Urashaka ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twa neonicotinoid? Alejandro Calixto, umuyobozi wa gahunda yo kurwanya udukoko ya Kaminuza ya Cornell, yadusangije byinshi mu rugendo rw'ihinga rw'impeshyi ruherutse kubera mu Ishyirahamwe ry'abahinzi b'ibigori na soya muri Rodman Lott & Sons Farm.
Calixto yagize ati: “Gucunga udukoko mu buryo buhuriweho ni ingamba zishingiye ku bumenyi zibanda ku gukumira udukoko cyangwa kwangiza igihe kirekire binyuze mu guhuza ingamba.”
Abona ubu buhinzi nk'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rufitanye isano n'ibidukikije, aho buri gace kagira ingaruka ku kandi. Ariko kandi iki si igisubizo cyihuse.
Yavuze ko gukemura ibibazo by’udukoko binyuze mu micungire y’udukoko ihuriweho bifata igihe. Iyo ikibazo runaka gikemutse, akazi ntigashira.
IPM ni iki? Ibi bishobora kuba birimo ubuhinzi, imiterere y’uturemangingo, kugenzura imiti n’ibinyabuzima, no gucunga aho dutuye. Igikorwa gitangirana no kumenya udukoko, gukurikirana no guhanura utwo dukoko, guhitamo ingamba za IPM, no gusuzuma umusaruro w’ibyo bikorwa.
Calixto yise abantu ba IPM yakoranaga nabo, maze bashinga itsinda rimeze nka SWAT ryarwanyaga udukoko nk'ibihuru by'ibigori.
Calixto yagize ati: “Birasanzwe mu buryo bw’umubiri, bitwarwa n’ibimera kandi bikanyura mu mitsi. Bishobora gushonga mu mazi kandi iyo bishyizwe mu butaka bikururwa n’ibimera. Ibi ni byo bikoko bikoreshwa cyane ku isi, byibasira udukoko tw’ingenzi.”
Ariko ikoreshwa ryayo naryo ryatangiye kuvugwaho rumwe, kandi imiti ya neonicotinoids yo muri iyo leta ishobora kuzahinduka bitemewe n'amategeko i New York. Mu ntangiriro z'iyi mpeshyi, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na Sena byatoye itegeko ryitwa Itegeko ryo Kurinda Inyoni n'Inzuki, ryabuza ikoreshwa ry'imbuto za neon muri iyo leta. Guverineri Kathy Hochul ntarashyira umukono kuri iri tegeko, kandi ntibiramenyekana neza igihe azabikora.
Inyo y'ibigori ubwayo ni udukoko twihanganira indwara kuko irushaho kumera mu gihe cy'itumba. Mu ntangiriro z'impeshyi, isazi zikuze ziravuka kandi zikororoka. Ingore zitera amagi mu butaka, zigahitamo ahantu "zikunda" cyane, nko mu butaka burimo imyumbati ibora, imirima ifumbiwe ifumbire cyangwa ibihingwa bitwikiriye, cyangwa aho ibinyamisogwe bimwe na bimwe bihingwa. Inkoko zirya imbuto nshya zivutse, harimo ibigori na soya.
Imwe muri zo ni ikoreshwa ry’“imitego y’ubururu ifatana” mu murima. Amakuru y’ibanze arimo gukoranaho na Mike Stanyard, impuguke mu bihingwa byo mu murima wa Cornell Extension, agaragaza ko ibara ry’imitego ari ingenzi.
Umwaka ushize, abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza ya Cornell bagenzuye imirima yo mu mirima 61 kugira ngo barebe niba hari imbuto z'ibigori. Amakuru yagaragaje ko umubare w'imbuto z'ibigori mu mitego y'ubururu yari hafi 500, mu gihe umubare w'imbuto z'ibigori mu mitego y'inzoka z'umuhondo zo mu gihe cy'izuba wari urenga gato 100.
Ubundi buryo bwiza bwo guterwa n’inyama ni ugushyira imitego y’ibyambo mu mirima. Calixto yavuze ko imbuto z’ibigori zikururwa cyane cyane n’ibirungo byahinzwe, ibyo bikaba byari amahitamo meza kurusha ibindi byapimwe (ibisigazwa by’ibirungo byahinzwe, ifu y’amagufwa, ifu y’amafi, ifu y’amata y’amazi, ifu y’inyama n’ibindi bikurura abantu).
Guhanura igihe inyo z’ibigori zizaturuka bishobora gufasha abahinzi bafite ubumenyi mu gucunga udukoko duto duto gutegura neza uburyo bazabyitwaramo. Kaminuza ya Cornell yateguye igikoresho cyo guhanura inyo z’ibigori—newa.cornell.edu/seedcorn-maggot—ubu kiri mu igeragezwa rya beta.
Calixto yagize ati: “Ibi bifasha kumenya niba ukeneye gutumiza imbuto zavuwe mu gihe cy’impeshyi.”
Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura imbuto ni uburyo bwo kuvura imbuto hakoreshejwe methyl jasmonate, muri laboratwari bushobora gutuma ibimera bidashobora kurya ibimera by’ibigori. Amakuru y’ibanze agaragaza ko umubare w’inyo z’ibigori zikora wagabanutse cyane.
Izindi nzira nziza zirimo diamides, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, na spinosad. Amakuru y'ibanze agaragaza ko inyo zose zo mu bwoko bwa “groin” zikoreshwa mu kurwanya ibigori zigereranywa n'imirima irimo imbuto zitavuwe.
Muri uyu mwaka, itsinda rya Calixto ririmo kurangiza igerageza ry’ibidukikije rikoresha methyl jasmonate kugira ngo hamenyekane uko ingano y’ibihingwa ihagaze n’uko umusaruro uhagaze neza.
Yagize ati: “Turimo gushaka ibipfukisho. Hari ibihingwa bipfukisho bikurura imbuto z’ibigori. Nta tandukaniro rinini riri hagati yo gutera ibihingwa bipfukisho ubu no kubitera mbere. Uyu mwaka turimo kubona ibintu nk’ibyo, ariko ntituzi impamvu.”
Umwaka utaha, itsinda rirateganya gushyiramo imiterere mishya y'imitego mu igerageza ry'imirima no kwagura igikoresho cy'ibyago kugira ngo gishyiremo ubusitani, ibihingwa bitwikiriye, n'amateka y'udukoko kugira ngo kunoze icyitegererezo; igerageza ry'imirima rya jasmonate ya methyl n'uburyo gakondo bwo kuvura imbuto hifashishijwe imiti yica udukoko nka diamide na spinosad; no kugerageza ikoreshwa rya jasmonate ya methyl nk'igikoresho cyo kumisha imbuto z'ibigori kibereye abahinzi.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 14 Nzeri 2023