Imizi y'ibimera ni igice cy'ingenzi cya rhizosphere, igira uruhare runini mu gutwara amazi n'intungamubiri mu butaka. Byongeye kandi, umusaruro w'ibinyabuzima hejuru y'ubutaka ushingiye cyane ku mizi y'ibimera. Gukura no gukwirakwira kw'imizi mu butaka bigaragaza ubushobozi bw'ibihingwa bwo kwinjiza intungamubiri n'amazi. Kunoza sisitemu y'imizi y'ibimera bituma bikura neza amazi, intungamubiri n'imyunyu ngugu mu butaka. Hafi 49% by'ubwiyongere bw'umusaruro biterwa no kunoza uburyo bwo gucunga ibihingwa, naho 51% bisigaye biterwa no kunoza imiterere y'uturemangingo. Ibipimo bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera bigabanya aho bicumbika no kongera uburemere bw'ibinyampeke ni ingenzi mu kongera umusaruro. Aho bicumbika hagabanya gutwara amazi n'intungamubiri na fotosite, bigatuma umusaruro w'ibigori uba muke. Igipimo cyo gucumbika nacyo bigira ingaruka mbi ku mubare w'intete z'amatwi n'uburemere bw'ibinyampeke, bigabanya ubwiza bw'umusaruro. Aho bicumbika ibigori bibaho cyane cyane ku gice cya gatatu cy'ibanze mu gihe cy'izuba ry'ibinyampeke, kuko ari bwo karubohidrati ziva ku giti zijyanwa mu gutwi. Gukura vuba no gucumbika kw'ibigori bifitanye isano itaziguye n'imikurire y'imizi. Isesengura ry'imizi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kongera umusaruro no kugabanya aho bicumbika muubutaka bwumutsesisitemu z'ubuhinzi.13
Ubushuhe buhagije mu butaka bushobora kongera cyane ubucucike bw'imizi yumye kuri buri gice. Ugereranyije n'uburyo gakondo bwo gukoresha ifumbire, gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera (PPRs) bishobora kongera uburyo amazi n'intungamubiri bitwarwa n'imizi mu butaka. Igitutu cy'imizi ni ikimenyetso cy'uko amazi y'imizi atembera neza kandi agasohoka. Gusohora imizi biterwa n'ubukana bwayo, mu gihe ibikorwa by'imizi bitandukanye bitewe n'ubushuhe bw'ubutaka, ubwoko bw'ibihingwa, n'igihe cyo gukura. Mu murima, biragoye gusobanukirwa neza imyitwarire y'imizi, mu gihe gusohora imizi bishobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya imyitwarire y'imizi n'intungamubiri n'amazi. Gutura imizi biterwa n'ibintu byinshi, harimo umubare w'imizi, umurambararo w'imizi, n'icyerekezo cyo gukura. Ingano ya Lignin ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'imizi kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye ku muvuduko w'imizi. Ethephon ni uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura imikurire bushobora kugabanya ibyago byo gutuza. Ethephon ishobora gukoreshwa mu kugabanya uburebure bw'imizi y'ibigori, kongera imbaraga za mekanike, no kunoza gufatana kw'imizi. Ethephon na chlormequat chloride bishobora kongera neza ubushobozi bwo gutuza no gutanga ibimenyetso by'imisemburo. DA-6 yagabanyije cyane umuvuduko w'imizi, umubare w'ibihingwa, n'uburebure bw'imizi, no kunoza kwinjira kw'imizi. Bityo rero, gukemura ibibazo byo gutura mu bihingwa by’ubuhinzi ni ingenzi kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro uhamye kandi mwinshi.
Dutekereza ko mu turere tw’imvura nkeya, guhuza uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinga n’ibipimo by’imikurire y’ibimera bishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwibira kw’ibigori no kongera umusaruro. Kugira ngo tugerageze iki gitekerezo, ubu bushakashatsi bwapimye ingaruka z’uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinga hamwe n’ibipimo by’imikurire y’ibimera ku miterere ya fiziki y’ibihingwa by’ibigori, imiterere y’imizi, imiterere ya molekile y’imitsi y’amaraso, ingano y’imisemburo mu mizi, n’umusaruro. Intego y’ubu bushakashatsi ni ugutanga ishingiro ry’inyigisho zo kunoza uburyo ibigori bihangana n’umusaruro mu turere tw’imvura nkeya. Gukoresha ibipimo by’imikurire y’ibimera ni ingirakamaro mu gucunga umusaruro w’ubuhinzi.
Ikwirakwizwa rya buri kwezi ry'imvura n'ubushyuhe mu mirima y'igerageza mu gihe cy'ihinga ry'ibigori rya 2021 na 2022.
Dukoresheje ubu buryo, igipimo mpuzandengo cy'imizi (Ć) mu gihe cy'ihinga gishobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira:
Mu gihe cyo gushinga panicle, ibimera bitanu byatoranijwe muri buri gice cy’igiti, maze imizi ikurwa hagati mu kimera, intera iri hagati y’imirongo ikaba kimwe cya kabiri cy’ubugari n’uburebure bw’ikimera. Nyuma yo koza imizi, ubushuhe bwo hejuru bw’ikimera bwarumishijwe n’urupapuro rw’urufunguzo, maze umubare w’imizi y’ikimera ubarwa. Imizi mishya ya coltsfoot yumishijwe kuri 80°C kugeza ku buremere buhoraho, hanyuma uburemere bwayo bwumye burapimwa. Ihindagurika ry’imisemburo ryagenwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Wang et al.).
Ingaruka z'uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinga hamwe n'ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera ku bucucike bw'imizi ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm 0–100 muri 2022. Imirongo ihagaze yerekana ikosa risanzwe ry'ikigereranyo (SEM) (n = 3). Inyuguti nto zigaragaza itandukaniro rikomeye ku rwego rw'uburemere bwa P ≤ 0.05 (ikizamini cya LSD).
Ingaruka z'uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinga hamwe n'ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera ku bucucike bw'imizi ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm 0–100 muri 2022. Imirongo ihagaze yerekana ikosa risanzwe ry'ikigereranyo (SEM) (n = 3). Inyuguti nto zigaragaza itandukaniro rikomeye ku rwego rw'uburemere bwa P ≤ 0.05 (ikizamini cya LSD).
Uburyo bwinshi bwo guhinga buhujwe n’uburyo bwo kugenzura imikurire y’ibimera bwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y’imizi myiza mu cyiciro cyo gutera imbere (Imbonerahamwe ya 6). Mu buryo bwo kuvura EYD na EYR, uburebure, ingano, inguni yo kuzenguruka, n’uburemere bw’imizi myiza byariyongereye, aho guhinga kuzenguruka hamwe n’uburyo bwo kugenzura imikurire y’ibimera bya Jindel na Yuhuangjin byagaragaje ingaruka nziza. Mu myaka yombi y’ubushakashatsi, ikoreshwa ry’uburyo bwo kugenzura imikurire y’ibimera ryongereye uburebure, ingano, inguni yo kuzenguruka, n’uburemere bw’imizi myiza. Ugereranyije n’uburyo bwo kuvura, umubare w’imizi myiza mu buryo bwo kuvura EYD, EYR, na EYB wiyongereye cyane mu 2021. Ariko, nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryagaragaye hagati y’uburyo bwo kuvura mu 2022.
Mu buryo bwose bwo guhinga, igipimo cy’amacumbi (EYD), igipimo cy’amacumbi (EYR), igipimo cy’amacumbi (EH), igipimo cy’amacumbi (EHC), n’igipimo cy’amacumbi (CG) by’ibigori mu 2021 na 2022 byari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’indi myaka (Imbonerahamwe ya 8). Uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinga bwazamuye cyane igipimo cy’amacumbi n’igipimo cy’amacumbi, mu gihe ikoreshwa rya Jindel + Yuhuangjin rishinzwe gukura kw’ibimera ryongereye igipimo cy’amacumbi. Mu 2016, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu gipimo cy’amacumbi, igipimo cy’amacumbi, n’igipimo cy’amacumbi hagati y’imyaka ibiri y’ubushakashatsi. Isano iri hagati y’igipimo cy’amacumbi, igipimo cy’amacumbi, n’igipimo cy’amacumbi n’ubundi buryo bwo guhinga bwariyongereye cyane mu buryo bwo guhinga ku gipimo cy’amacumbi n’igipimo cy’amacumbi, bituma imikorere y’amacumbi irushaho kuba myiza.
Ugereranyije n'ubundi buryo bwo guhinga, abashinzwe kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera bashobora kugenzura imikurire y'ibihingwa hakurikijwe ibyo umusaruro ukeneye,kugenzura imiterere y'ibimera, no kongera ingano ya lignin, urugero rw'imisemburo y'ibimera, n'umusaruro.Birazwi ko abashinzwe kugenzura imikurire y'ibimera bafite inyungu yo kuba ibiciro byo kwinjira ari bike.Ubu, ugereranije n'ubuvuzi bwo kugenzura, ubuvuzi bwa EYD bugaragaza ko lignin nyinshi muri internode ya gatatu. Ingano ya lignin ifitanye isano rikomeye n'imikorere y'ibimenyetso by'imisemburo, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere. Ubudahangarwa bw'aho umuntu atuye burushaho kwiyongera bitewe ahanini n'ubwiyongere bw'imisemburo.ibikubiyebya lignin, selulose, karubohidrati, n'imiterere y'uturemangingo nk'ubugari bw'igishishwa,umubareku mitsi y'amaraso, n'urwego rwo gukurura. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, byagaragaye ko ubunini bw'igishishwa n'umubare w'imitsi y'ibigori byiyongereye mu gihe cyo kuvurwa na EYD. Mu kuvura EYD, imitsi mito y'amaraso yari yuzuye cyane, kandi imitsi minini y'amaraso yari yakuze neza. Imitsi y'amaraso y'ibimera nayo ni ingenzi mu gutwara amazi n'intungamubiri.45 Inzira y'imitsi y'ibigori yoroha ifitanye isano ryiza n'umubare w'imitsi y'amaraso.42 Mu kuvura EYD, ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuvura, SLR yagabanutseho 97%, RLR kuri 65%, na TLR kuri 74%.
Inzira nyamukuru zo gukorana zari ugukura kw'umuti w'ibimera n'urugero rw'imisemburo ikomoka ku mizi. Mu kuvura EYD, igipimo cyo gukura kw'umuti w'ibimera cyari hejuru cyane mu byiciro byose byo gukura kurusha ubundi buryo bwose bwo kuvura. Nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye mu gipimo cyo gukura kw'umuti w'ibimera hagati ya ER na EYR, cyangwa hagati ya YB na EYB mu cyiciro icyo ari cyo cyose cyo gukura. Byongeye kandi, nyuma y'iminsi 25 na 125 nyuma yo gutera, igipimo cyo gukura kw'umuti w'ibimera cyari hejuru cyane mu kuvura YD na EYD kurusha ubundi buryo bwose bwo kuvura. Uburyo bwo guhinga bwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cyo gukura kw'umuti w'ibimera. Gutunganya rototilla byongereye cyane gukurura umuti w'ibimera, byatumye ubushobozi bw'imizi bwo gufata intungamubiri n'umusaruro burushaho kwiyongera.46Ku cyiciro cya V7 n'icy'isukari, OYA−na NH4+ubwikorezibyari byinshi cyane mu kuvura indwara ya EYD kurusha ubundi buryo bwose bwo kuvura. Uburyo iyoni itwara mu mazi nabwo bwari bwinshi cyane mu kuvura indwara ya EYD kurusha ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo kuvura mu byiciro bitandukanye byo gukura. Uduce tw’imitsi y’ibimera na two ni ingenzi cyane mu gutwara amazi, intungamubiri na fotosinthesisi.34Uturemangingo tw’ubwikorezi n’imitsi bifitanye isano ryiza mu bihingwa by’ibigori.38
Ingufu z’igiti n’imiterere y’imizi byongereye ubushobozi bw’igihingwa bwo gutwara amazi, intungamubiri, no gukora photosynthesize, ibyo bikaba byaragize ingaruka nziza ku cyiciro cyo kuzuza imbuto. Ubwo guhinga kuzunguruka byahuzwaga n’uburyo bwo kugabanya ikura ry’ibimera (PGR) hakoreshejwe Kindle + Yuhuanghuang, uburyo bwo kuvura bwa EYD na EYR bwazamuye ibipimo by’imizi. Mu 2021, umubare w’imiterere y’imizi wiyongereye cyane mu buryo bwo kuvura bwa EYD, EYR, na EYB, ariko itandukaniro ryari rito cyane mu 2022. Abashinzwe kugenzura ikura ry’ibimera bashobora kunoza uburyo intungamubiri zinjira mu mizi binyuze mu kunoza imiterere y’imizi. Ubwinshi bw’imisemburo itandukanye, aho kuba ubwinshi bw’imisemburo yihariye, ni byo bigena ingaruka z’umubiri.
Gukoresha ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera mu gihe cyo guhinga bishobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byo gucumbika, cyane cyane binyuze mu kongera imbaraga z'imiti. Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko gukoresha Jindel + Yuhuangjin hamwe n'ubuhinzi buzunguruka byagabanyije cyane igipimo cyo gucumbika, ikwirakwira ry'imizi n'ubugari bwumye, kandi byongera imiterere y'imiti, ingano ya lignin, imiterere y'imizi y'ibice, n'umusaruro w'ibigori. Ubuvuzi bwa EYD bwateje imbere cyane imikurire y'imizi, byongera igipimo cya lignin, n'imbaraga z'imiti y'ibice, mu gihe bigabanya cyane igipimo cyo gucumbika. Byongeye kandi, ibikubiye muri NO3 na NH4+ byari hejuru cyane mu buvuzi bwa EYD ugereranyije no mu buvuzi bwa ED na YD. Igipimo cyo kohereza Zn, Fe, K, Mg, P, na Ca cyageze ku gaciro kabyo ntarengwa mu buvuzi bwa EYD na EYR. Ubuvuzi bwa EYD bwongereye inguni yo kumera kw'imizi, ingano y'umubyimba wumye, n'umurambararo w'imizi y'ibice. Ugereranije n'ubuvuzi bwa ED na YD, agaciro ka Ć, cm, na Wmax kuri TRDW, ARD, na TRL kiyongereye cyane hamwe n'ubuvuzi bwa EYD na EYR. Ubwiyongere bw'ibihingwa bya RLD, ARD, na RDWD hamwe n'imiti ya EYD bitera iterambere ry'imizi, byongera ubushuhe bw'ubutaka, kandi byongera uburyo bwo gufata intungamubiri, bityo byongera cyane ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amacumbi kandi bikaba uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya ibyago by'ibihingwa mu turere tw'amahindu. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko ubu buryo ari ibikoresho bitanga icyizere ku bahinzi bo mu turere tw'amahindu, bikabafasha kugumana umusaruro mwinshi w'ibigori mu gihe bigabanya igihombo cy'amacumbi. Ariko, hakenewe ubushakashatsi bwiyongereye ku ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bigenzura imikurire y'ibimera mu buhinzi buhuriweho n'uburyo bwo kubigenzura mu moko atandukanye y'ibigori.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-02-2026