihugu kubera ko ikoresha cyane ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga kandi ikaba ikoreshwa cyane.

Brezili ifite ububiko bwa fosiforite muri leta za Minas Gerais na Goiás. Mu 2024, hashyizweho ikigo cya EuroChem Company gishinzwe ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'inganda cya Serra do Salitre, gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni miliyoni imwe z'ifumbire ya fosifori buri mwaka.

Nubwo bimeze gutyo, inganda zahuye n’ikibazo gikomeye mu 2026. Kubera ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibikomoka kuri sulfur ku isi - aho igiciro cya sulfur cyazamutseho hejuru ya 1.100% - Mosaic yafunze burundu inganda zayo i Araxá na Patrocínio, inahagarika by’agateganyo imirimo muri Tapira na Catalão.

Izamuka rikomeye ry’ibiciro bya sulfure rigaragaza ahanini ubusumbane hagati y’ibitangwa n’ibikenewe, ibibazo by’ibijyanye n’ubwikorezi, igabanuka ry’umusaruro w’abatanga ibicuruzwa bikomeye, ndetse n’ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe mu nganda zikora bateri z’amashanyarazi ndetse n’inganda muri Aziya.