Kurwanya indwara zandura ni irushanwa ryo kurwanya ubwihindurize. Bagiteri zikura zirwanya imiti yica udukoko, kandi virusi zihora zihinduka kugira ngo zikwirakwire vuba. Indwara ziterwa n'udukoko ni indi ntambara y'ubwihindurize: udukoko ubwatwo turimo gukura zirwanya uburozi abantu bakoresha kugira ngo bazice.
By’umwihariko, malariya iterwa n’umubu yica abantu barenga 600.000 buri mwaka. Kuva mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose,imiti yica udukoko—intwaro za chimique zagenewe kwica imibu ya Anopheles yanduye agakoko ka malariya—zakoreshejwe mu kurwanya malariya.
Ariko, imibu ihita ishyiraho ingamba zo gutuma ibiimiti yica udukoko ntigira akamaro, bishyira abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu kaga ko kwandura indwara zica abantu benshi. Ubushakashatsi bwanjye buherutse gusohoka, bwakozwe na bagenzi banjye, busobanura impamvu.
Nk'umuhanga mu by'ubwihindurize bw'uturemangingo, niga uburyo bwo guhitamo ibintu karemano—ishingiro ry'ubwihindurize bw'ibidukikije. Ihindagurika ry'uturemangingo rifasha cyane mu kubaho risimbura iryagize ingaruka mbi, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu bwoko bw'ibinyabuzima. Ubushobozi bw'ubwihindurize bw'umubu witwa Anopheles buratangaje cyane.
Hagati mu myaka ya 1990, inyinshi mu mibu ya Anopheles muri Afurika zashoboraga kwibasirwa n’imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid, yakomokaga muri chrysanthemums. Kurwanya imibu byashingiye ahanini ku buryo bubiri bushingiye kuri pyrethroid: inzitiramibu zivurwa n’imiti kugira ngo zirinde imibu isinziriye n’imiti yica udukoko yasigaye ku nkuta z’inyubako. Ubu buryo bubiri bwonyine bushobora kuba bwarabujije abarwayi barenga miliyoni 500 ba malariya hagati ya 2000 na 2015.
Ariko, imibu iva muri Gana ijya muri Malawi ubu ikunze kugira ubudahangarwa ku miti yica udukoko ku rugero rukubye inshuro 10 ugereranyije n’ingano y’iyica mbere. Uretse ingamba zo kurwanya imibu ya Anopheles, ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi bishobora gutuma imibu ihura n’imiti yica udukoko mu buryo butamenyekanye, bigatuma ubudahangarwa bwayo burushaho kwiyongera.
Mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya Afurika, imibu ya Anopheles yagize ubudahangarwa ku bwoko bune bw'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kurwanya malariya.
Imibu ya Anopheles n'udukoko twa malariya nabyo biboneka hanze ya Afurika, aho ubushakashatsi ku kurwanya imiti yica udukoko butari bukunze kugaragara cyane.
Mu gice kinini cya Amerika y'Epfo, umubu utera malariya ni umubu witwa Anopheles darlini. Uyu mubu utandukanye cyane n'umubu utera malariya muri Afurika ku buryo ushobora kuba uri mu bwoko butandukanye—Nyssorhynchus. Hamwe na bagenzi banjye bo mu bihugu umunani, nasesenguye genome z'umubu urenga 1.000 witwa Anopheles darlini kugira ngo ndumve imiterere yawo, harimo n'impinduka zose zatewe n'ibikorwa by'abantu biherutse gukorwa. Bagenzi banjye bakusanyije iyi mibu mu bice 16 bitandukanye n'akarere kanini kava ku nkombe ya Atalantika ya Brezili kugeza ku nkombe ya Andes muri Kolombiya.
Twasanze, kimwe n'abavandimwe bayo b'Abanyafurika, *Anopheles darlini* igaragaza ubwinshi bukabije bw'uturemangingo—inshuro zirenga 20 z'abantu—bigaragaza ko hari umubare munini cyane w'abantu. Ubwoko bufite ihuriro ry'uturemangingo twinshi nk'utwo bushobora kwihutisha guhangana n'ibibazo bishya. Iyo umubare w'abantu ari munini cyane, amahirwe yo kugaragara kw'impinduka zikwiye zitanga inyungu wifuza ariyongera. Iyo iyi mpinduka itangiye gukwirakwira, bitewe n'inyungu y'imibare, ndetse n'urupfu rutunguranye rw'imibu mike ntiruzatuma icika burundu.
Mu buryo bunyuranye n'ubwo, inzoka y'umukara, ikomoka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ntiyigeze irwanya umuti wica udukoko wa DDT, amaherezo iracika burundu. Ubushobozi bw'udukoko tubarirwa muri za miriyoni mu iterambere burenze kure ubw'inyoni ibihumbi bike gusa. Mu by'ukuri, mu myaka mike ishize, twabonye ibimenyetso by'imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu ngirabuzimafatizo zifitanye isano no kudahangana n'imiti mu mibu ya Anopheles darlini.
Pyrethroids na DDT, mu yindi miti yica udukoko, bikora ku ntego imwe ya molekile: imiyoboro ya ion ishobora gufungura no gufunga mu turemangingo tw’imitsi. Iyo iyi miyoboro ifunguye, uturemangingo tw’imitsi dutuma utundi turemangingo dukurura. Imiti yica udukoko itera iyi miyoboro kuguma ifunguye no gukomeza kohereza impulses, bigatera ubumuga no gupfa kw’udukoko. Ariko, udukoko dushobora kugira ubudahangarwa binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y’imiyoboro ubwayo.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere n'abandi bahanga mu bya siyansi, kimwe n'ubushakashatsi bwacu, ntibwasanze ubwo bwoko bw'ubudahangarwa muri Anopheles darlini. Ahubwo, twavumbuye ko ubudahangarwa butera imbere mu buryo butandukanye: binyuze mu itsinda ry'uturemangingo dushyiraho imisemburo isenya ibintu by'uburozi. Umurimo mwinshi w'izi enzymes, zizwi nka P450s, akenshi ni wo utuma habaho ubudahangarwa bw'imiti yica udukoko mu yindi mibu. Kuva aho hatangiriye gukoreshwa imiti yica udukoko hagati mu kinyejana cya 20, itsinda rimwe rya P450 ryahindutse byibuze inshuro zirindwi muri Amerika y'Epfo.
Muri Guyana y'Abafaransa, hari irindi tsinda ry'uturemangingo twa P450 naryo ryagaragaje imiterere nk'iyo y'ubwihindurize, byemeza neza isano iri hagati y'izi enzymes n'uburyo zihinduka. Byongeye kandi, iyo imibu yashyirwaga mu bikoresho bifunze kandi igashyirwamo imiti yica udukoko ya pyrethroid, itandukaniro riri hagati y'uturemangingo twa P450 mu mibu imwe n'imwe ryagaragazaga igihe cyo kubaho kwayo.
Muri Amerika y'Epfo, ibikorwa bikomeye byo kurwanya malariya hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko byari bike cyane kandi bishobora kuba bitari byo byatumye imibu itera imbere. Ahubwo, imibu ishobora kuba yarahuye n'imiti yica udukoko mu buhinzi mu buryo butaziguye. Igishimishije ni uko twabonye ibimenyetso by'imihindagurikire y'ikirere bigaragara cyane mu turere dufite ubuhinzi bwateye imbere.
Nubwo habayeho inkingo nshya n'izindi ntambwe mu kurwanya malariya mu myaka ya vuba aha, kurwanya imibu biracyari ingenzi mu kugabanya ikwirakwira rya malariya.
Ibihugu byinshi birimo kugerageza ubuhanga mu by’imiterere y’uturemangingo kugira ngo birwanye malariya. Iri koranabuhanga rikubiyemo guhindura umubare w’imibu mu buryo bw’uturemangingo kugira ngo igabanye umubare wayo cyangwa igabanye ubudahangarwa bwayo ku mikorobe ya malariya. Nubwo kuba imibu ishobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bishobora guteza ikibazo, amahirwe yo guhangana n’iyi mibu arahari.
Jye na bagenzi banjye turimo gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo tunoze uburyo bwo gutahura imiti yica udukoko ikomeje kwiyongera. Gukurikirana imiterere ya genome biracyari ingenzi mu gutahura ibisubizo bishya cyangwa bitunguranye by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ingaruka zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni nyinshi cyane iyo habayeho igitutu kirekire kandi gikomeye cyo guhitamo; bityo, kugabanya, guhindura no gushyira mu byiciro ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko bishobora gufasha gukumira iterambere ry’imiti yica udukoko.
Gukurikirana hamwe no gufata ingamba zikwiye ni ingenzi mu kurwanya ihindagurika ry’ubudahangarwa bw’imiti. Bitandukanye n’ubwihindurize, abantu barashobora kumenya ahazaza.
Jacob A. Tennessen yahawe inkunga n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuzima binyuze mu Ishuri ry'Ubuzima rusange rya Harvard TH Chan na Broad Institute.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 21 Mata 2026
