Karl Dirks, wahinze hegitari 1.000 z'ubutaka muri Mount Joy, muri Pennsylvania, amaze igihe yumva iby'izamuka ry'ibiciro bya glyphosate na glufosinate, ariko nta bwoba afite kuri ibi. Yagize ati: “Ndatekereza ko igiciro kizakwisana. Ibiciro biri hejuru bikunze kwiyongera. Sinitaye cyane. Ndi mu itsinda ry'abantu batarahangayika, ariko nditonda gato. Tuzashaka uburyo.”
Ariko, Chip Bowling, yahinze hegitari 275 z'ibigori na hegitari 1.250 za soya i Newberg, muri Maryland, ntabwo ifite icyizere cyane. Iherutse kugerageza gutumiza glyphosate kuri R&D Cross, ikigo gicuruza imbuto n'inyongeramusaruro cyo muri ako gace, ariko ikigo gicuruza imbuto n'inyongeramusaruro nticyashoboye gutanga igiciro cyangwa itariki runaka cyo kuzitanga. Nk'uko Bowling abivuga, ku nkombe z'iburasirazuba, basarura byinshi (imyaka myinshi yikurikiranya). Ariko buri myaka mike, hazabaho imyaka ifite umusaruro uciriritse cyane. Niba impeshyi itaha ishyushye kandi yumye, bishobora kuba ikibazo gikomeye kuri bamwe mu bahinzi.
Ibiciro bya glyphosate na glufosinate (Liberty) byarenze amateka bitewe n’uko ingano y’ibikomoka ku bimera ikomeje kuba nke kandi nta ngaruka ziteganijwe mbere y’impeshyi itaha.
Nk’uko Dwight Lingenfelter, inzobere mu bijyanye n’ibyatsi muri Kaminuza ya Penn State abivuga, hari impamvu nyinshi zibitera, harimo ibibazo by’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa byatewe n’icyorezo gishya cya crown pneumonia, kudashobora gucukura amabuye ya fosfeti ahagije yo gukora glyphosate, ibibazo byo kubika no kubika, ndetse no gufunga no gufungura uruganda runini rwa Bayer CropScience muri Louisiana bitewe n’inkubi y’umuyaga ya Ida.
Lingenfelter yizera ati: “Ibi biterwa no gukurura ibintu bitandukanye muri iki gihe.” Yavuze ko glyphosate ikoreshwa muri rusange ku madolari 12.50 kuri galoni imwe muri 2020 ubu irimo gusaba amadolari 35 kugeza 40. Glufosinate-ammonium, yari ihari kuva kuri amadolari 33 kugeza 34 kuri galoni imwe icyo gihe, ubu irimo gusaba amadolari 80. Niba ufite amahirwe yo gutumiza imiti yica udukoko, itegure gutegereza.
Lingenfelter yagize ati: “Hari abantu batekereza ko niba itegeko rishobora kuhagera koko, rishobora kutahagera kugeza muri Kamena umwaka utaha cyangwa nyuma yaho mu mpeshyi. Ukurikije uburyo bwo kwica ibyatsi bibi, iki ni ikibazo. Ndatekereza ko ariho turi ubu. Mu bihe bitandukanye, ni ngombwa gusuzuma neza icyakorwa kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bizigamwe.” Ibura ry’“ibyatsi bibiri” rishobora gutuma habaho ingaruka mbi zo kubura 2,4-D cyangwa clethodim. Clethodim ni amahitamo yizewe yo kurwanya ibyatsi.
Itangwa ry'ibikomoka kuri glyphosate ryuzuyemo ibitazwi neza
Ed Snyder wo muri Snyder's Crop Service i Mount Joy, muri Pennsylvania, yavuze ko adatekereza ko ikigo cye kizagira glyphosate mu mpeshyi itaha.
Snyder yavuze ko uku ari ko yabibwiye abakiriya be. Ntibashoboye gutanga itariki iteganyijwe. Ntabwo nakwemeza umubare w'ibicuruzwa ushobora kubona. Yavuze kandi ko nta glyphosate, abakiriya be bashobora guhindura bakajya ku yindi miti isanzwe yo kwica udukoko, nka Gramoxone (paraquat). Inkuru nziza ni uko ibikomoka ku bimera birimo glyphosate, nka Halex GT yo gutera nyuma yo kuvuka, biracyaboneka cyane.
Shawn Miller wo muri Melvin Weaver and Sons yavuze ko igiciro cy'imiti yica udukoko cyazamutse cyane. Yaganiriye n'abakiriya ku giciro cyo hejuru biteguye kwishyura kuri uwo musaruro n'uburyo bwo kongera agaciro k'imiti yica udukoko kuri litiro imwe bamaze kubona agaciro k'umusaruro.
Miller ntazemera no gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu 2022, kuko ibicuruzwa byose biba bifite ibiciro aho byoherejwe, ibi bikaba bitandukanye cyane n'uko byashoboraga kugurishwa mbere y'igihe mu gihe cyashize. Ariko, aracyatekereza ko igihe cy'impeshyi nigigera, ibicuruzwa bizagaragara, kandi arasenga ko bizaba bimeze gutya. Yagize ati: “Ntidushobora gushyiraho igiciro kuko tutazi aho igiciro kiri. Buri wese arahangayikishijwe nacyo.”
Impuguke zikoresha imiti yica udukoko gake
Ku bahinzi bafite amahirwe yo kubona umusaruro mbere y’intangiriro z’impeshyi, Lingenfelter atanga inama ko bagomba gutekereza uburyo bwo kuzigama umusaruro cyangwa kugerageza ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha mu ntangiriro z’impeshyi. Yavuze ko aho gukoresha Roundup Powermax ya 32-ounce, ari byiza kuyigabanya kugeza kuri 22 ounces. Byongeye kandi, niba umusaruro ari muto, igihe cyo gutera umuti kigomba kuba cyarafashwe - byaba ari ukwica cyangwa gutera umuti ku bihingwa.
Kureka ubwoko bwa soya bwa santimetero 30 ugahindura ubwoko bwa santimetero 15 bishobora gutuma igiti cy’umurima kiba kinini kandi kigahangana n’ibyatsi bibi. Birumvikana ko gutegura ubutaka rimwe na rimwe ari amahitamo, ariko mbere y’ibyo, hagomba gusuzumwa inenge zabwo: kwiyongera kw’ikiguzi cy’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, gutakaza ubutaka, no kwangiza igihe kirekire nta guhinga.
Lingenfelter yavuze ko iperereza naryo ari ingenzi, kimwe no kugenzura ibyo abantu biteze ku murima usanzwe udafite inenge.
Yagize ati: “Mu mwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri iri imbere, dushobora kubona imirima myinshi irimo ibyatsi bibi.” “Ku byatsi bibi bimwe na bimwe, mwitegure kwemera ko igipimo cyo kurwanya kiri hafi 70% aho kuba 90% byari bihari mbere.”
Ariko iki gitekerezo gifite n'imbogamizi zacyo. Lingenfelter yavuze ko ibyatsi bibi byinshi bivuze ko umusaruro muke kandi ibyatsi bibi bigoye kubigenzura. Mu gihe ukoresha imizabibu ya amaranth na amaranth, igipimo cya 75% cyo kurwanya ibyatsi bibi ntabwo gihagije. Kuri quinoa ya shamrock cyangwa quinoa y'umutuku, igipimo cya 75% cyo kurwanya gishobora kuba gihagije. Ubwoko bw'ibyatsi bibi ni bwo bugena urwego rwo kubyirinda byoroshye.
Gary Snyder wo muri Nutrien, ikorana n'abahinzi bagera ku 150 mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Pennsylvania, yavuze ko uko byagenda kose umuti w'ibyatsi uhagera, waba ari glyphosate cyangwa glufosinate, uzatangwa ku gipimo kandi ugakoreshwa neza.
Yavuze ko abahinzi bagomba kwagura uburyo bwabo bwo guhitamo imiti yica udukoko mu mpeshyi itaha no kurangiza gahunda zabo vuba bishoboka kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibyatsi bibi byaba ikibazo gikomeye mu gihe cyo gutera. Agira inama abahinzi bataratoranya ubwoko bw'ibigori buvangiye kugura imbuto zifite uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo ibyatsi bibi nyuma.
“Ikibazo gikomeye ni imbuto nziza. Siga vuba bishoboka. Witondere ibyatsi bibi biri mu bihingwa. Ibicuruzwa byasohotse mu myaka ya 1990 biracyahari, kandi ibi birashoboka. Uburyo bwose bugomba kwitabwaho,” Snyder yagize ati.
Bowling yavuze ko azakomeza amahitamo yose. Niba ibiciro by'inyongeramusaruro, harimo n'imiti yica ibyatsi, bikomeje kuba hejuru kandi ibiciro by'ibihingwa bikananirwa kuzamuka, arateganya guhindura imirima myinshi ikajya kuri soya, kuko soya ihendutse kuyihinga. Ashobora kandi guhindura imirima myinshi akayihingamo ubwatsi bw'ibimera.
Lingenfelter yizeye ko abahinzi batazategereza kugeza mu mpera z'itumba cyangwa impeshyi kugira ngo batangire kwita kuri iki kibazo. Yagize ati: “Nizeye ko buri wese azafata iki kibazo nk'ikintu gikomeye. Mfite impungenge ko abantu benshi bazaba bafashwe bugwate icyo gihe. Batekereza ko bitarenze Werurwe umwaka utaha, bazatumiza ku mucuruzi maze bakabasha kujyana ikamyo yuzuye imiti yica udukoko cyangwa imiti yica udukoko mu rugo uwo munsi. . Ubwo nabitekerezagaho, bashobora kuba barahanze amaso.”
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 15-2021